the (daunting) challenge of wastewater management in

The (daunting) challenge of The (daunting) challenge of wastewater management in wastewater management in

developing countries:developing countries:A view from the World BankA view from the World Bank

Keynote address to:Keynote address to:The Water and Environment FederationThe Water and Environment Federation

New OrleansNew OrleansSeptember, 1999September, 1999

The story lineThe story line

•• How the reality of poverty frames and constrains How the reality of poverty frames and constrains the wastewater management problem in the wastewater management problem in developing countriesdeveloping countries

•• The state of the water and sanitation sectorThe state of the water and sanitation sector•• What are the difficulties?What are the difficulties?•• What approaches have worked? What approaches have worked? •• What is the World Bank doing?What is the World Bank doing?

What is “the developing world”?What is “the developing world”?$ 70 $ 70 --$80 per person per day$80 per person per day

< $2< $2

$ 5$ 5-- $10 $10 per person per person per dayper day

$ 2 $ 2 -- $5$5

The appalling economic realityThe appalling economic reality

Of the 6 billion people on earthOf the 6 billion people on earth

3 billion live on less than $2 a day3 billion live on less than $2 a day

1.3 billion live 1.3 billion live on less than $1 on less than $1 a daya day

With these minute resources, they face With these minute resources, they face incredible problems, including with waterincredible problems, including with water

And large and growing populationsAnd large and growing populations

<1% a year<1% a year 11--2%2% 22--3%3% >3% a year>3% a year

Population growth ratesPopulation growth rates

There are now 21 cities with more than 10 million people;

17 of these are in developing countries

And very rapid urbanizationAnd very rapid urbanization


•• What is the economic and environmental reality What is the economic and environmental reality in developing countries?in developing countries?

•• What is the state of the water and sanitation What is the state of the water and sanitation sector?sector?

The numbers...The numbers...Water supply Water supply ----

about 1 billion about 1 billion don’t have don’t have access to an access to an adequate supply adequate supply of drinking waterof drinking water

Sanitation and sewerage:Sanitation and sewerage:2 billion people don’t have facilities....2 billion people don’t have facilities....

Huge costs...Huge costs...Economic:Economic:Large numbers of the poor rely on vendorsLarge numbers of the poor rely on vendors

They pay 10 times as much for a cubic meter of oftenThey pay 10 times as much for a cubic meter of often--dirty dirty water.....water.....

Huge costs...Huge costs...

Health..... Health..... 3 million 3 million children die children die each year each year from water from water relatedrelateddiseasesdiseases

Huge costs Huge costs for the for the environment...environment...

ACCEPT-ABLE

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

NOTACCEPT-

ABLE

KEY:

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)

* Source: GEMS/Water Collaborating Centre

•• a tiny proportion of wastewater treated a tiny proportion of wastewater treated (2% in Latin America, less in other areas…)(2% in Latin America, less in other areas…)

•• serious degradation of water qualityserious degradation of water quality

high-incomecountries

c 1980

c 1995*

low-incomecountries

middle-incomecountries




•• What can be done? What can be done?

Very poor Very poor ---- $0.80 per person per day$0.80 per person per day

Yemen as an example of the challengesYemen as an example of the challenges

Water abstraction = 140% rechargeWater abstraction = 140% recharge

•• only 40% of Yemenis have access to safe wateronly 40% of Yemenis have access to safe water

•• Taiz Taiz gets water every 15 daysgets water every 15 days

•• rationing is endemic rationing is endemic

The The capital, capital, Sana’aSana’a

What to do?What to do?The obvious response....The obvious response....

The consequences?The consequences?

For the water utilities:For the water utilities:huge increase in financial burden (for debt and depreciation);huge increase in financial burden (for debt and depreciation);have to decide whether to direct scarce money to operating the phave to decide whether to direct scarce money to operating the plantslantsfewfew STPsSTPs end up operating (only 25% in a relatively advanced Latin end up operating (only 25% in a relatively advanced Latin American country)American country)

For UsersFor Users::family water and sewerage charges will family water and sewerage charges will about double from about double from 3% to 6% of household 3% to 6% of household incomeincomemany users will choose not to connectmany users will choose not to connect((Accra 130 of 2000 connections Accra 130 of 2000 connections materialized...)materialized...)




•• What are the difficultiesWhat are the difficulties•• What approaches have worked? What approaches have worked?

Stylized facts, I:Stylized facts, I:There is a “natural sequence” of waterThere is a “natural sequence” of water--

environmental problemsenvironmental problems

Water supplyWater supply Water supplyWater supplyInIn--house house plumbingplumbing

Water supplyWater supplyInIn--house house plumbingplumbing

Feeder Feeder SewerageSewerage


Feeder Feeder SewerageSewerageTrunk Trunk seweragesewerage

timetimeincomeincome


Feeder Feeder SewerageSewerageTrunk Trunk seweragesewerage

Sewage Sewage TreatmentTreatment

Have to deal with first things firstHave to deal with first things first

Step 1: Get water utilities to perform wellStep 1: Get water utilities to perform wellThe reality in too many places:The reality in too many places:

systems are operated poorly...systems are operated poorly...

Pervasive Pervasive leakage problemsleakage problems Pervasive problems of Pervasive problems of

illegal connectionsillegal connections Pervasive problems Pervasive problems of of underbillingunderbilling

Singapore

8%

Bogota

45%

58%

Manila

Levels of unaccountedLevels of unaccounted--for waterfor water

water utilities do not water utilities do not recover costs....recover costs....

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

Telecom Gas Power

Degree of cost recovery

Financial autonomy

Water

When services are rationed, who doesn’t get served?When services are rationed, who doesn’t get served?

0

20

40

60

80

100

Poorest 20% Richest 20%

Cote d'Ivoire Ghana Mexico Peru

Per cent with access to sanitation

.......and therefore ration services.......and therefore ration services

... requiring the poor to buy from vendors at ... requiring the poor to buy from vendors at exhorbitant exhorbitant costscosts

Global recipe for successful Global recipe for successful utilities?utilities?

managerial autonomymanagerial autonomycommercial orientationcommercial orientationstrong voice for consumersstrong voice for consumersappropriate regulatory frameworkappropriate regulatory framework

How to turn around an ailing How to turn around an ailing utility?utility?

CorporatizationCorporatization::Example of EMOS, Santiago, ChileExample of EMOS, Santiago, Chile

•• Well operated for decade since Well operated for decade since corporatization corporatization •• Made extensive use of subMade extensive use of sub--contractingcontracting•• But difficult to limit But difficult to limit

political interferencepolitical interference•• now moving to privatization:now moving to privatization:

to permanently separate operating to permanently separate operating and regulatory functionsand regulatory functionsto improve managementto improve managementto attract private capitalto attract private capital

Corporatization Corporatization in developing in developing countriescountries

have been successful where governance is good (Chile, have been successful where governance is good (Chile, Singapore, Botswana, Tunisia...)Singapore, Botswana, Tunisia...)but never succeeded in bootstrapping poor performers;but never succeeded in bootstrapping poor performers;gains are difficult to sustaingains are difficult to sustain

Dramatic changes in capital Dramatic changes in capital flows to developing countriesflows to developing countries

0

50

100

150

200

250

billions $ annually

Early 1990s Late 1990s

OfficialOfficial

PrivatePrivate

Therefore strong impetus for Therefore strong impetus for getting the private sector getting the private sector

involvedinvolved•• in operation...in operation...•• in investment...in investment...

e.g. The Concession in Buenos Airese.g. The Concession in Buenos Aires

A 30A 30--year water and sewerage concession began in year water and sewerage concession began in Buenos Aires in 1993;Buenos Aires in 1993;

•• investments of $4 billion, much for sewerage and investments of $4 billion, much for sewerage and sewage treatment..sewage treatment..

In the first two years, In the first two years, •• tariffs reduced by 25%tariffs reduced by 25%•• production capacity increased by 27%, production capacity increased by 27%, •• # water connections rose 9% and sewerage 6%; and# water connections rose 9% and sewerage 6%; and•• productivity rose by 48%.productivity rose by 48%.

Lyonnaise des Lyonnaise des EauxEaux::

•• 10 years ago 10 years ago served about 10 served about 10 million people, million people, almost all in Europealmost all in Europe

•• now serves 100 now serves 100 million people million people worldworld--widewide

So is the private sector a magic bullet So is the private sector a magic bullet in developing countries?in developing countries?

No, but performs several vital functions:No, but performs several vital functions:•• has proved capable of bootstrapping poor performers;has proved capable of bootstrapping poor performers;•• induces regulation and accountability;induces regulation and accountability;•• is essential for benchmarking and better performance of is essential for benchmarking and better performance of

public utilities public utilities

A healthy mixed structureA healthy mixed structure

CorporatizedCorporatized, , integrated water and integrated water and

electricityelectricity

CorporatizedCorporatized,,Vertically integrated, Vertically integrated,

water utilitywater utility

Four Four corporatizedcorporatizeddistribution companiesdistribution companies

Private concession Private concession contractcontract

....with light, transparent, consumer....with light, transparent, consumer--friendly benchmarking....friendly benchmarking....

So improving water utilities is So improving water utilities is a necessary condition and still a necessary condition and still

a big challenge in almost all a big challenge in almost all developing countries...developing countries...

What about sewerage and sanitation?What about sewerage and sanitation?

An instructive example:An instructive example:The Orangi The Orangi katchi abadikatchi abadi in Karachiin Karachi

First people wanted a water supply...First people wanted a water supply...

Then they wanted indoor plumbing...Then they wanted indoor plumbing...

but this created a major problem of wastewater disposal...

... so people wanted to get the wastewater away from their homes...

but the costs were prohibitive, but the costs were prohibitive, and the municipality wouldn’t and the municipality wouldn’t

give priority to the poor for give priority to the poor for subsidized sewerage servicessubsidized sewerage services

a remarkable NGO (the Orangi Pilot Project) came in to help

Step 1 -- year-long discussion with community

Step 2 --innovative engineering to reduce costs

Step 3: Agreement with community on first steps:• local sewerage to a block of houses;• all costs paid by community

Step 4: Once the local problem has been solved, scale up to neighbourhood, on same principles

The End result:The End result:

• about 1,000,000 poor people with self-financed sewers ....

• municipality only had to provide trunk sewers (25% of total cost).

Key lessons fromKey lessons from OrangiOrangi::

Trust the people and put them in command:Trust the people and put them in command:The people themselves decide the level of service they want The people themselves decide the level of service they want first, and are willing to pay forfirst, and are willing to pay forThe people have enormous capacity to organize and contributeThe people have enormous capacity to organize and contribute

Key Lessons fromKey Lessons from OrangiOrangi

Give them the support they needGive them the support they needefficient and accountable technical assistance efficient and accountable technical assistance order of magnitude reduction in cost of feeder order of magnitude reduction in cost of feeder sewers per household:sewers per household:

Karachi DevelopmentAuthority

$1,000

Orangi Pilot Project$100

Is Orangi an aberration?:Is Orangi an aberration?:

Principles being applied widely in PakistanPrinciples being applied widely in PakistanSimilar approaches successful elsewhere...Similar approaches successful elsewhere...

BrazilBrazil •• Decades of Decades of remarkable remarkable progress on progress on water supplywater supply

•• But But conventional conventional approaches to approaches to sewerage left sewerage left many, especially many, especially the poor, the poor, without servicewithout service

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Milli

ons

of h

ouse

hold

s

0%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

Perc

enta

ge o

f ser

vice

with

sew

erPe

rcen

tage

of s

ervi

ce w

ith s

ewer

Less 1 MS

Less 1 MS

More than 20 MS

More than 20 MS

FROM 10 TO 20 MS

FROM 5 TO 10 MS

FROM 3 TO 5 MS

FROM 2 TO 3 MS

From 1 to 2 MS

61,5%

50,1%

37,1%

26,5%19,8%

HOUSEHOLDS WITH SEWER % SERVICE BY INCOME

SEWER AVAILABILITY X INCOME (IBGE - PNAD 1995)

Income for househ

( Minimum salarie

16%16%

71%71%

The case of Brasilia (2 million people)The case of Brasilia (2 million people)

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM

Public SewerPublic Sewer

ConnectionsConnections

CONDOMINIAL SYSTEM

Condominial branchCondominial branch

Public SewerPublic Sewer

Relative quantities and costs in Brasilia

0

50

100

150

200

100 mm pipes 150 mm pipes Excavation Maintenancecost

Conventional Condominial

DESENHO IRREGULAR

RIO GRANDE DO NORTECONDOMINIAL SYSTEM IN A IRREGULAR URBAN AREA

condominialcondominialsewers sewers managed by managed by the the communitycommunity

trunk sewers managed by the utilitytrunk sewers managed by the utility

--Required fundamental change in way CAESB deals with poor customeRequired fundamental change in way CAESB deals with poor customers.rs.--Extensive discussions between social Extensive discussions between social mobilizers mobilizers and communitiesand communities

-- Public sewer is designed to match the requirements of thePublic sewer is designed to match the requirements of thecondominialcondominial layoutlayout-- work “outwards” householdwork “outwards” household--feederfeeder--trunktrunk--treatment (as in Orangi)treatment (as in Orangi)

-- Extensive use of inspection boxes instead of manholes Extensive use of inspection boxes instead of manholes

Choices to usersChoices to users

Do you want conventional, or Do you want conventional, or condominial condominial for for half the cost?half the cost?

CondominialCondominial has become the method of has become the method of choice for this city of 2 million peoplechoice for this city of 2 million people

Condominial SewerageSystems in the Federal

District of Brazil

After initial strong resistance from engineers, now becoming THEAfter initial strong resistance from engineers, now becoming THEstandard approach for major urban water and waste utilities in Bstandard approach for major urban water and waste utilities in Brazil....razil....

In other, poorer, places the affordable In other, poorer, places the affordable solutions will be even simpler...solutions will be even simpler...

Community VIP latrine in Community VIP latrine in KumasiKumasi, Ghana, Ghana

So if we can do this:So if we can do this:

•• have financiallyhave financially--viable water utilities viable water utilities providing good quality services to allproviding good quality services to all

•• have innovative, utility/community have innovative, utility/community partnerships for removing sewage from partnerships for removing sewage from householdshouseholds

•• what about wastewater treatment?what about wastewater treatment?

Key issues:Key issues:

•• Where to treat?Where to treat?•• How to treat?How to treat?•• How to finance?How to finance?

Approach #1: Set standards and raise the moneyApproach #1: Set standards and raise the moneyExample: The European Union:Example: The European Union:

Two approaches in industrialized Two approaches in industrialized countries:countries:

GermanyGermany$300 billion required to reach current standards$300 billion required to reach current standardsWill take 40 years at current investment rate!Will take 40 years at current investment rate!

What happens when applied in What happens when applied in the EU accession countries?the EU accession countries?

e.g. Czech Republice.g. Czech Republic

Annual cost for water and wastewater 2.4% Annual cost for water and wastewater 2.4% -- 3.4% of GDP3.4% of GDP

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

In m

illio

n EU

R WasteWastewaterWaterAir

Total Annualized Costs

Costs of compliance with Costs of compliance with EU environmental standardsEU environmental standards

Strategy 1 Strategy 1 ---- DelayDelay

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Household expenditure decile

Expe

nditu

re o

n ut

ilitie

s as

sha

re o

f tot

al

expe

nditu

reSituation 19971997Low Cost Scenario - 20152015Low Cost Scenario - 20052005

Long transition periods will cushion the effect, especially on tLong transition periods will cushion the effect, especially on the poor..he poor..

Strategy 2: Flexibility in how to meet Strategy 2: Flexibility in how to meet standards can sharply reduce costs.....standards can sharply reduce costs.....

The Upper The Upper OdraOdra River, PolandRiver, Poland

Rules require 16 new secondary treatment plantsThree plants at strategic location (red arrows) will give the same water quality 40% cheaper

When don’t have money, When don’t have money, have to think!have to think!

A second approach used with great A second approach used with great success in the past in Europe...success in the past in Europe...

Approach #2: Jointly determine environmental quality Approach #2: Jointly determine environmental quality and the financial resourcesand the financial resources

Examples: Examples: TheThe RuhrRuhr Basin in Germany (80 years)Basin in Germany (80 years)

Adapted by the French in 1960sAdapted by the French in 1960s

Approach #2: Jointly determine environmental quality Approach #2: Jointly determine environmental quality and the financial resourcesand the financial resources

Examples: Examples: TheThe RuhrRuhr Basin in Germany (80 years)Basin in Germany (80 years)

Key features ofKey features of RuhrRuhr--French type French type systems:systems:

Institutional Principles:Institutional Principles:I : Participation:I : Participation:

Policy made by 60 Policy made by 60 -- 120 stakeholders 120 stakeholders or “water parliamentarians” or “water parliamentarians” who decide on:who decide on:

balance between costs and benefitsbalance between costs and benefitsassignment of costs assignment of costs

Key features ofKey features of RuhrRuhr--French French type systemstype systems::

Institutional Principles:Institutional Principles:I :ParticipationI :Participation

II:II: SubsidiaritySubsidiarity::“Never do at a higher level what can be “Never do at a higher level what can be

done effectively at a lower level”, whencedone effectively at a lower level”, whenceBasin agency has nothing to say about how a Basin agency has nothing to say about how a city chooses to operate its water supplycity chooses to operate its water supply

TheThe RuhrRuhr/French /French experience provided experience provided the basis for the the basis for the “Dublin Principles” “Dublin Principles” developed as part of developed as part of the Rio/Earth Summit the Rio/Earth Summit of 1992 of 1992

The Dublin Principles:The Dublin Principles:

The Ecosystem PrincipleThe Ecosystem Principle::....holistic........holistic....

Integrating all uses at the basin level...Integrating all uses at the basin level...

and paying greater attention to the environment..and paying greater attention to the environment..

The Dublin Principles:The Dublin Principles:

The Ecosystem PrincipleThe Ecosystem Principle

The Institution PrincipleThe Institution Principle::...participation and ...participation and subsidiaritysubsidiarity......

Murray Darling Commission doesn’t tell State of Victoria Murray Darling Commission doesn’t tell State of Victoria how to run its irrigation districtshow to run its irrigation districts

The Dublin Principles:The Dublin Principles:The Ecosystem PrincipleThe Ecosystem PrincipleThe Institution PrincipleThe Institution PrincipleThe Instrument Principle:The Instrument Principle:

“water ...should be recognized as an economic “water ...should be recognized as an economic good”good”

user pays...

polluter pays....

Transferable water rights (as in Chile)Transferable water rights (as in Chile)

Good news: Dublin is being translated into law in many Good news: Dublin is being translated into law in many countries...countries...

The consequences for The consequences for wastewater treatment?wastewater treatment?

•• Not Not unmeetable unmeetable EUEU--type standards which become type standards which become yet another disregarded law;yet another disregarded law;

•• Focus on best use of the marginal $:Focus on best use of the marginal $:rehabilitation of existing rehabilitation of existing STPsSTPs;;contracting out operation;contracting out operation;BOTsBOTs for new plants;for new plants;appropriate technologyappropriate technology

a small plant a small plant serving a serving a neighbourhoodneighbourhoodin in BandungBandung, , IndonesiaIndonesia

modular, flexible plants without large economies modular, flexible plants without large economies of scale...such as UASBof scale...such as UASB

...a large UASB plant in ...a large UASB plant in BucamarangaBucamaranga, Colombia serving , Colombia serving 75,000 people75,000 people

and old standbys like oxidation ponds in other areas....and old standbys like oxidation ponds in other areas....

Paranoa, Brasilia

“Dublin” also means setting priorities at the basin level“Dublin” also means setting priorities at the basin level

Lerma ChapallaOdra Odra Basin in PolandBasin in Poland




•• What are the difficulties?What are the difficulties?•• What approaches have worked? What approaches have worked? •• What is the World Bank doing?What is the World Bank doing?

As income increases, environmental quality first As income increases, environmental quality first deteriorates, then improvesdeteriorates, then improves

““The The KuznetsKuznets environmental curve”environmental curve”

Low Medium High

IncomeIncome

PollutionPollution

Low

High

The implication?The implication?

Economic growth really mattersEconomic growth really mattersNot only because of its primary effect Not only because of its primary effect

(improving the lives of poor people)(improving the lives of poor people)But because it leads to improved But because it leads to improved

environmental qualityenvironmental quality

But it is not enough...But it is not enough...

The World Bank has a formal policy governing The World Bank has a formal policy governing our work in the water sector (follows Dublin...)our work in the water sector (follows Dublin...)

Our lending?Our lending?

Lend to projects worth about $2.5 billion a year for water Lend to projects worth about $2.5 billion a year for water and sanitation (6% of all World Bank lending)and sanitation (6% of all World Bank lending)

How have we dealt with sewerageHow have we dealt with sewerage??

1352

35

0102030405060

% of Projects

Without With With

Without

Sewerage Water Supply

Q: Shouldn’t we be making more investments in Q: Shouldn’t we be making more investments in wastewater management in developing countries?wastewater management in developing countries?

The great temptationThe great temptation::Use the World BankUse the World Bank(and WTO...) as policemen(and WTO...) as policemen

But what happens when we impose thingsBut what happens when we impose thingsthrough conditionality?through conditionality?

••““WWT frequently perceived by the borrower as a secondary WWT frequently perceived by the borrower as a secondary objective, added at the insistence of World Bank staff”objective, added at the insistence of World Bank staff”••“WWT components scaled down whenever project ran into “WWT components scaled down whenever project ran into financial difficulties”andfinancial difficulties”and•• “many of the WWT plants which are constructed do not “many of the WWT plants which are constructed do not function”function”

Why has this happened?Why has this happened?

Explanation #2Explanation #2:: Resistance from “venal, shortResistance from “venal, short--sighted sighted politicians” using water for votespoliticians” using water for votes

Explanation #1Explanation #1: The “big stick” of the World Bank is not : The “big stick” of the World Bank is not so big:so big:

• $25 billion a year is spent on the water and$25 billion a year is spent on the water andsanitation sector in developing countriessanitation sector in developing countries•• 90% of this is from domestic resources90% of this is from domestic resources•• only 5% from the World Bankonly 5% from the World Bank

What I have suggested today:What I have suggested today:A more charitable and plausible explanation...A more charitable and plausible explanation...

There is a sequence which all countries have There is a sequence which all countries have followed and which has a deep logic...followed and which has a deep logic...

•• starts with water supply....starts with water supply....•• eventually gets to wastewater treatmenteventually gets to wastewater treatment

There is no endThere is no end--run around national willrun around national will

Therefore must help create the preTherefore must help create the pre--conditions conditions for a demand for environmental qualityfor a demand for environmental quality

It is clear what the preconditions for It is clear what the preconditions for good water management are:good water management are:

Environmental awareness

Marketeconomy

Participation

political freedom and civil liberties are becoming more common..political freedom and civil liberties are becoming more common....

....but there is still a long way to go in large parts of the de....but there is still a long way to go in large parts of the developing worldveloping world

and while not all people live in economic freedom....

... twice as many do today as did twenty years ago

And as And as economic and economic and

political freedom political freedom increase...increase...

water water management management

improvesimproves

ConclusionConclusion

The challengesThe challengesare immense,are immense,but the glass is but the glass is also half fullalso half full

Over the last decade

1,600,000,000 people have gained access to adequate water supply

Over the last decadeOver the last decade800,000,000 people have gained access to improved sanitation800,000,000 people have gained access to improved sanitation

These are big, impersonal numbers...These are big, impersonal numbers...

Fatepur village

Fatepur life in 1976Fatepur life in 1976

Life Life expectancy expectancy of a girl:of a girl:45 years45 years

Fatepur life in 1998Fatepur life in 1998

Food production has increased dramatically..Food production has increased dramatically..

BetterBetter--off off people people invest in invest in better water better water supply and supply and sanitationsanitation

Life Life expectancy expectancy of women of women up by 22 up by 22 years!years!

People have incredible resilience People have incredible resilience and capacity, if they themselves and capacity, if they themselves

decide on what should be done and decide on what should be done and how, and given a chance to do thishow, and given a chance to do this

I and my colleagues in the World Bank are privileged I and my colleagues in the World Bank are privileged to participate in this process...to participate in this process...

But it is a huge challenge which needs a lot of help...But it is a huge challenge which needs a lot of help...

Private sector water companies Private sector water companies ---- Business Partnership Business Partnership for Developmentfor Development---- help find ways to serve the poor help find ways to serve the poor in private contracts...in private contracts...

The IWSA in the The IWSA in the African Water Utilities PartnershipAfrican Water Utilities Partnership....NGOs like NGOs like WateraidWateraid set up by the British water set up by the British water

industry....industry....... and ... and AWWA’sAWWA’s ““Water for People”Water for People” ........Similar partnerships developing for sanitation Similar partnerships developing for sanitation ---- we’d we’d

love to have WEF participation!love to have WEF participation!

We work with many, many partners....We work with many, many partners....

Thank you

Options for private sector participationOptions for private sector participation

Management Contract

Lease contract (affermage)

Concession contract

BOT

Gaza

Conakry

Manila

Malaysia

England

Operation &Operation &maintenancemaintenance

CommercialCommercialriskrisk

Investment Investment finance finance

OwnershipOwnership RegulationRegulation

Asset Sale

Private Private responsibilityresponsibility

Public responsibilityPublic responsibility

the (daunting) challenge of wastewater management in

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