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The Cultural Neurobiology of
Moral Development
Darcia Narvaez
University of Notre Dame
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Emotions are Foundational
to Human Functioning
• Emotional systems
– Are placed centrally
– Interact with more evolved
cognitive structures
and
– With lower-level physiological
and motor outputs (Panksepp, 1998)
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Emotion Systems Guide
Cognitive Development
• “psychobehavioral potentials
• genetically ingrained in brain development”
• as “evolutionary operants” (Panksepp, 1998, p. 55)
– inherited emotional command systems
that help animals behave adaptively
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Secure Attachment in Infancy
• Caregivers
– comfort distressed immature
reflexive systems
– condition systems to be calm
– predictably consistent in cognitive
and emotional signaling
• Child learns communicative value
of interpersonal signals, both
cognitive and affective.
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• TOUCH: Held or kept near others constantly
• RESPONSE: Prompt responses to fusses and cries
• BREASTFEEDING: Nursed frequently (2-3 times/hr initially) for 2-5 years
• EXTENSIVE MATERNALSUPPORT and ALLOPARENTS: Shared care by adults other than mothers
• PLAY: Enjoy free play in natural world with multiage playmates
• NATURAL CHILDBIRTH
Hewlett & Lamb, 2005; Konner, 2010; Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore & Gleason, 2013)
Evolved Developmental Niche for
Young Kids (30 million year old practices)
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General Effects
• TOUCH: Growth hormone, DNA synthesis, calming hormones
• RESPONSIVITY: Vagus nerve function
• BREASTFEEDING: immune system, brain receptors
• MATERNAL SUPPORT & ALLOPARENTS: Greater maternal responsivity
• PLAY: Dopamine system functioning
• NATURAL CHILDBIRTH: bonding, sociality
Narvaez , Panksepp, Schore, & Gleason, 2013
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Parenting Practice & Child Outcomes EFFECTS AT
AGES 3-5
Empathy Conscience Self-
regulation
Cooperation IQ Depression
(not)
Aggression
(not)
Natural
Childbirth
N/A N/A N/A N/A
Breastfeeding
initiation
Breastfeeding
Length
N/A N/A N/A N/A
Touch
Responsivity
Play
N/A N/A N/A N/A
Social support/
Multiple
caregivers
Family Life Project 2013
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Early Child
Development
• Born 9-18 months early
– 25% of brain volume (80% by age 3)
• Right brain development before age 2
• Immune system takes about 6 years
• Developmentally plastic for epigenetics
•
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Early experience sets up structure
and function of physiology
• Stress response systems
• Immune system
• Endocrine system
• Neurotransmitters (number, functionality)
• Emotions and emotion systems
• Corpus callosum (size, quality)
• Brain hemispheric integration
Narvaez, in preparation; Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore & Gleason, 2012
As embodied creatures, all affect sociality
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Right Brain Underdevelopment
• Self-regulation
• Intersubjectivity and social pleasure
• Emotional intelligence
• Empathy
• Beingness
• Self transcendence
• Higher consciousness • Luckily, the right brain can grow throughout life!
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Poor early experience
• Avoidant Insecure Attachment
– Rejecting caregiver
– Inhibit emotion
– Emotionally underdeveloped
• Ambivalent/Anxious Insecure Attachment
– Inconsistent caregiver
– Use emotion to coerce
– Underdeveloped cognition
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HOW IS EARLY EXPERIENCE
RELATED TO MORAL
FUNCTIONING?
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Triune Ethics Theory (Narvaez, 2008, 2009, 2014)
• Inspired by MacLean’s triune
brain theory (1990): – Reptilian (brain stem, midbrain, lower
limbic)
– Paleomammalian (upper limbic)
– Neocortex, prefrontal cortex
• Subjective moral orientations
• Also identifies objective moral
orientations
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Brain Function with
Good Early Care
Protoreptilian • Survival systems:
anger, fear, panic (fight,
flight, freeze, faint)
Mammalian
• Social: care, play
Human
• Executive controls interact with survival and prosocial systems
14
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The Moral Power of Brain Systems
Protoreptilian
•Survival: anger, fear, panic (fight,
flight, freeze, faint)
•Morality is self-protective
Mammalian
Social: care, play
Morality is compassionate
Human
•Executive controls interact with survival and prosocial systems
•Moral imagination can build on either
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Power of Survival Systems from Early
Undercare
Protoreptilian • Survival systems: anger,
fear, panic (fight, flight,
freeze, faint)
Mammalian
• Social: care, play
Human
Executive
controls
interact with
survival and
prosocial
systems
Emotion Development is key to Optimal Functioning 16
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PRESENCE
Right brain dominant
FOCUS ON POSSIBILITY
Left brain dominant
IMAGINATION
ETHICCONDITIONED PAST
SECURITY
ETHIC
ENGAGEMENT
ETHIC
Subjective
moral
orientations
MULTI- ETHICS THEORY:
the social landscape
SAFETY or
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Ethic of Safety:
Relational Self-protection • Based primarily in instincts for
survival (brainstem, lower limbic system)
– Systems shared with all animals (Panksepp 1998)
– Available at birth
– Useful in moments of physical threat
• Instincts primed by perception of
fearful climate or situation
• Takes over attention
– Depletes resources for higher order
processes
– Shifts attention to the self, lowering
empathy
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Safety Subtype 1:
Bunker Safety
• “Fight” (or Flight) – Based in the activating sympathetic
system
• Defensive or reactive aggression – Feels “good” and “right”
• Self-preservational externalizing – Early trauma->personality disposition
• Ambivalent/Anxious attachment
Emotion systems: SEEKING, RAGE
Behaviors: abuse, bullying, blaming
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Security Subtype 2:
Wallflower Security
• “Freezing” or disassociative “Faint”
– Based in the systems that protect body from
death or psychological trauma
• Submission, passivity, detachment
– Compliance with an authority
• Self-preservational internalizing
– Early trauma->personality disposition
• Anaclytic or introjective depression
Emotion systems: FEAR, SEPARATION DISTRESS
Behaviors: compulsiveness (caregiving, compliance), obsessiveness
hoarding, withdrawal, paralysis
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Ethic of Engagement:
Relational Presence • Mammalian emotional systems drive us
towards intimacy – Social and sexual instincts, empathy and
parental care, play (Darwin, 1891; Loye, 2002)
– Emotion systems underlying Darwin’s “moral sense”
• Primed by supportive, caring relationships and environments – Secure attachment
• Focused on present moment
Emotion systems: upper limbic:CARE, PLAY
Behaviors: compassionate response, egalitarian social play, acceptance, social non-self
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Ethic of Imagination:
Reflective Abstraction • Engagement May Not Be Enough
for Macro Morality
• Neo and Prefrontal Cortices
• Behaviors: abstraction, deliberation, imagination
• Coordinates functioning – Gut feelings and intuitions,
– Principles,
– Self goals/needs with the goals/needs of others,
– Reactions and outcomes
(of self and others)
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PRESENCE
Right brain dominant
FOCUS ON POSSIBILITY
Left brain dominant
IMAGINATION
ETHICCONDITIONED PAST
SECURITY
ETHIC
ENGAGEMENT
ETHIC
Subjective
moral
orientations
Narvaez, 2008, 2009, 2014
Detached
Vicious
Communal
SAFETY or
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Communal Imagination
• Prosocial emotions are
active
• Perception of possible
prosocial moral futures
• Capabilities fostered by
good early care, secure
attachment, supportive
culture
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Detached Imagination
• Emotionally cool or cold
• Categorizes and stereotypes
• Objectifies, dissects and orders
• Decontextualizes
• Seeks control, power over objects
• Lack of attuned relationship
• Innovation without a sense of consequence
(McGilchrist, 2009)
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PRESENCE
Right brain dominant
FOCUS ON POSSIBILITY
Left brain dominant
IMAGINATION
ETHICCONDITIONED PAST
Wallflower
Bunker
SECURITY
ETHIC
MINDFUL
MORALITY
Communal
Imagination
Vicious
Imagination
ENGAGEMENT
ETHIC
Harmony Morality
The MORAL ZONE
(objectively)
Personal
Imagination
Subjective
moral
orientations
Engagement
Distress
Detached
Imagination
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Epigenetics of Moral Development
Neurobiology of Self and Relationships
Early experience
and during sensitive periods
Personality
Agreeableness
(Kochanska)
Empathic orientation
(Tomkins)
Cooperative self-regulation
(Sroufe)
Ethical Orientation
Self-protection
Engagement
Imagination (Triune Ethics, Narvaez)
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Significant Mediation Patterns
Evolved Developmental Niche History
Attachment Mental Health
Interpersonal Capacities
Moral Orientation
Empathy
Perspective taking
vs. Personal distress
Engagement
vs.
Self-protection
Narvaez, Wang & Cheng, 2014
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Vicious Imagination
• Fueled by anger and aggression
or
• Extreme ideological striving
• Seeks power over the Other – Scapegoating or elimination of the
Other as moral action (e.g., “elliminationism,” Neiwert, 2010)
– “Moral mandate” (Skitka & Morgan, 2009)
• Primary force behind “negative” moral behavior
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Culture of Competitive
Detachment CULTURE
Adults distracted, overwhelmed or overcontrolling
CHILDREARING
Developmentally inappropriate childrearing
and undercare
HEALTH & WELLBEING
Poor bio-social-neuro- biology
ADULT CAPACITIES
Adult illbeing & limited moral capacities
Narvaez, 2014
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Culture of Cooperative
Companionship Community
attention to basic needs
Companionship child care
Good physio-neuro-social
biology
Adult wellbeing and wisdom
Narvaez, 2014
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2014, W.W. Norton
Series on Interpersonal
Neurobiology 2013
2014
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Download papers from webpage:
http://www.nd.edu/~dnarvaez/
Email: [email protected]
Psychology Today blog:
“Moral Landscapes”
For More Information and Papers