The CRISIS Easter 1920

ONE D O L L A R AND A H A L F A Y E A R F I F T E E N CENTS A COPY

Your Weapon Against Race Prejudice A B R A N C H O F T H E

N. A. A. C. P Have You One In Your Community ?

How the weapon is used: 1. It binds together the forces fighting injustice, forming a link

in a nation-wide chain. 2. It fights existing evils. 3. It prevents encroaching prejudices. 4. It educates the colored man in his own problems and their

solution. 5. It educates the white man in the folly and danger of present

methods of solving race problems. 7. It opens new avenues of employment to the colored worker. 8. It brings pressure to bear on Congress, state legislatures and

county and municipal authorities.

Three hundred and seventeen communities in 43 states, the Canal Zone, the Phillipine Islands and Canada have found a branch useful. If your community has evils which need correction and wishes to aid in solving the national problems of the race, write to­day to

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

70 F I F T H A V E N U E , N E W Y O R K , N . Y .

National Officers

President M O O R F I E L D S T O R E Y

Vice-Presidents A R C H I B A L D IT. C R I M K i

REV. IOHX H A Y N E S H O L M E S BISHOP m u x H U R S T A R T H U R B. SPINGARN

O S W A L D GARRISON YILLARI)

Executive Officers Chairman of the Board

M A R Y W H I T E O V I N G T O N

Secretary J O H N R. S H I L L A D Y

Treasurer J . E . S P I N G A R N

Director of Publications and Research

D R . W. E. B. D U B O I S J A M E S W E L D O N J O H N S O N , Field Secretary

W A L T E R F . W H I T E , Assistant Secretary W I L L I A M P I C K E N S , Associate Field Secretary

S I X T Y - F O U R P A G E S A N D C O V E R .

T H E C R I S I S A R E C O R D O F T H E D A R K E R R A C E S

P U B L I S H E D M O N T H L Y A N D C O P Y R I G H T E D B Y T H E N A T I O N A L A S S O C I A T I O N F O R T H E A D V A N C E M E N T OF C O L O R E D P E O P L E , A T 70 F I F T H A V E N U E , N E W Y O R K C I T Y . C O N ­D U C T E D B Y W . E . B U R G H A R D T D U B O I S ; J E S S I E R E D M O N F A U S E T , L I T E R A R Y E D I T O R ;

A U G U S T U S G R A N V I L L E D I L L , B U S I N E S S M A N A G E R .

Vol. 19—No. 6 APRIL, 1920 Whole No. 114

P I C T U R E S Page C O V E R . Photograph by Battey. T H E C A R D I N A L ' S C O N C E R T H A L L S 309 IN A N C I E N T E G Y P T 312 IN M O D E R N E G Y P T 315 W O M A N ' S W A R RELIEF C L U B , S Y R A C U S E , N. Y . 321 T H E D U N B A R T H E A T R E 325 W A G E E A R N E R S ' SAVINGS B A N K 329 M E N O F T H E M O N T H 335

A R T I C L E S A N A M E R I C A N CITIZEN. A Story. Dorothy Canfield. Illustrated by

Laura Wheeler 302 BIRD R O M A N C E . Mary Effie Lee. Illustrated 308 NATIONAL1SM A N D E G Y P T . Jessie Fauset. Illustrated 310 T H E N A T I O N A L Y . W . C. A . A N D T H E N E G R O . Catharine D. Lealtad 317 T H E N E G R O F A C E S A M E R I C A . Herbert J . Seligmann 318 A N E A S T E R M E S S A G E . A Poem. Carrie W . Clifford 336

D E P A R T M E N T S OPINION 297 N A T I O N A L A S S O C I A T I O N FOR T H E A D V A N C E M E N T O F C O L O R E D

P E O P L E 320 T H E L O O K I N G GLASS 326 M E N O F T H E M O N T H 334 T H E H O R I Z O N 337

T H E M A Y CRISIS T h e M a y C R I S I S wil l be Church Number. It will contain the official answer of the Catholic

hierarchy to M a c W i l l i a m s ' charge, besides articles on the General Conferences and statistics.

F I F T E E N C E N T S A C O P Y ; O N E D O L L A R A N D A H A L F A Y E A R F O R E I G N S U B S C R I P T I O N S T W E N T Y - F I V E C E N T S E X T R A

R E N E W A L S : T h e date of expiration of each subscription is printed on the wrapper. W h e n the subscription is due, a blue renewal blank is enclosed.

C H A N G E O F A D D R E S S : T h e address of a subscriber can be changed as often as desired. In order ing a change of address, both the old and the new address must be given. T w o weeks' notice is required.

M A N U S C R I P T S and drawings relating to colored people are desired. T h e y must be accom­panied by return postage. If found unavailable they will be returned.

Ente red as second class mat ter November 2, 1910, at the post office at New Y o r k , New-Y o r k , under the A c t of M a r c h 3, 1679.

T H E C R I S I S A D V E R T I S E R

National Training School D U R H A M , N O R T H C A R O L I N A

A School for the Training of Colored Young Men and Women for Service

Though it is young in history, the Institution feels a just pride in the work thus far accomplished, for its graduates are already filling many responsible positions, thus demonstrating the aim of the school to train men and women for useful citizenship.

D E P A R T M E N T S A L R E A D Y ESTABLISHED

The Grammar School The Teacher Training Department The Academy The Divinity School The School of Arts and Science! The Commercial Department The Department of Music The Department of Home Economic!

The Department of Social Service

T E R M OPENED SEPTEMBER 2 2 , 1919

For further information and Catalog, address

President James E. Shepard, Durham, North Carolina

The Cheyney Train­ing School for

Teachers C H E Y N E Y , PENNA.

A normal school of high grade for young colored men and women of good abilities, who desire to prepare them­selves to be teachers. Courses include the regular academic and professional subjects, and special departments in do­mestic art, domestic science, manual training and agriculture. Board and tui t ion $125. Last regular term began Thursday, September 18, 1919. Summer school for teachers in active service, four weeks beginning July I. Board and tuition for the month $20.00. For fur­ther particulars and catalog write Leslie Pinckney Hil l , Principal, Chey­ney, Penna.

1888 1919

St. Paul Normal and Industrial School

LAWRENCEVILLE, VA.

Thirty - Second Session O P E N E D S E P T E M B E R 1919

COURSES Primary, Grammar School, Normal, Industrial Graduates receive State H i g h

School Certificate which wi l l admit to Standard Normal

Schools and Colleges S U M M E R S C H O O L F O R T E A C H E R S

E X T E N S I V E T R A D E C O U R S E S

Athletic Training, Football, Baseball, Tennis, Etc.

FULL COURSE IN MILITARY TRAINING

For Catalog and Further Information address

Rev. James S. Russell, D. D., Principal

L A W R E N C E V I L L E , V A .

M e n t i o n T H E C R I S I S .

T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R 295

Atlanta University Is beautifully located In the City of Atlanta, Ga. The courses of study include High School, normal School and College, with Manual training and do­mestic science. A m o n g the teachers are graduates of Yale, Harvard, Dartmouth and Wellesley. Fifty years of successful work have been completed. Students some from al l parts of the south. Grad­uates are almost universally successful

for farther information address President E D W A R D T . W A R E

A T L A N T A . OA.

T h e A l u m n i of

L i n c o l n Univers i ty are raising

$50,000 for A L M A M A T E R Lincoln trains for leadership and success.

Address: President John B . Kendall , D . D .

Lincoln University Chester County, Pa.

1870 C L A R K UNIVERSITY 1 9 , 9

A T L A N T A , G E O R G I A Beautiful campus overlooking the city. Comfortable buildings with modern conveniences; talented faculty: vigorous, religious atmosphere; excellent library and laboratories: co-educational; athletics. Admission only by application.

C o u r s e s o f S t u d y : Domestle Science. Pub l ic Speaking, M u l e ; P re -Academy, Seventh and Eighth Grades.

Academy or High School, four years with diploma. Pre-Medical, two years above academy.

Normal, two years above academy with diploma. College, lour years with A B degree.

Fiftieth year opened September 24, 1919. Expenses, $15.00 per month will cover all necessary

expenses. H A R R Y A N D R E W S K I N G , President.

The Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College

Offers courses leading to certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Nathan B. Young, President Tallahassee, Florida

Atlanta University Studies of the Negro Problems

20 Monographs Sold Separately Address

A T L A N T A U N I V E R S I T Y C O N F E R E N C E A T L A N T A U N I V E R S I T Y ca A T L A N T A , C A .

M O R E H O U S E C O L L E G E (Formerly Atlanta Baptist College).

A T L A N T A , G A . College, Academy, Divinity School

A n institution famous within recent years for its emphasis on all sides of manly develop­ment—the only institution in the far South devoted solely to the education of Negro young men.

Graduates given high ranking by greatest northern universities. Debating, Y. M . C. A. , athletics, all live features.

For information, address

J O H N H O P E , President.

F I S K U N I V E R S I T Y N A S H V I L L E , T E N N .

Founded 1866

Thorough Literary, Scientific, Educational, Musical and Social Science Courses. Pioneer in Negro music. Special study in Negro life.

Ideal and sanitary buildings and grounds. Well-equipped Science building.

Christian home life.

High standard of independent manhood and womanhood. For literature, etc., write

F A Y E T T E A V E R Y M c K E N Z I E , President

BIDDLE UNIVERSITY C H A R L O T T E . N . C .

Biddle University, operated under the auspices of the Northern Presbyterian Church, has four Depart­ment!—High School, Arts and Sciences Theological and Indus trial. The completion of a Grammar School course la the requirement for entrance to the first veer of the High SCHOOL

The School of Arts and Sciences offers two courses of study, the Classical and the Scientific, i n the scientific, German Is substituted for Greek or Latin. The entrance requirement for the Freshman Class Is 16 units of High School work.

The Theological Department offers two courses, each consisting of three yean. The first Is purely English. Greek and Hebrew are taught In the others.

Al l students In the High School Dept. are required to take trades In the Industrial Dept.

For further Information, address President H . L. MoCrorsy,

Charlotte, N . C.

Morris Brown University Atlanta. G a .

Co-Educational The largest institution of learning i n the South owned and controlled by Negroes. Facul ty of special­ists, trained in some of the best universities in the North and i n the South. Noted for high standard of scholarship; industrial emphasis and positive Chris­tian influence- W e l l equipped dormitories; sane athletics under faculty supervision. Expenses rea-sonable. Location central and healthful.

Departments: Theology, College Preparatory, Nor mal. Commercial, Mus ica l , Domestic Science, Nurse Tra in ing , Sewing, P r in t ing and Tai lor ing .

F i r s t Semester began September 10. 1919. For further information address

W . A . F O U N T A I N , President BISHOP J. S. Flipper, Chairman Trustee Board

Mention T H E C R I S I S .

296 T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R

STATE OF NEW JERSEY

MANUAL TRAINING and INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL F O R C O L O R E D Y O U T H

BORDENTOWN, N . J .

A high institution for the training of colored youth. Excellent equipment, thorough instruction, wholesome sur­roundings. Academic training for all students. Courses in carpentry, agriculture and

trades for boys, including auto re­pairing.

Courses in domestic science and do­mestic art for girls.

A new trades building, thoroughly equipped.

New girls' dormitory thoroughly and modernly equipped.

Terms reasonable.

Fall term began September 15, 1919.

For information address

W. R. VALENTINE, Principal

The Agricultural and Technical College

of North Carolina

Maintained by the State and Federal Government

F o r males only. Prac t ica l and Strong Courses by the fol lowing Departments:

Agr icu l tu ra l , Mechanical , Academic, Teacher T ra in ing , and M i l i t a r y .

Summer School for teach­ers of both sexes.

W r i t e today for catalog. J A S . B . D U D L E Y ,

President, Greensboro, N. C .

Wiley Univers i ty Marshall, Texas

Recognized as a college of first class by Texas, Louis iana, Arkansas and O k l a ­homa State Boards of Educat ion. H a r ­vard, Boston Univers i ty . Univers i ty of I l l inois and Univers i ty of Chicago repre­sented on its faculty. One hundred twenty-seven in College Department, ses­sion 1919-1920. Several new buildings, steam heated and electric lighted.

M . W . D O G A N , P r e s i d e n t

C O L E M A N COLLEGE G I B S L A N D , L A .

Supported by B a p t i s t State W o m a n ' s H o m e Miss ion Society of Chicago and Bos ton and A. B . H . Society of N e w Y o r k . Students f rom s ix different states. Graduates ex­empted on first grade by Lou i s i ana , Arkansa s and Oklahoma.

O . L . C O L E M A N , President

ST. M A R Y ' S S C H O O L A n Ep i scopa l boarding school for g i r l s , under the direct ion of the sisters of St. M a r y . Addre s s : T H E S I S T E R - I N - C H A R G E , 6138 Germantown Avenue , Ph i l ade lph ia , F a .

W I L B E R F O R C E U N I V E R S I T Y S U M M E R S C H O O L

W I L B E R F O R C E O H I O Seventh Annual Session, June 21 to July 31,1920 Loca t ion idea l ; facul ty l a rge ; dormi to ry room ample, t eaching f ac i l i t i e s the best. Specia l lec tures : model school for observa­t ion and prac t ice ; fees and expenses reason­able. Credi t in regular session given for work done i n the summer ; a l l courses s tandard. Courses offered—professional, normal , col­legia te and h i g h school. F o r fur ther par t i cu la rs w r i t e

G I L B E R T H . J O N E S , B o x 44 Di rec to r Summer School,

W . S. S C A R B O R O U G H , Pres ident of the U n i v e r s i t y .

KNOXVILLE COLLEGE B e a u t i f u l S i tua t ion . H e a l t h f u l l o c a t i o n . Bes t M o r a l and S p i r i t u a l Env i ronment . Splendid In t e l l ec tua l Atmosphere . Noted for Honest and Thorough W o r k .

Ins t i tu t ion offers f u l l courses i n the fo l ­l owing depar tments : Col lege, N o r m a l , H i g h School, Grammar School, Domest ic Science and Indus t r i a l .

Good water , steam heat, e lectr ic l igh t s , na tura l drainage, splendid dormitor ies . E x ­penses very reasonable.

Spr ing te rm opens M a r c h 4. 1920 For ca ta log and other in fo rmat ion address

P R E S I D E N T . J . K E L L Y G I F F E N Knoxvi l l e . T e n n .

Ment ion T H E C R I S I S .

T H E CRISIS Vol. 19. No. 6 APRIL, 1920 Whole No. 114

Opinion of W. E. B. DuBois

E V E R Y F O U R Y E A R S

E V E R Y four years the disgrace of the buying up of certain delegates for the Republican convention is repeated in the

Southern South. In South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,

Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, there are a few professional grafters, black and white, who assume to represent the "Republican Par ty . " They are for sale to the highest bidder.

Republican candidates begin their campaign by sending men into the South to buy the support of these men, and the whole Negro race is blamed for this recurr ing disgrace. But whose is the fault? The fault lies at the doors of the Nat ional Republican Par ty . Not only is the party and its candidates w i l l i n g and eager to buy up this sup­port, but they have repeatedly re­fused support or countenance to the better class of colored leaders, who seek to oust these thieves. They give recognition and offices to the " L i l y Whi tes" wherever possible, thus car­ry ing out a policy, begun by Theodore Roosevelt and brought to its highest f rui t ion by W i l l i a m H . Taft.

Only yesterday in Tennessee, where a real Republican movement wi th high aims and efficient leadership has been led i n the western part of the state by R. R. Church, a Republican convention composed only of white men calmly ousted every black

Republican. And it stands every chance of being given recognition by the

National Republican Committee, which refused to seat P e r r y Howard of Miss iss ippi , who was legally elected and in the face of r ight and justice, put a white man in his place. So that the Republican Pa r ty has practically said to the South,—No decent colored

man need apply and we w i l l recognize anything, decent or indecent, among white politicians.

To cap all this, the party refuses to take a single step toward enforcing the Fourteenth and Fifteenth

Amendments, or to stop the disgraceful dis­franchisement of colored voters.

R E M E M B E R

THE foundations of the present polit ical South are buil t upon sand. It requires only a reso­lute executive in the White

House and a free House of Representatives ; then when the Represen­tatives from the Southern South knock at the door, the House of Rep­resentatives has s imply to say—Who votes i n Mississ ippi , in South Caro­lina, in Alabama?—and to declare that upon such a basis of franchise, the so-called members of Congress have not been legally elected.

This is a l l . The deed is done. A n d the Negro is a free man.

N o r is the possibility of this so far away. A little more southern arro­gance in Washington, a little more greed in the expenditure of public funds, such as occurred dur ing the w a r ; a little larger assumption that the South owns the United States, and the nation may awake to real Democracy.

Or, again,—suppose the "di r ty foreigners" and the disfranchised Socialists and the disfranchised blacks should get together and vote together at the next election!

H A I T I

THE United States is at w a r wi th H a i t i . Congress has never sanctioned this war. Josephus Daniels has illegally

and unjustly occupied a free foreign 297

298 T H E CRISIS

land and murdered its inhabitants by the thousands. H e has deposed its officials and dispersed its legally elect­ed representatives. He is car ry ing on a reign of terror, brow-beating, and cruelty, at the hands of southern white naval officers and marines. F o r more than a year this red-handed dev­i l t ry has proceeded, and today the Island is in open rebellion. The greatest single question before the parties at the next election is the Freedom of H a i t i .

H Y D E P A R K

A C R O W D of white profiteers in the Hyde Pa rk division of the city of Chicago publish a Property Owners' Journal and

are moving heaven and earth to get Negroes voluntari ly to segregate themselves. They have even had the impudence to quote T H E C R I S I S in their own defense, when we asserted "the r ight of any individual of any race or color to choose his own mar i ­tal mate, his own friend, and his own dinner companion,—in fine, to be the master of his home". What these real estate agents want is not only to be masters of their own homes, but also of ours. They may buy property where they please, but we must not buy where we please. They claim the r ight not only to occupy their own houses, but to determine who shall live next door. We hope that the Chicago Negroes will buy just as much property in Hyde Pa rk as they can pay for, and proceed to live therein.

T H E S E C O N D B A T T L E O F L E X I N G T O N

HOW high shall we value human life?

In Massachusetts, in 1775, eight men were kil led in the

first battle of Lexington. Was it worth while? The shot "was heard 'round the w o r l d ! "

In Kentucky, in 1920, five men were kil led in the second battle of Lexington. Was i t worth while?

Already lynch law has cost Amer ica 3,000 lives, and mob law has taken ten times as many. If further bloody toll can be saved by five deaths, we

have gotten off fa r more cheaply than we deserve.

U N I V E R S A L M I L I T A R Y T R A I N I N G

T H O S E who believe i n W o r l d Peace and oppose M i l i t a r i s m , owe a debt to the Amer i can Negro : because southern

Democrats feared the Negro in arms, they rebuked their own President and voted down universal mi l i t a ry serv­ice.

Selah! T O G E N E R A L L E O N A R D W O O D

S i r : WE Negroes have noticed that

large numbers of Congressmen and many other per-

sons would l ike to see you President of the Uni ted States. We black folk, despite the fact that three-fourths of us are i l legally disfran­chised and misrepresented by our ene­mies in Congress, nevertheless w i l l probably cast a mi l l ion votes in 1920.

In order, then, that Ave may vote intelligently in both the p r imary and final elections, may we ask you two questions:

1. W h y did you, in 1917, refuse to admit Negro candidates to the

Plattsburg Officers' Training Camp? 2. In 1919, while in conversation

wi th the editor of the Des Moines Register, you are reported to have de­clared that you were utterly opposed to having Negro officers over Negro troops. Is this true?

I trust we may have, at your con-venience, answers to these inquiries.

V e r y respectfully, T H E C R I S I S .

N E G R O W R I T E R S

S I N C E its founding, T H E C R I S I S has been eager to discover abi l i ty among Negroes, espe­cial ly in literature and art. I t

remembers wi th no little pride its covers by Richard B r o w n , W i l l i a m Scott, W i l l i a m Fa r row , and L a u r a Wheeler; and its cartoons by Lorenzo Ha r r i s and Albe r t S m i t h ; it helped to discover the poetry of Roscoe Jamison, Georgia Johnson, Fenton Johnson, Luc ian Watkins . and Otto

OPINION 299

Bohanan ; and the prose of Jessie Fauset and M a r y Erne Lee. Indeed, T H E C R I S I S has always preferred the strong matter of unknown names, to the platitudes of well-known wr i te rs ; and by its Educat ion and Children numbers, i t has shown fai th in the young.

One colored wri ter , Claude M c K a y , asserts that we rejected one of his poems and then quoted it from

Pearson's ; and intimates that colored edi­tors, in general, defer to white edi­tors' opinions. This is, of course, ar­rogant nonsense. But it does call our attention to the need of encouraging Negro wri ters . We have today al l too few, for the reason that there is small market for their ideas among whites, and their energies are being called to other and more lucrative ways of earning a living.

Nevertheless, we have literary ability and the race needs it. A renaissance of

American Negro literature is due; the ma­ter ial about us in the strange, heart­rending race tangle is r ich beyond dream and only we can tell the tale and sing the song from the heart.

F r o m the beginning, the editor has read w i t h care every manuscript sent us, which explains the uncon­scionable delay in returning many; and yet for three years the editor was editor, business manager, and chief clerk, and only this last year has T H E C R I S I S been able to hire an editorial staff even approximately adequate to the work.

S O U T H E R N R E P R E S E N T A T I V E S

THE conditions under which a person is allowed to vote under our government, is left i n the hands of the states,

w i t h only two l imita t ions: First.—No person can be deprived

of a vote on account of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (Fifteenth Amendment) .

Second.— If the state l imits the r ight to vote for any other reasons, Congress has the r ight proportionate­ly to reduce its representation

(Fourteenth Amendment). In the N o r t h the r ight to vote is

restricted sl ightly by educational qualifications; in the South the r ight to vote is so restricted by educational, property, mi l i tary , industr ial , and ad­ministrat ive qualifications, that the majority of voters are disqualified. The United States has a r ight to re­duce representation in Congress. The Republican majori ty is in honor bound to do this. The Negro race should de­mand such reduction. The reduction would not make the Nor th lose a sin­gle Congressman, but i t would sweep out of the Nat ional House forty-two Negro baiters from the South, who are upholding lynching and voting " J i m - C r o w " legislation and depriving Negroes of education.

The South may pretend that i t would assent to this, rather than let Negroes vote. This is a falsehood. Restrictions on the black vote would disappear in a day. B u t even i f it were true, the Negro would be infi­nitely better off: he would retain his legal r ight to vote in the South and his actual vote in the Nor th and in the Border States, while his enemies would be kicked out of Congress. W h y hesitate ? The demand on the

Republicans should be unanimous.

S O L D I E R S ' I N S U R A N C E

LIFE insurance is a necessity for a civil ized man. The life insurance furnished by the Uni ted States Government to

its soldiers is the cheapest and best i n ­surance obtainable. There is no color discrimination.

Eve ry Negro soldier ought to make every possible sacrifice to maintain this insurance. The government of­fers the most advantageous terms to delinquents and furnishes options and information.

Despite these facts, large numbers of ex-service men are letting their policies lapse and the race is thus losing vast sums of money.

I f the men themselves do not see the value of this insurance, clubs, churches and organizations might combine to keep up the policies.

Institutions might be endowed in this way and worthy objects helped.

300 T H E CRISIS

If any one knows of any ex-soldier who has not kept up his life insurance, he should write immediately to J . Wi l l i ams Clifford, W a r Risk Bureau, Washington, D . C.

T H E C H A R G E F O R " W R I T E U P S " THE C R I S I S is continually em­

barrassed by requests from persons who either send money or ask our "charge"

for publishing a picture and biog­raphy.

T H E C R I S I S regards this as a serious ethical question. There is a wide­spread custom on the part of some periodicals of accepting payment for articles and especially for personal notices and pictures to be published in their news columns.

This is from every point of view a pernicious and dishonest practice. The reader of a periodical has the right to assume that news is printed because of its importance and that people are mentioned favorably be­cause of their desert. If only that news is published which is paid for, or i f our "Men of the M o n t h " are to be selected from those offering the most cash, then we are headed straight to the catastrophe of a venal, purchasable press.

The best papers today refuse ab­solutely this form of bribery. Bu t the public does not yet understand this, and it is necessary especially for the Negro press to emphasize these principles:

1. It is wrong for a periodical to pr int matter for which i t is paid, ex­cept in the plainly indicated adver­t is ing sections.

2. It is wrong for a periodical to receive money as a gift for matter which it has already printed, except as advertisements.

3. It is wrong for a periodical to accept payment in advance for copies, on condition that certain contributed matter w i l l appear.

These are the principles of T H E C R I S I S , and any money sent us in contravention of these principles w i l l be promptly returned.

The matter which we pr in t may not be the best and our judgment of men and measures may often be faulty, but the reader can at least know that no money consideration has influenced us.

A N A P P E A L To Miss ionary Boards, and al l other

Fr iends of Negro Educa t ion : H E Associat ion of Colleges for

Negro Youth , consisting of eleven institutions, (Howard Univers i ty , Wilberforce U n i ­

versity, F i s k Univers i ty , V i r g i n i a Union Univers i ty , A t l an t a Univers i ty , Morehouse College, Knoxv i l l e College, Talladega College, Shaw Univers i ty , Benedict College, and Bishop Col ­lege), through its appointed repre­sentatives, asks leave to b r ing to your attention the status of the teacher in these and s imi lar institutions.

We are not unmindful of the diffi­culties that must be met by those who bear the ultimate burden of the main­tenance of these schools. N o one ap­preciates more than our teachers the fact that sacrifices have to be made from time to time, and that in the Chris t ian service which they attempt to render, there is a compensation wholly beyond al l monetary consider­ation. We do not feel, however, that it is intended that the scale of l i v i n g shall be reduced to such a point as to make the worker physically ineffi­cient or call in question his self-re­spect.

W i t h i n the last five years, not only salaries, but the number of workers in these schools has remained largely stationary, and this in spite of such an increase in the number of students as has taxed every inst i tut ion to its fullest capacity. Where there was one teacher to fifteen students, there is now a ratio of one to thirty.

Obviously, the responsibility of the teacher has been doubled. Nevertheless, for the most part, the missionary colleges in the South st i l l attempt to abide by the salary scale that obtained twenty

OPINION 301

y e a r s ago, a n d t h i s i n the face o f the f a c t t h a t i n s t r u c t o r s a re expec ted to h a v e g o o d col lege t r a i n i n g a n d to be a m b i t i o u s to c o n t i n u e t h e i r s tudies i n e v e r y w a y poss ib le . O n l y the m a n of h i g h l y e x c e p t i o n a l qua l i f i ca t ions s t ands a n y chance i n m o s t o f the co l ­leges, o f b e g i n n i n g at a s a l a r y of m o r e t h a n $800 o r o f r i s i n g above $1,200. S a l a r i e s o f $500 to $700 are s t i l l f re­quent . W e do no t need to r e m i n d y o u o f t h e i nc rease i n the cost o f l i v i n g w i t h i n the l a s t five yea r s . P r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y e s sen t i a l a r t i c l e t h a t en ters i n ­to the cost o f m a i n t a i n i n g a f a m i l y , — f o o d , c l o t h i n g , a n d a l l househo ld supp l i e s ,—has i n c r e a s e d f r o m 100 to 300%, so t h a t the p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r of a d o l l a r i s b a r e l y o n e - t h i r d , a n d i n no case m o r e t h a n o n e - h a l f o f i t s f o r m e r va lue . I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t economic c o n d i t i o n s have b r o u g h t about a cor ­r e s p o n d i n g r e d u c t i o n i n sa la r i e s , so t h a t the t e ache r w h o i s n o w r e c e i v i n g $600 to $900 is i n r e a l i t y g e t t i n g an e q u i v a l e n t o f less t h a n h a l f t h a t a m o u n t , on the bas i s o f h i s f o r m e r i n ­come.

I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t i f the p re sen t w a g e scale con t inues , m o s t o f the w o r k e r s w i l l be f o r c e d to seek out lets i n o the r fields. I t i s w h o l l y i m p o s s i ­b le f o r the a v e r a g e m i s s i o n a r y teach­e r to go a w a y f o r s u m m e r s t u d y ; the ave rage s i n g l e m a n does no t rece ive a s a l a r y t h a t w o u l d j u s t i f y m a r r i a g e a n d the s u p p o r t o f a f a m i l y ; a n d i t i s qu i t e i m p o s s i b l e f o r a t eache r w h o has c h i l d r e n to g i v e t h e m sufficient n o u r i s h i n g food , to decent ly clothe t h e m , a n d p r o v i d e f o r t h e i r educa t ion .

W e s u b m i t these fac ts o n ly f o r w h a t t hey a re w o r t h , a s k i n g tha t s o m e t h i n g be done v e r y soon to i m ­p r o v e a despera te s i t u a t i o n . M e a n ­w h i l e , w e s h a l l con t i nue to r e n d e r the best s e rv i ce i n o u r p o w e r to the y o u n g m e n a n d w o m e n w h o have been c o m ­m i t t e d to o u r care .

B E N J A M I N B R A W L E Y , C h a i r m a n ,

D e a n o f M o r e h o u s e Co l l ege .

O F G I V I N G W O R K

"We give you people w o r k a n d if you didn ' t , h o w w o u l d you l i v e ? "

The speaker w a s a s o u t h e r n w h i t e m a n . H e w a s o f the genus ca l l ed " g o o d " . H e h a d come d o w n f r o m the B i g H o u s e to adv i se these N e g r o e s , i n the f o r l o r n little" c h u r c h w h i c h c r o u c h e d on the creek . H e d i d n ' t come to l e a r n , b u t to teach T h e r e s u l t w a s tha t he d i d n o t l e a r n , a n d he s a w o n l y tha t b l a n k , i m p e r ­v ious gaze w h i c h co lo red people k n o w h o w to a s s u m e ; a n d tha t d a r k w a l l o f absolute s i lence w h i c h they have a h a b i t o f p u t t i n g up i n s t ead of ap ­plause . H e fe l t a w k w a r d , bu t he re ­peated w h a t he h a d s a id , because he cou ld no t t h i n k o f a n y t h i n g else to s a y :

" W e g i v e y o u people w o r k , a n d i f we d idn ' t , h o w w o u l d y o u l i v e ? "

A n d then the o ld a n d r a t h e r r a g g e d b l a c k m a n arose i n the back o f the c h u r c h a n d came s l o w l y f o r w a r d a n d as he came, he s a i d :

" A n d w e g ives y o u h o m e s ; a n d we g ives y o u c o t t o n ; a n d w e m a k e s y o u r l a n d w o r t h m o n e y ; a n d w e w a i t s on y o u a n d gets y o u r mea ls a n d cleans u p y o u r d i r t . A n d i f w e d i d n ' t do a l l those t h i n g s f o r y o u , h o w w o u l d y o u l i v e ? "

T h e w h i t e m a n choked a n d got r e d , bu t the o ld b l ack m a n w e n t on t a l k ­i n g :

" A n d w h a t ' s m o r e : w e g ives y o u a heap m o r e t h a n y o u g ives us a n d we ' s g e t t i n g m i g h t y t i r e d o f the b a r ­g a i n — "

" I t h i n k w e ough t to g i v e y o u f a i r w a g e s , " s t a m m e r e d the w h i t e m a n .

" A n d tha t a i n ' t a l l , " con t i nued the o ld b l ack m a n , " w e ough t to have s o m e t h i n g to say about y o u r wages . Because i f w h a t you g ives us g ives you a r i g h t to say w h a t w e ough t to get, then w h a t we g ives y o u g i v e s us a r i g h t to say w h a t you ough t to g e t ; a n d w e ' r e g o i n g to t ake t h a t r i g h t some day."

T h e w h i t e m a n b l u s t e r e d : " T h a t ' s B o l s h e v i s m ! " he shou ted . A n d t hen c h u r c h b r o k e up .

A N AMERICAN CITIZEN D O R O T H Y C A N F I E L D

I would not have noticed her among the other uniformed American women on

board the steamer, i f it had not been for a troubled look of uneasiness in her honest eyes, which contrasted with the healthy, kind, fixed certainty of themselves and their standards shining out from the honest eyes of the other serious-faced American women who made up her "unit", just returning home for a well-earned rest after two years continuous service in war relief. Indeed, the difference between them was so great that once the cynic of our party, who had seen her staring darkly out to sea, said of her mockingly,

"There's one who looks as gloomy as though her shell had been penetrated by the awful thought that perhaps French ameni­ties in everyday life and French daily pleas­ure in small pleasantnesses, may mean more civilization than bath-tubs and open plumb­ing."

But he was wrong, as usual. Something deeper, even more impersonal, was in ques­tion, as I learned later on in the voyage when I had come to know and greatly re­spect her. One evening, quite late, she stopped her restless pacing about the deck, and dropped into the chair beside me. I felt touched to sympathy by the long sigh she drew, and said, clumsily trying to invite a confidence which might perhaps relieve her, " Y o u seem to be troubled about something. I'd be so glad if I could help." She turned her head towards me, quickly, and looked at me hard, shaking her head. "I don't see what anybody can do about i t ," she said. Then she added, unexpectedly, "What part of the States do you come from?"

"Vermont," I answered, not seeing why she should be interested in that.

She moved her head restlessly and said, "Oh, well, I suppose one American is very much like another. I know I am, and I'm from New Jersey!"

As I was silent, quite at sea, she went on, "I wonder if it would make things any

clearer to me if I should just tell you all about i t ! Perhaps it would!"

Her voice was so sincerely troubled that I took her hand in mine, as assurance of my interest. She began her story.

II

And I now set it down here just as she told i t to me, wishing to shift i t to other American shoulders, as she shifted it tc mine.

"I had been brought up," she began, "l ike all public school American children, to salute the flag every morning, to believe that America was the only country where Liberty prevailed, and to read in my little American history textbook, how our fathers had fought to found that new thing,—a country where all men are free.

" U p to the time (I was fourteen years old then) that I encountered Jefferson Hcy-wood, I had no idea that there might be shadows in the bright day of American freedom. Of course,- Jeff was not the first Negro I had ever seen. I had been brought up near a lot of them, had played with little colored children quite as much as with white. But the black flame in Jeff's blood­shot eyes was very different from the light-hearted, giggling fun of my little black play-fellows, or from the easy-going good humor of Uncle Harry , the bald-headed old Negro who used to come once a week to shake our rugs and do other things too heavy for the maid. And, especially, the bitter carelessness of Jeff'.s accent when he said, 'Yes, I've been off on a jag again', was very different from the humble and repeated, 'Yas 'm' , of Uncle Ha r ry when my mother took him to task for being half-seas over.

"When I came to know him, Jefferson be­longed to a very different world from the family-like atmosphere of the small town where I had spent my early childhood. He ran the elevator in the ramshackle old build­ing in New York where one of my grown-up cousins had a studio, and although he had come originally from a small town in V i r ­ginia, with the same innocent rusticity as

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A N A M E R I C A N CITIZEN 303

my own small town, i t was evident that in New York he had become an integral part of vicious, big-city life. He drank and gam­bled to everybody's certain knowledge.

"Wi th his habits and his quite apparent hostility to white people, he would not have been kept a day in any other building than the battered, shabby rabbit-warren which sheltered so many impecunious artists. The owners of the building were only waiting for a sufficiently big rise in the price of land to

"I still remember the stories he used to tell me!"

tear down the dingy old place and put up an apartment house. Everybody who rented a studio there was told that he might be turned out at a day's notice, and all the ser­vice of the building was done in the same hand-to-mouth precarious method. Jeff al­ways managed somehow to be able to run his elevator and the superintendent of the building, expecting to lose his own job from one day to the next, asked nothing more of the powerfully built, sullen Negro who

looked so malevolently from under his black brows at the white people he took up and down in his creaking cage.

" A child finds studio life very tiresome, especially i f she has had a good deal of it, and I used, while waiting for my cousin to get ready to go home, to wander up and down the dirty, unswept corridors of the building and to stand at the windows, look­ing down idly on the noisy, futile bustle of the New York street, feeling dreadfully

vacant-minded and bored, and longing for somebody to talk to. In course of time I drift­ed towards Jeff's cage, (I was still child enough to enjoy riding up and down in the elevator), and towards the casual acquaintance with him which gave me my first doubts of the golden perfec­tion of American institutions.

" A l l Negroes know how to interest children, and Jeff shared his race's capacity to charm childhood. I stil l re­member the stories he used to tell me of his fishing exploits in his Virg in ia village, of his happy boyhood with his wid-owed mother, of the way they celebrated Christmas in his town. Occasionally also he used to tell stories of his school, where he had learned to speak so correctly; of his g r a v e , dignified, well-in-structed school-teacher; and of the industrial school where later he went to learn the trade of carpenter. I remem­ber (because i t afterwards came back to me, vividly) his explanation about the old blind mare, Nancy, who came frequently into these reminis­

cences. I said one day, 'But, Jeff, how did it happen that you had a horse, all your own?'

"His eyes deepened. ' I was going by one day when the white man that owned her, was beating her up because she couldn't go straight. It made me kind of crazy to see. . . .' He paused, made a grimace, and passed over the details to the end of the story. 'I worked two summers for that white man, to buy her off'n him. She lived

304 T H E CRISIS

seven years after that. Happy years, too. My mother liked her mighty well, too.' He added, on another note, 'They died the same winter.'

"I glimpsed vaguely through this dry out­line of emotions deeper than the words showed, and was silent a moment. Jeff said presently, 'Colored folks have got a fellow-feeling for creatures that get jumped on and can't help it. ' A n d as I found no comment to make on this, our interview of that day ended.

"This was the only reference he ever made to the deep grievance of his life, until one day, emboldened by much talk with him, I ventured, priggishly enough, to try to be a small mentor for him and made a childish and ill-advised effort to serve up to him, at second hand, some of the good counsels I had heard my mother give to Uncle Harry .

"The conversation which followed I have never forgotten. He said, listlessly, 'Why, Miss Ma'gret, I'm an American Negro. What else is there for me to do but to get drunk and gamble?'

"I was astonished beyond the extent of my capacity for astonishment, sincerely un­able to make the faintest guess at the mean­ing of his words. 'Why, Jeff,' I said earn­estly, with a simplicity I find now rather touching, ' i f you didn't get drunk, you could get a better job and earn more money and save up and. . . .'

" 'Well , what would I do with my money?' he asked me. 'What good would it do me? I'd be a Negro just the same, wouldn't I? I'd be punished and spit on, al l the time, for being something I never asked or wanted to be, and that I'd stop being i f I could.'

"Reminiscences of abolitionist ancestors stirred vaguely in my head, and with the proper canting accent, I pronounced the cant phrase, 'Well , I'm sure that is nothing to be ashamed of, or to regret.'

" 'Isn't it!' he blazed out suddenly, and then in a voice which brought the words home to me, like a thunderclap, 'Would you just as soon be a Negro as white?'

"He had so fiercely focussed on me in one burning flash the hidden flame of his heart that he succeeded for just an instant in forc­ing me to take in, actually and intimately, the meaning of his words. For just an in­stant I realized the meaning of the possi­bility that I might have been born black and not white . . . and I gave a vivid reflex-

gesture of physical recoil, which made Jeff laugh sardonically . . . although he had vis­ibly winced.

"I was horrified at the confession he had startled cut of me. I .swallowed hard and tried to think of something defensive to say. Various smug reflections came to my mind and I brought out the one which seemed to me most unanswerable. 'Oh, Jeff, there are lots of nice things Negroes can do. Look at Peter Ruffner.' (He was the elevator man for the night shifts.) 'He's saving up his money and studying to pass the Civ i l Serv­ice examinations, and he's going to get a job in the Customs House and own a little home and he's bringing up his children so nicely and '

"Jeff answered me, with a grunt of scorn, 'Yes, Pete's giving himself a lot of trouble, and what'll he get? No matter how much he succeeds, the poorest, little, low-down street-mick, i f he's white, wi l l look down on Pete . . . and you know it. And i f Pete went home to Georgia, not i f he had a mil­lion dollars, they wouldn't let him eat in the

• same restaurant with the most worthless white folks, nor pray to God in the same church. Not i f he'd found out how to cure cancer, would he be allowed to vote like the white drunkards nor live on the same street. There isn't a white convict in a penitentiary who would change place with Pete, to have his freedom and his job and his savings-bank book and his home, i f he had to get in­side Pete's black skin to do it . . . and you know that, too. Don't you suppose ws know the reasoa why nobody on earth would be wil l ing to change places with an Amer i ­can Negro? Do you suppose I'd want to bring a child into this world to live through that—much as I'd like having a son!'

"I was shocked and silenced, more by the dreadful deep quiver of acrimony in his voice than by what he said. I shrank a little back, as though I saw heat-waves quivering over molten metal; and hung my head.

"Of course, like everyone else, I had been perfectly familiar with the daily unpro­voked, personal indignities in the life of an American Negro, but I seemed never to have seen them before.

"Wel l , I have not forgotten them since. "Somebody came in and asked to be taken

up to the fifth floor. Jeff carried us both up, and me back again to the ground floor

A N A M E R I C A N CITIZEN 305

before I could think of anything to say. Then I brought out miserably, only because I could not endure the silence, 'Wel l , they don't al l feel like that. Look at Booker Washington. Seems to me you're unreason­able, Jeff.'

" 'Does i t? ' he said indifferently, as though he cared very little about my opinion.

"There was another silence. Then he added, 'Wel l , maybe I wouldn't get so sore i f i t wasn't for al l the Declaration-of-Inde-pendence-business and everybody-being-equal that white folks are always shooting off. I reckon it's that, that makes me take to drink.'

"I had no occasion to speak to Jeff for some time after that. In fact, he got so drunk for once, that he could not run his elevator, and was absent for many days. I thought about him a great deal, most un­comfortably, and during the morning exer­cises in my patriotic school, found the words sticking in my throat as I tried to pro­nounce in unison some of the accustomed phrases of satisfaction in belonging to the country of freedom. Yes, Jeff had cast a shadow which was not to lift.

"He was so long in coming back to his work that one day I asked the superinten­dent about him. He said impatiently that Jeff had been off on a terrible bat, but would be back soon. He went on, 'But you don't want to have anything to do with him. If I was your cousin, I wouldn't let you ride up and down in the elevator. He's just as bad a nigger as any I ever saw, and I've seen a-plenty. He's the kind that carries a razor in his hip pocket, and don't you forget i t ! '

"When Jeff came listlessly back to work, with the curious ashy color of a man who has been sick, I told him what the superin­tendent had said about his concealed weap­on, half hoping to have the thri l l of seeing him show it to me. He laughed scornfully, 'No, I don't carry a razor, but it's not be­cause I'm not a bad nigger, all right. I f I could k i l l what ails me with a razor, I wouldn't be long doing it. But suppose I cut M r . Superintendent all to hash with a razor, would it keep me from being treated like a dog?' He laughed again, and said, 'No, my razor is a whiskey-bottle. That comes the nearest to ki l l ing what's the mat­ter with me.'

"He looked so i l l and wretched as he spoke, that he made me feel wretched, myself. It

seemed to me, child as I was, that life was an infinitely more puzzling matter than I had dreamed it might be.

" A t it happened, it was almost the last time I saw him there, for soon after, the old building really was torn down, as had been threatened so often, and all the inhabitants of the old rookery were dispersed to the four corners of the earth. But what could not be dispersed was the puzzled uncertainty which Jeff's talks had left in my mind."

She paused, and I murmured, helplessly in sympathy with her feeling, "Oh, yes, life is puzzling, horribly, distractingly puzzling."

III She went on, "I was sent that next winter

to a boarding school in Prance, and suffered acutely from the indoor confinement of this life, so that it was with a bird's joy in free­dom that I found myself, the next summer, spending the vacation on the Breton sea-coast, where I went to visit one of my school­mates. She was as wild as I with physical exuberance long repressed, and we raced up and down the broad yellow beach and risked our necks on the rocky cliffs, every moment that the weather allowed us to be out of doors.

"It was only when one of the big tempests of the region kept everybody indoors, that we took cognizance of the dull adult life of the house and neighborhood. This was about the usual life in cosmopolitan seaside towns, full of vain idle women, sensual vaca­tioning men and malicious gossip. The old aunt of Marcelle, my little school-friend, was an invalid who could not walk, but in the miraculous way of some shut-in-people, she knew all the talk of the small, unchar­itable settlement better than any one of us who ran about freely among the actors of the sordid little comedies and tragedies. She not only knew all that was happening that summer, but all that ever had happened, ap­parently, and she was fond of imparting her information. It was she, I remember, one stormy afternoon when Marcelle and I were kept indoors by the weather,—it was she who gave to a caller the story of our next-door neighbors, a strange combination of personalities which had vaguely aroused even my child's interest, naturally dull to the curious and inexplicable doings of grown-ups.

"The story was not at al l meant for little

3 0 6 T H E CRISIS

girls, nor did Marcelle and I really listen to it, I believe, except with that sort of pre­occupied attention which children give to ugly, grown-up talk. A t least I find there are many gaps in it which I can't fill. Per­haps those were the times when Marcelle's aunt lowered her voice to a mysterious whis­per and spoke in her interlocutor's ear. A l l that I really understood from this half-heard story, was that the big, burly, red-faced Hollander, M . Stekkar, whom we glimpsed through the iron grating of the garden gate, lounging about in a purple dressing-gown, had somehow, some awful power over the shabby, thin, gray-faced man, M . Levreau, who never went anywhere without his silent little boy, and who stumbled so as he walked.

" 'They were partners to­gether, out in some God­forsaken place in the far East,' said Marcelle's aunt, 'where Stekkar made his money; Java, or Borneo, or somewhere where white men have little law over them. And this poor wretch—they say he was a handsome, fine fellow in those days,—mar­ried, and they say he came to blows when Stekkar tried to

. . .' here the voice went off into sibilant whispers and I lost the thread, until it rose again with, 'And Stekkar was so furious at that, they say he almost died of his rage, and he swore he'd get even with Levreau for the hu­miliation, and L e v r e a u laughed and said he wasn't afraid. And then Stekkar bided his time, and the year after . . . well, some say Levreau really did embezzle a lot of the money, and some say Stekkar arranged the accounts to look as though he did . . . and then he put the clamps on. Off Levreau would be sent to prison, arrested right there, leav­ing the young wife, and a baby about due, there on the island with Stekkar. And then Levreau,' the old woman gloated over the spectacular character of her tale, glanced

sideways at the little girls, and lowered her voice again. We heard no more until , '. . . the feeling ran high out there, even among the natives, so they say, after the wife's death, and so Stekkar sold out, retired, and brought Levreau and the baby here to live, and here he gets a l l his interest in life out of torturing Levreau. You see, he's got a death-grip on him, on account of the child. Levreau would have given himself up, long ago and gone to prison, whether he was

—glanced sideways . . . and lowered her voice."

guilty or not, i f it wouldn't have meant leaving the little boy to old Stekkar, on ac­count of that signed agreement I told you about. So there he is, a rat in a trap.

" 'Stekkar has the legal right any day to call in the gendarmes and have him put be­hind bars. A n d he knows i t and daren't do anything on account of little Jean. Wel l , there's little enough left of him to do any­thing! The treatment he has had . . . they

Laura Wheeler 1920

A N A M E R I C A N CITIZEN 307

say that when Stekkar is more than usually drunk, he makes him . . .' A particularly sibilant whisper followed this, accompanied by upturned eyes of horror on the part of her listener . . . 'and he has taken to drugs, too. Oh, he's nothing but a walking corpse, physically and morally. Stekkar'll get the child a l l right, before long, in any case. They say he's beginning on him now. Our maid, Madeleine, was talking to old Nanette, the other day, the charwoman who was working there, and she said' she saw old Stekkar take little Jean out of his bed, right before his father, and . . .'

"The visitor broke in here, crying, 'In God's name, why doesn't the father take his son and run away . . . just escape! There are plenty of forgotten corners of France where . . .'

" 'He's too broken down to try,' said Mar-celle's aunt. 'Stekkar has him as a horse-breaker has an animal with a broken spirit. And , anyhow, since the drugs have worked on him so, he's not more than half there any of the time. To drug himself t i l l he can't feel anything Stekkar tries to make him feel, that's his escape, and his only one, in this life.'

" A t this point the sun showed for a mo­ment through a rift in the clouds and Mar-celle and I, feeling fairly stifled in the malarial atmosphere of grown-up gossip and indoor air, clamored to be allowed to take a sandwich .apiece and go down to the beach. A few moments later, the great, clean, roar­ing voice of the sea had drowned out the human voice with its gruesome tale of human doings.

" A n d yet, I must have taken in, even then, something of the story, for I remember looking with scared pity at M . Levreau the next time I met him in the street. His ravaged gray face was lowered towards the ground, as he made his painful halting way towards the house, his heavy market-basket weighing him down to one side and making his uneven gait more unsteady. The hollow-eyed little boy at his side, clung hard to the bony hand, and trotted anxiously along in unsmiling silence.

"Fourteen-year-olds have, however, a lib­eral allowance of self-preserving concentra­tion on their own affairs, and our strange neighbors played a very small part in the life of the two romping tomboys. Most of the summer had passed before we gave them

more than a passing thought, half aversion, half compassion.

"I had plenty of other things to think of, things that bothered my fourteen-year-old mentality to the verge of utter bewilderment. M y troubles began on the day when Marcelle and I came in from the beach and found a new group of guests, evidently familiars of the house; a handsome, white-haired father, a magnificently oriental-looking mother, two elegant young lady daughters, velvet-eyed and langorous, and a grave, noble-look­ing son, with thoughtful, kind, dark eyes and long, slim, delicate hands . . . al l of these things yes, but also unmistakeably with Ne­gro blood. 'Light-colored mulattoes,' I diagnosed them with one glance of my Amer­ican eyes, experienced in such appraisings.

"I glanced around at the family in aston­ishment . . . didn't they know that their guests were colored people? What ought I to do? How could I enlighten them? Per­haps I ought to go and whisper in Marcelle's ear and let her devise some way of telling her mother.

" 'Here, my dear,' said Marcelle's mother, holding out her hand to me, 'Come, I want to introduce you to our friends, Monsieur and Madame Perez. They are Americans, too, like you, only they have lived in Europe so long that we claim them as of us entirely. Madame, this is a little American school-friend of my Marcelle, but from North America . . . it is North America, isn't it, dear? The Perez were from South America originally.'

"The Perez smiled down, out of their kind, soft, dark eyes, on the awkward crimson-faced child, who, bewildered and i l l at ease, stared at them unhappily. Perhaps Mar­celle's family did know that their guests were . . .

"The conversation flowed on, urbane, vari­ous, facile, and closed over the head of the child, who sat miserably trying to readjust her notions of things. I was suffering the sick uncertainty that comes to children with the first sharp encounter with totally new standards. The quite matter-of-fact ignor­ance of Marcelle's family, that there was any other standard than their own, incon­ceivable to me, gave me a dizzy feeling. I did not know what I really felt about i t ; I did not even know what I thought I ought to feel, and I hated the moral distress that this uncertainty gave me.

308 T H E CRISIS

"But after they had gone, I had a stagger­ing blow, compared to which these little pushings and shovings were as nothing. Marcelle's mother and aunt broke out into panegyrics of their visitors, who were, I gathered, very wealthy, very artistic, very gifted, very charitable, very distinguished, and, said Marcelle's aunt, forgetting my na­tionality, 'There's such a fineness about them, none of that crudeness you see in most other Americans. Sometimes I think i t is their colored ancestry that gives them that refinement. I've noticed that Americans with a little colored blood often seem more gently bred than . . .'

"But at this point Marcelle's mother re­membered I was there and make a quick change of subject.

"Not that I was capable of protesting. I was sunk in a stupor of astonishment so extreme that I had no words. As I look back on the situation now, there was a comic ele­ment in my stupefaction, but I felt none at

the time, only a sore, hurt surprise, as though my mind had suffered an attack from a quarter which in the nature of things should have been secure.

"It was not long after this, when I was still revolving my new impressions furtively, that, loitering on the beach with Marcelle, we came upon Jefferson Heywood, towering up above the Breton fishermen like a black portent. He certainly looked like one to the little American gi r l who gazed at him open-mouthed, quite sure that it was physically impossible that he, of al l people, should be there. He had preserved all the insolent self-possession which had been his old defence and showed neither the slightest surprise nor discomfiture at being recognized, al­though he was evidently very drunk again.

" 'Hello there, Miss Ma'gret, ' he said. 'It's a long way from here to the old eleva­tor, isn't i t? '

" 'Well , Jeff'!' I ejaculated. 'How in the world did you get here? '"

(To be concluded in the May CRISIS)

BIRD R O M A N C E

M A R Y E F F I E L E E

T H E R E are birds, a sound from which, a motion from which, suggest a world of romance:

A kildeer darting through the air, sowing its seed-like song!

The oboe of the dove has a sad strain, like the sound of forest brooks in the fall . The oboe of the dove says that in every green leaf, there is blue with the gold: for every gold day, a blue or gray night. There is blue in the violet and blue in the moss; for every singing stream, a bed of somber brown or gray; for every lament, a waiting-wind. Alas! the oboe of the dove has a sad strain.

To the listless lily-like blooms of the honeysuckle vines, the dewy sleepy little blossoms of cream and Naples yellow, that all night have rested in the still shadows, comes this impassioned pilgrim from the tropics—this ruby-throated humming bird,

this dwarf of fire, this bird that has trav­eled more than half a thousand miles in a night, crossing the Gulf and leaving South America's ardent days for the brief mating bliss in the cool drooping vines that seem unmindful of the birds and the fire and color born so suddenly in the passive arbor-plant.

The calm kingfisher, swir l ing low over the lagoon, swirling low above its shadow of sepia and silver, losing its shadow when it finds the reeds of gold and the shore!

In the white winter go those wild out­laws, the crows, into the gaunt black woods whose tall straight trees shred the sunset:— strips of tangerine and gold torn by the ebony—and crows flying through a white sky and over a ghostly earth to this weird paradise! But, oh, the sweeping desolation of their call lingers after them, quivering in the air, harrying the heart of man long after the crows and the sunset are gone!

309

The Cardinal's Concert Halls

in Autumn -- Spring

and W i n t e r

NATIONALISM A N D E G Y P T

J E S S I E F A U S E T

The demand of Egypt for self-govern-ment and freedom has been fanned

into a mighty conflagration by the wonderful pronouncements, made during the war, on the rights of small nations to self-deter­mination. But it must not be forgotten that this fire itself is not newly created, but has lain smouldering on the hearth­stones of Egypt for nearly forty years.

Egyptian grievances date from 1882, when England stepped in as adviser of Egypt's complicated political affairs. It is true that the Khedive Ismail Pasha had left great financial disaster in his wake. It is true that his successor, Tewfik Pasha, was a weak and incapable ruler. Even extreme Nationalists wi l l admit that Lord Cromer, who became virtually viceroy of Egypt, did work wonders with the chaotic finances, be­sides introducing a system of irrigation which has been the fellah's salvation.

But with all these improvements, there came an accompanying train of evils. In the first place, the Brit ish had stepped in uninvited. They made constant pledges to evacuate, it is true, and in the early years, went to some pains to declare that their con­trol was to be only temporary. Chamberlain promised, in 1882, complete independence to Egypt, as did also Gladstone in 1882, Salisbury in 1889, and Campbell-Bannerman in 1894. M r . Gladstone indeed went so far as to say in August, 1882, "Do we con­template an indefinite occupation of Egypt? Undoubtedly, of all things in the world, that is a thing which we are not going to do." And as long as Mr . Gladstone was in power, Lord Cromer bided his time and was careful not to carry his authority with too high a hand. Even then, asserts Wi l f r id Scawen Blunt, an authority on English rule in Egypt, Lord Cromer never had the least thought of encouraging "the prudent de­velopment of Egypt's institutions, promised in the Queen's speech of February, 1882."

As soon as Mr . Gladstone went out of power. Lord Cromer adopted different tac­tics. With the death of Tewfik in 1892, Abbas Hi lmi became Khedive. He was eighteen then,—a keen, high-spirited lad.

Conflict between himself and Lord Cromer was inevitable. It came in the choice of a ministry, in which the Engl ish decision stood. Thereafter, al l Egypt knew that edicts issued by Abbas, had first passed Eng­lish censorship. But this era marked the definite beginning of the New Nationalist Party.

The Bri t ish st i l l kept up their promise of withdrawing from Egypt at the earliest pos­sible moment. But after the campaign of the Sudan in 1898-1899, even the most guile­less Egyptian knew that the nation had taken on its shoulders a veritable old man of the sea. The hard work of the campaign, concentrating in the affairs at Fashoda and at Omdurman, had fallen on the Egyptians but the Bri t ish claimed by " ' r ight of con­quest' to share in the settlement of the ad­ministration and legislation of that coun­try." The heavy yearly charges for the maintenance of the conduct of Sudanese affairs became part, however, of the Egyp-tion Budget.

Great Br i ta in was in Egypt to stay. The very success of Lord Cromer's financial ad­justment, which for al l its success, worked, by taxation, great hardship to the poorer classes, showed the immense recuperative powers of the country. It was not in hu­man nature to give up such a gold-mine Not the least task of the Bri t ish official, was to undertake to prove to the Egyptian that it was to Egypt's benefit to remain under Bri t ish rule.

The Egyptian chafed as much at this hypocrisy as he did at the exploitation of his country. But even more gall ing than the bearing of these burdens, was the Brit ish administration of Egypt ian C i v i l Service. The Bri t ish in the C i v i l Service were usually arrogant, self-seeking indi­viduals who would not undertake to instruct the native, for fear he might supplant them. Native officials were treated with patronage, not to say insolence, and often subordinated to incompetent English. The big salaries and the important positions were under­stood to be European perquisites; the minor positions went to Egyptians, who even then

310

N A T I O N A L I S M A N D E G Y P T 311

received only a third or a half of the sal­ary given an Englishman holding a simi­lar position.

Egyptians could not be sure of justice in the courts. There was the famous Den-shawai incident, in which a Brit ish officer came to blows with a fellah who with his friends defended himself. The officer in­furiated, rushed off to his camp, some two miles distant, but on the way, succumbed to sunstroke. This was proved again and again by competent medical authority. But nothing could keep four of the fellaheen from meeting with punishment by death and their friends from an extravagant term of imprisonment.

Added to these grievances, was the fact that Egyptian activities, such as wheat, tobacco and sugar raising, were killed off in the interest of Bri t ish exporters. Less palpable, but no less far-reaching in ef­fect, the Bri t ish administrator rarely tried to understand the temper of the people. Lord Cromer, although his stay in Egypt lasted over twenty years, never troubled, according to Duse Mohamed, to learn A r a ­bic.

Meanwhile, although Egypt was still sup­posed to be a part of the Turkish Empire, the world became used to the establishment of a "veiled" protectorate in that country. The outbreak of the World War made this condition more apparent. Abbas Hi lmi , stil l Khedive of Egypt at this time, showed plainly his determination to link Egypt with Turkey and to cast in his lot with the Germans. The Bri t ish promptly deposed him, and placed Hussein Kamel on the throne, December 1914, as the first Sultan of Egypt. But with his promotion to power, came also the formal declaration from Great Br i ta in that she was estab­lishing a protectorate over Egypt.

The protectorate was merely a "war measure", the Bri t ish said, and beyond that, said almost nothing more. This proclama­tion served to irritate further not only those Nationalists who had long since chafed under the "temporary" control of the Bri t ish, but also many of the disaffect­ed. Even then, a little tact might have saved the day. If the Brit ish had had the forethought to accept the Egyptians as allies, they would have saved much future bitterness. But when Hussein and his Min­istry offered the services of the Egyptian

Army to the All ied cause, they were re­fused.

It is true that later the Egyptians were called on not only to defend the Suez Canal against the aggressions of Turkey, but also to contribute—to the extent of a million of men!—to the Transport and Labor Corps. But the great spiritual impetus to be gained by the grateful recognition of an involuntary offer to aid in a cause which by its very nature made al l men equals, was indubitably lost.

The slight was felt al l the more keenly because of England's attitude toward India. She too had offered her resources, both men and money. And at Lord Hardinge's proposal, Indian soldiers had proceeded to France and fought side by side with Brit ish troops. Through the Legislative and Pro­vincial Councils of the Indian Viceroy, In­dians were consulted, and although, as every body knows, there were discriminations, still some show at least was made of taking India into account.

In addition to this very real grievance, were the grievances resulting from the ex­ercise by the Brit ish in Egypt of an over-zealous and unwise military authority which completely overshadowed civil au­thority. Here again, the Bri t ish made one of those errors so surprising to find on the part of a people of such diplomatic ex­perience—they removed an official, Sir John Maxwell, who, by virtue of his long experi­ence and his great popularity with all classes, might have done much to lessen the rigor of the Brit ish occupation. The Anzacs, it may be remembered, were large­ly quartered in Egypt at this time and their intolerable and insolent attitude played its share in increasing the irritation of the native populace. Some idea of the insults endured by the Egyptians at the hands of the Australians may be had from a report given in the White Book, of a statement made by a Miss Durham, and published in the Daily News, A p r i l 2, 1919.

I was in Egypt from November, 1915, to A p r i l , 1916, and can confirm the statement of Dr. Haden Guest, that it is to our own treatment of the Egyptians that we owe the present trouble. The authorities were cer­tainly to blame in landing colonial troops in Egypt without carefully instructing them as to the population they would meet there. So ignorant were numbers of these men, that they imagined Egypt was English, and that the natives were colored intruders. "Why

312 T H E CRISIS

I N A N C I E N T E G Y P T

were these—niggers a l lowed i n here at a l l ? " M o r e than one A u s t r a l i a n sa id tha t he

would c lear the lot out, i f he had his way . They t reated the nat ives w i t h c rue l ty and contempt. In the canteen i n w h i c h I worked , a ve ry good na t ive servant was k icked and knocked about s i m p l y because he d id not unders tand an order g iven h i m by a soldier . A n educated na t ive i n the town , was s t ruck i n the mouth and had h i s i n l a i d w a l k i n g s t ick snatched f r o m h i m by a soldier who wanted it. M o r e than one E n g l i s h res ident said to me: " I t w i l l take years to undo the h a r m that has been done here by the a r m y . " P e r ­sonal ly , I fe l t tha t were I an E g y p t i a n , I should have spared no effort to evic t the B r i t i s h . I fe l t ashamed of m y count ry ,— b i t t e r l y ashamed. . . .

To make mat ters worse, fo r the f irs t few days af ter the troops a r r i v e d i n quant i t ies , the d r i n k shops were a l l open a l l day, and the un love ly resul ts filled the nat ives w i t h d isgus t and contempt. I t was repor ted, I do not k n o w w i t h wha t t r u th , tha t d runken men had snatched the vei ls f rom Mos l em women.

The A r m i s t i c e found E g y p t i a n d issa t i s fac t ion r u n n i n g h i g h . D u r i n g the course of the w a r , G r e a t B r i t a i n had de l ibe ra te ly created an independent k i n g d o m of the Hedjaz , also Mos lems , bu t i n f e r i o r i n E g y p ­t i a n eyes; and the i r n e w l y created r u l e r . E m i r F a i s a l , was to have a seat a t the Peace Conference. A r m e n i a , S y r i a , and Lebanon , newly created states, w h i c h as T u r k i s h provinces , had f o r the most p a r t fought aga ins t the A l l i e s , also sent dele­gat ions. B u t here was E g y p t , — t e c h n i c a l l y an independent government , assured by G r e a t B r i t a i n tha t the es tab l i shment of the protectorate was on ly a w a r measure , w h i c h ca r r i ed the i m p l i c a t i o n tha t i t was on ly f o r the d u r a t i o n of the war ,—here w a s E g y p t absolute ly debarred f r o m a place a t the Peace Table .

N a t i o n a l i s m became an e n c i r c l i n g fire wh ich fo r the first t ime touched a l l classes.

N A T I O N A L I S M A N D E G Y P T 313

Students of E l A z h a r , the famous u n i v e r s i t y i n C a i r o , j o ined w i t h w o r k i n g classes; the people o f the c i t ies jo ined w i t h the f e l l a ­heen i n an appea l f o r the recogni t ion of E g y p t i a n independence. F i n a l l y , the ex­t reme N a t i o n a l i s t s got together a deputa­t ion of the i r own to go to P a r i s and to l a y c l a i m before the Conference, under the h i g h name o f se l f -de te rmina t ion , to a complete a n d immedia t e autonomy. T h e more con­se rva t ive element d id not approve of th is depu ta t ion , bu t the h a r s h t rea tment re­ceived by th is body at the hands of Grea t B r i t a i n , finally b rough t "even these in to l ine.

T h e contemptuous r e g a r d i n w h i c h both E n g l i s h and A m e r i c a n representa t ives held th i s deputa t ion , s t r ikes a c h i l l to the hear ts of those who have cher ished the be l ie f tha t the w a r was a " h o l y " one, waged i n the i n ­terest of r e a l l iber t ies . The delegates were i n no sense undese rv ing of r ega rd . They were chosen by the L e g i s l a t i v e A s s e m b l y w h i c h h a d been elected b y the E g y p t i a n people before the w a r .

T h e members of the De lega t ion were Saad Z a g h l u l P a s h a , pres ident , Mohomet P a s h a M a h m o u d , and I s m a i l P a s h a S i d k y .

Z a g h l u l is of f e l l ah (peasant) stock and received h i s educat ion at E l A z h a r , d r ink ­i n g i n a l l the bel iefs and t r ad i t ions of its thousand yea r existence and fos t e r ing and p r o m u l g a t i n g the s p i r i t of n a t i o n a l i s m w i t h the other members of "the f a i t h f u l " who th ronged i ts por ta l s . M a h p m e t . P a s h a M a h ­moud , also o f f e l l a h o r i g i n , was educated at O x f o r d , i n E n g l a n d , where he was popu­l a r l y s ty led " the P r i d e of B a l l i o l . " M a h ­moud at one t ime publ i shed a na t iona l i s t i c j o u r n a l , i n C a i r o , w h i c h was suppressed because of the s t a n d w h i c h he took agains t the fo r e ign i nvas ion . The t h i r d delegate, I s m a i l P a s h a S i d k y , has been least heard o f iri the W e s t . H e alone, of the three, is s a id to be of noble b i r t h , and is reputed to have the greatest a b i l i t y .

O n N o v e m b e r 3, 1918, th is Delega t ion ca l led on S i r R e g i n a l d W i n g a t e , B r i t i s h H i g h C o m m i s s i o n e r i n E g y p t , and asked for passpor ts to L o n d o n . T h e i r request was repeatedly set aside and the men them­selves v i r t u a l l y impr i soned i n C a i r o . M e a n ­wh i l e , R u s h d i P a s h a , E g y p t i a n P r i m e M i n ­is ter , also sought access to L o n d o n to con­fe r w i t h G r e a t B r i t a i n on the fu tu re of E g y p t i a n affa i rs .

O n b e i n g refused, he tendered his r es ig ­

n a t i o n w h i c h , af ter some delay, was ac­cepted M a r c h 2, 1919. The B r i t i s h G o v e r n ­ment, finding i t difficult to f o r m a new m i n ­i s t r y , pu t the blame on Z a g h l u l ' s deputa­t ion and ordered them to headquar ters . The re they were accused, accord ing to M a ­homet P a s h a M a h m o u d , who la te r v i s i t ed this coun t ry , of caus ing a de lay i n the for ­m a t i o n of a new m i n i s t r y and menaced w i t h d i re penalt ies under m a r t i a l l aw .

O n M a r c h 8, Z a g h l u l , M a h m o u d , S i d k y and H a m a d P a s h a E l - B a s s i l were ar res ted , secret ly en t ra ined , and deported to M a l t a , where they were detained f o r some t ime, u n t i l the B r i t i s h a l lowed them to proceed to P a r i s . The per iod of the exile of these men was m a r k e d by broadcast r i o t i n g i n w h i c h even the women shared. T h i s was met by the most merci less sever i ty on the p a r t of the B r i t i s h .

A l y C h a a r a o u i , V i c e - P r e s i d e n t of the De lega t ion and member of the L e g i s l a t i v e A s s e m b l y , says i n a le t ter to G e n e r a l A l l e n -b y :

The most d i s t inguished women i n E g y p ­t i a n society were not able to see the i r fe l low-coun t rymen treated i n this w a y , and keep s i lent about i t . T h e c u r t a i n tha t o r d i n a r i l y separates ou r women of the upper classes f r o m the outside w o r l d , d id not prevent them f r o m express ing the i r sent iments . I n fact nea r ly three hundred women of the most i m ­por t an t f ami l i e s of C a i r o , o rgan ized on M a r c h 20, a s imple and dignif ied mani fes ta ­t ion , a f te r they had read i n the m o r n i n g newspapers tha t permiss ion had been g ran ted them. B u t when they got out of t he i r ca r r i ages and reached the home of S a a d Z a g h l u l P a s h a , the B r i t i s h soldiers surrounded them on a l l sides, w i t h fixed bay­onets pointed towards them, and compelled them to r ema in two hours under a broil ing-sun, w i thou t a l l o w i n g them to w a l k or to go home i n thei r car r iages .

One of the E g y p t i a n women sa id , " M a k e of me, i f you w i l l , a second M i s s C a v e l l ! "

N o pains were spared to keep the mem­bers of the Peace Conference i n touch w i t h the asp i ra t ions of the E g y p t i a n Delega t ion . F o r instance, th is t e legram was sent on December 4, 1918, to M r . L l o y d George :

W h a t is h a p p e n i n g i n E g y p t , is so d i r ec t ly i n opposi t ion w i t h the t r ad i t ions of G r e a t B r i t a i n and w i t h the l i b e r a l po l i cy of w h i c h your E x c e l l e n c y has a l w a y s been the cham­pion , that the E g y p t i a n s have come to ask themselves whether the p r inc ip le s tha t the statesmen of the E m p i r e do not cease to pro­c l a i m i n t he i r d a i l y declara t ions , are app l i c ­able to ce r t a in f rac t ions of h u m a n i t y only ,

—to the exc lus ion of others less favored . W h e n y o u r g rea t coun t ry has j u s t come

314 T H E CRISIS

v i c t o r i o u s l y out of a s t ruggle tha t i t entered only f o r the sake of l ibe r ty , does i t pe rmi t that , i n its name, th is same l i b e r t y is denied us?

A n d on J a n u a r y 11, 1919, the Delega t ion sent th is message to Georges C lemenceau :

To the P re s iden t of the Peace Conference w h i c h w i l l decide the fate of the s m a l l n a ­t ions, not on the basis of i n t e r n a t i o n a l com­pensat ions, but on tha t of absolute jus t ice , the E g y p t i a n De lega t ion , charged to defend before the Conference the cause of E g y p t , declares tha t i n con t rad ic t ion to the new pr inc ip le s born of the A l l i e d v i c to ry—bru te force prevents us f r o m l e a v i n g our count ry to submi t to the Conference ou r demands and na t iona l asp i ra t ions . . . .

I n the name of l i be r ty , of w h i c h you have been d u r i n g your whole l i f e , by w o r d and pen, the u n t i r i n g c h a m p i o n ; i n the name of jus t ice , w h i c h y o u have p romised to make the basis of the del ibera t ions and decisions of the Conference ; i n the name of h u m a n i t y wh ich cannot pe rmi t tha t a people pass f rom hand to hand l ike v u l g a r merchandise , 'we implore you not to i n t e rp re t our silence and f a i l u r e to appear i n person at P a r i s as our acceptance of the domina t ion imposed upon us nor to decide the fu ture of our na t ion wi thou t h a v i n g heard us.

None of the let ters and te legrams sent to these author i t ies b rought any response, though one le t ter was lef t i n person by a f r i end of the Delega t ion , at D o w n i n g Street .

The purpose of the De lega t ion on a r r i v ­i n g i n P a r i s , was to l a y the i r case before M r . W i l s o n . T h e y k n e w tha t he was the au thor of the " F o u r t e e n P o i n t s " and the fa ther of the doctr ine of se l f -de terminat ion for s m a l l nat ions. T h e y could not but be­l ieve i n his s ince r i ty . A c c o r d i n g to the E g y p t i a n W h i t e Book, w h i c h the Delega­t ion publ ished on f ina l ly r each ing P a r i s , four te legrams, dated December 14, 1918; December 27, 1918; J a n u a r y 3, 1919; and J a n u a r y 13, 1919, were sent to M r . W i l s o n f r o m C a i r o by the De lega t ion . N o t one of these received an answer .

O n A p r i l 22, 1919, the Delegates, now i n P a r i s , sent M r . W i l s o n the f o l l o w i n g le t te r :

I have the honor to submit that the en t ry of the U n i t e d States into the W o r l d W a r in 1917, and her wonder fu l and insp i r ed leader­sh ip d u r i n g the past two years , have g iven the E g y p t i a n people confidence tha t the i r c la ims to independence, guaranteed by the

• new Socie ty of N a t i o n s , wou ld receive a h e a r i n g f rom the Peace Conference and the suppor t of a l l who are l o n g i n g for a durable w o r l d peace.

F r o m the b e g i n n i n g of the w a r , the E g y p ­t i a n na t ion has never fa l te red i n its l oya l ty to the En ten te A l l i a n c e , and especia l ly to G r e a t B r i t a i n . To avoid the r a i s i n g of em­

b a r r a s s i n g questions, the E g y p t i a n leaders decided to w o r k whole -hear ted ly f o r the w i n n i n g of the w a r , and postpone d i scuss ion of the fu tu re of E g y p t u n t i l the Peace C o n ­ference.

A delegat ion has been sent to P a r i s b y the E g y p t i a n s to present t h e i r case. W e repre­sent a l l elements of the E g y p t i a n popu l a t i on , M o h a m m e d a n and C h r i s t i a n a l i ke .

I quite unde r s t and tha t y o u r E x c e l l e n c y is over-burdened w i t h demands f o r audiences. B u t the impor t ance of ou r cause just i f ies the request tha t one of m y colleagues a n d I be received by you on the day a n d a t the hour when you are able to g r a n t us a hea r ing .

I have the honor to be, S i r , y o u r obedient and humble servant ,

S A A D Z A G H L U L , Pres iden t of the E g y p t i a n D e l e g a t i o n and V i c e - P r e s i d e n t of the L e g i s l a t i v e A s s e m b l y .

On A p r i l 24, the P re s iden t of the Dele ­ga t ion received th is r e p l y :

I beg to acknowledge receipt of y o u r le t ter of A p r i l 22, and to say tha t i t w i l l be b rought to the P res iden t ' s a t t en t ion .

S ince re ly yours , G I L B E R T F . C L O S E ,

Conf ident ia l S e c r e t a r y to the Pres iden t . Three days a f te r the a r r i v a l of the Dele ­

gat ion i n P a r i s , w o r d was sent eve rywhere , that M r . W i l s o n recognized the B r i t i s h pro­tectorate of E g y p t . I n th is connect ion, the account of M r . B u l l i t t ' s r epo r t to the C h a i r ­m a n of the Commi t t ee on F o r e i g n A f f a i r s ( i n this c o u n t r y ) i s most i n t e re s t ing . A c ­c o r d i n g to M r . B u l l i t t , M r . W i l s o n w a s urged by the B r i t i s h to pu t an end to the E g y p t i a n diff iculty by a c k n o w l e d g i n g the protectorate, s ince i t was h i s " F o u r t e e n P o i n t s " w h i c h had caused the whole t r o u ­ble. T h e ma t t e r M r . B u l l i t t reca l led , was settled the m o r n i n g on w h i c h i t was b rough t up, before luncheon.

Senator K n o x opined at th i s point , w i t h obvious sa rcasm, tha t " T h a t w a s a good deal o f t ime to spend on the affai rs of a sma l l state l ike E g y p t " !

M r . B u l l i t t re jo ined t h a t Sena to r K n o x ought to k n o w h o w i t was done, since he 1 ad been Sec re t a ry of S ta te .

" Y e s , " rep l ied Sena tor K n o x , " b u t we never chewed them up tha t f a s t " !

In spite of the dec l a r a t i on of the P r e s i ­dent's r ecogn i t ion of the protec tora te , the De lega t ion kept t he i r sp lend id , i f somewhat inconvenient , f a i t h and on A p r i l 29, and Tune 6, 1919, two more le t ters were sent to P r e s iden t W i l s o n . In one of these let­ters S a a d Z a g h l u l s a y s :

I N M O D E R N E G Y P T

315

316 T H E CRISIS

T h e p r i n c i p l e s — w h i c h were declared i n the name of the A m e r i c a n people as the basis of a democra t ic and a durab le peace —have become so deep-rooted i n the hear ts of the whole E g y p t i a n people, t ha t they re­vol ted , u n a r m e d , f o r the a p p l i c a t i o n of these p r inc ip l e s to t he i r coun t ry . T h e i r absolute f a i t h i n the four teen points , i n the speech of September 27, las t , and i n other dec lara t ions was unshakable . A n d the bul le ts of the B r i t i s h A r m y i n E g y p t , were powerless to shake the i r firm be l ie f i n your a b i l i t y — a n d i n the a b i l i t y of the A m e r i c a n people—to rea l ize the p r inc ip l e s fo r w h i c h they h a d fought and won. I n the depor ta t ion of m y colleagues and myse l f , the E g y p t i a n people saw an a t t empt on the p a r t of the B r i t i s h au thor i t i es to depr ive the coun t ry of the benefit of your cons idera t ion .

T h e i r w i l l p reva i l ed . W e were released and our first du ty on a r r i v i n g a t P a r i s , was to request your E x c e l l e n c y fo r an audience. T h i s honor was denied to us, and a few days la ter , the recogni t ion by the government of the U n i t e d States of A m e r i c a of the B r i t i s h protectorate over E g y p t , was publ i shed th roughout the w o r l d .

A c c o r d i n g to i n f o r m a t i o n received, the news i n E g y p t f e l l on deaf ears. The E g y p ­t i ans could not imag ine tha t the p r inc ip les w h i c h promised to the w o r l d a new era of p o l i t i c a l f reedom and p o l i t i c a l equa l i ty w o u l d consecrate the serv i tude of a whole na t ion .

The decis ion of the Peace Conference w i t h r ega rd to E g y p t , resul ted i n a po l i cy of sys temat ic revenge by the B r i t i s h m i l i t a r y au thor i t ies th roughou t the coun t ry . T o w n s and v i l l ages have been submi t ted to most a w f u l exact ions. Some v i l l ages have been complete ly burned , and thousands of f a m ­il ies are w i thou t shelter. People who do not salute B r i t i s h officers are cour t m a r t i a l l e d .

T h e koorbash * is be ing most f ree ly used. Notables are be ing mal t rea ted and i m p r i s ­oned. W o m e n were v io la ted , and i n one case a husband (who was present) was shot dead by the t roops w h i l e a t t emp t ing to de­fend the honor of his w i fe .

A n d a l l th is because the E g y p t i a n people have dared to demand the i r po l i t i c a l eman­c ipa t ion !

The answer came i n a few d a y s :

P a r i s , J u n e 9, 1919. I a m w r i t i n g you on beha l f of the P r e s i ­

dent, to acknowledge the receipt of y o u r let­ter of the 6th and to express regre t tha t the Pres ident ' s t ime has been so complete ly taken up tha t he has not had an oppor tun i ty to make an appoin tment to see you .

S ince re ly yours , G I L B E R T F . C L O S E .

E n g l a n d , t ho rough ly a l a rmed by the per­sistent r i o t i n g , first recal led L o r d A l l e n b y

• T h e lash.

f r o m S y r i a a n d p u t h i m i n cha rge o f af­f a i r s i n E g y p t . T h e n she de t e rmined to send L o r d M i l n e r a t the head of a s t r o n g mis s ion to i n q u i r e in to the causes of the va r ious outbreaks . A c c o r d i n g to L o r d C u r z o n , the m a i n object of L o r d M i l n e r and his associates w a s — " i n consu l t a t i on w i t h the S u l t a n and h i s m i n i s t e r s a n d represen­ta t ive E g y p t i a n s of a l l c lasses—to devise the detai ls o f a cons t i t u t i on b y w h i c h a l l these pa r t i e s s h a l l be able, i n t h e i r s e v e r a l spheres and i n a n i n c r e a s i n g degree, to co­operate i n the managemen t o f E g y p t i a n af­f a i r s "

The p romise of the spec ia l m i s s i o n f a i l e d to ca lm E g y p t . E x t r e m e N a t i o n a l i s t s poin ted out tha t th is p romise h a d been w r u n g f r o m E n g l a n d on ly by d i n t of threa ts of violence. Others objected, on the g r o u n d tha t E g y p t i a n affairs were i n t e r n a t i o n a l and dea l ing w i t h the m i s s i o n reduced them to the status of E n g l a n d ' s domest ic in te r ­ests. The re was a p r e t t y gene ra l deter­m i n a t i o n to boycot t the m i s s i o n on i t s a r ­r i v a l . T h u s , ma t t e r s have come to a n im­passe.

T h e E a s t and the W e s t are c l a s h i n g not on ly over separate and d i s t i nc t ideas, bu t also over ideas w h i c h are p r a c t i c a l l y s i m i ­l a r . E a c h is de termined to g a i n a n d m a i n ­t a i n i ts o w n supremacy . E n g l a n d , h a v i n g once seized E g y p t i n her g r i p , is h o l d i n g on w i t h a l l her b u l l d o g t enac i ty . E g y p t ' s r e ­quest fo r au tonomy means p r a c t i c a l l y no th ­i n g to E n g l a n d . G r e a t B r i t a i n ' s sov­e re ign ty mus t be m a i n t a i n e d . " L e t nobody," says M r . B a l f o u r , " i n E g y p t or e lsewhere, make any mis t ake about tha t . "

B u t E g y p t is t h o r o u g h l y aroused now. She sees E n g l i s h mot ives c l e a r l y and es t i ­mates t he i r w o r t h . " T h e abyss ," says S a a d Z a g h l u l , "between the aggressors and t he i r v i c t ims , has become deeper. T h e s t rugg le becomes fiercer. T h i s s t rugg le is unequa l , i f one judges f r o m the v i e w p o i n t o f b r u t a l force aga ins t u n a r m e d r i g h t ; bu t i t is a s t ruggle f r o m w h i c h E g y p t , sooner or l a te r , w i l l come f o r t h v i c to r ious , because she de­fends an idea l , a n d there is n o force on ea r th t ha t can indef in i t e ly conquer a n idea . "

W h o doubts t ha t E g y p t i s r e a l l y speak­i n g f o r the whole d a r k w o r l d ? T h u s is the scene b e i n g s taged f o r the grea tes t and most l a s t i n g confl ict of peoples.

T H E N A T I O N A L Y.W. C. A. A N D

T H E N E G R O M Y D E A R S I R :

ON December 31, 1919, the International Student Volunteer Conven t ion met i n Des M o i n e s , Iowa . T h e secretar ies of the Y . M . C . A . and Y . W . C . A . d id the re­c r u i t i n g o f s tudent delegates i n the colleges and un ivers i t i es .

P rev ious to the opening of the convent ion , the colored secretaries had been assured of no d i s c r i m i n a ­t i o n ; M r . De F r a n t z of the In ter­na t iona l Commit tee o f the Y . M . C. A . saw D r . Penfield of the H o s ­p i t a l i t y Commit tee i n Des Moines , persona l ly , and was assured tha t the secretaries o f the Y . M . C . A . and Y . W . C . A . w o u l d be accom­modated i n the hotel , w i t h the i r respective staffs.

I a r r i v e d i n Des Moines , three days before the convent ion opened, to help al locate col­ored s tuden t s ; on m y a r r i v a l the loca l Y . W . C . A . sec re ta ry to ld me tha t D r . Penfield sa id tha t the hotels wou ld not receive col­ored guests. I immed ia t e ly took the mat te r up w i t h the Y . W . C . A . secre tary , who was w o r k i n g w i t h the Conven t ion Commit tee , and w i t h M r . W i l b u r S m i t h , E x e c u t i v e of the Conven t ion , d e m a n d i n g tha t as a mem­ber of the staff of the N a t i o n a l B o a r d of the Y . W . C . A . , I be accommodated i n the same hotel i n w h i c h the staffs of the Y . M . C . A . and Y . W . C . A . were to be housed.

T h e nex t m o r n i n g the colored secretaries o f the Y . M . C . A . a r r i v e d and were, also, i n fo rmed tha t there were no accommodat ions f o r the colored secre tar ies—they also took the mat te r up w i t h the officials of the con­vent ion , who i n t u r n took the mat te r up w i t h the hote l manage r . The m o r n i n g tha t the convent ion opened, the ma t t e r was sett led w i t h the hotel m a n a g e r and the men secre­ta r ies of the Y . M . C . A . and D r . George H a y n e s , one of the speakers on the conven­t ion p r o g r a m , were admi t ted to the hotel .

The Sen ior S e c r e t a r y of the Y . W . C . A . , however , i n fo rmed M r . T u r n e r , of the S tu ­dent V o l u n t e e r Conven t ion , t ha t she would a l locate he r colored women secretar ies . M i s s

Conde. cal led the fou r colored secretaries into a conference. In spite of the fac t tha t the men secretaries had been admit ted to the hotel , M i s s Conde. told me tha t i n de­m a n d i n g tha t I be accommodated i n the hotel w i t h the res t of m y staff, I was a c t i n g c o n t r a r y to the cus tomary po l i cy of the Y . W . C . A . She f u r t h e r stated tha t i t was the po l icy of the Y . W . C . A . to take the middle ground, tha t they could make no demand of the hotel associat ion tha t they admi t us, and fu r t he r stated that , had the E x e c u t i v e of the Colored W o r k been i n Des Moines , she wou ld never have taken tha t s t and or a l ­lowed me to have taken tha t s tand. She also c l ea r ly stated tha t they could not afford to do such, because they m i g h t a l ienate the whi te const i tuency of the A s s o c i a t i o n i n tha t state, and in fo rmed us tha t she had made ar­rangements f o r the colored secretaries to be housed i n the whi te local Y . W . C . A . , as we were.

F o l l o w i n g the convent ion, a staff confer­ence of the secretar ies was held, for wh ich we had to r e m a i n i n the c i t y two nights . The loca l A s s o c i a t i o n refused to accommo­date us fo r the r e m a i n i n g two n igh t s a f te r the convent ion had c losed ,—saying tha t the convention be ing over, they could not es­tab l i sh a precedent by keep ing us i n the i r

M I S S C A T H A R I N E D . L E A L T A D .

317

318 T H E CRISIS

dormi to ry , and we were forced to move out and find other accommodat ions f o r the re­m a i n i n g two n igh t s . D u r i n g t ha t staff con­ference, I made a pub l i c s ta tement tha t the C h r i s t i a n sp i r i t , fo r w h i c h they stood, had been put to the ac id test i n Des Moines , and tha t they h a d f a i l ed us u t t e r ly . I fu r the r stated tha t I could not keep m y self-respect nor the respect of the people of m y race i f I remained w i t h the Y . W . C . A . ,—there fo re , I res igned.

Because of m y a t t i tude and ac t ion i n Des Moines , the G e n e r a l Sec re t a ry of the N a ­t iona l movement cal led a mee t ing of a l l the colored F i e l d W o r k e r s i n N e w Y o r k , on our r e tu rn f rom Des Mo in es , because she fel t tha t the T r i e n n i a l Conven t ion , to be held i n C leve land , Ohio , was so near tha t there had to be an unde r s t and ing w i t h the colored sec­retar ies , so tha t there w o u l d not be another s i tua t ion such as there was i n Des Moines . In that conference she told the colored sec­retar ies tha t even i n C leve land , Ohio , i f there were hotels w h i c h were w i l l i n g to ac­

commodate colored guests, she though t t ha t i t was best t ha t the colored secre tar ies u n ­ders tand tha t colored delegates to the con­vent ion should not go to the hotels , because the i r presence there, m i g h t be offensive to their southern white delegates, and the Association did not wish to alienate that g roup . The secretar ies present made no pro­tes t—in fact , M i s s A d e l e Ruff in proceeded to e x p l a i n , f o r the benefit of those of us who had not been there, t ha t a t the t ime of the L o u i s v i l l e , K y . , convent ion , the colored wom­en h a d consented to go no fas te r i n the i r w o r k than the a t t i tude o f the sou the rn w h i t e women w o u l d w a r r a n t .

I t h i n k tha t such a p o l i c y of compromise and a po l i cy w h i c h caters to the w h i m s and prejudices of s o u t h e r n whi tes , is a n y t h i n g but C h r i s t i a n and tha t the pub l i c a t l a rge should know of the a t t i tude a n d po l i cy of this o rgan i za t i on .

Y o u r s v e r y t r u l y ,

C A T H A R I N E D . L E A L T A D .

T H E NEGRO FACES AMERICA (Excerpts from a forthcoming book of that

title by H E R B E R T J . S E L I G M A N N )

THE chief problem of race re la t ions i n the U n i t e d States, is the educat ion of

whi te people to decency i n the i r a t t i tude to­w a r d colored ci t izens. The na t ion w i l l never be made whole i n its own conscience whi le over t lawlessness s ta lks i n the U n i t e d States Senate and the House of Representa­t ives.

A n y group w h i c h desires m a t e r i a l ad­vantage f rom the exp lo i t a t ion of another group, a lways takes pa ins to charac ter ize its v i c t ims as in fe r io r . The re have been t imes when E n g l i s h m e n were as assured of the i n f e r i o r i t y of the I r i s h as m a n y a whi te m a n now is about the "n igge r " . The T u r k is , doubtless, convinced of the i n f e r i o r i t y of the A r m e n i a n ; the M a g y a r and the Czech, the R u m a n i a n and the M a g y a r , the Po l i sh noble and the Jew, a l l f u r n i s h examples of oppression, jus t i f ied by spur ious " i n f e r i o r i -

*Published by Harper and brothers

t ies". U n d e r cover of these appeals to con­tempt and pass ion, the h u m a n re la t ions , w h i c h make c i v i l i z a t i o n possible, are r u t h ­lessly v io la ted .

I n a l l the d isorders tha t took place i n 1919, the N e g r o fough t i n se l f -pro tec t ion . H e no longer re l ied on promises or on pro­tect ion, even of the federa l government . W i t h a D e m o c r a t i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n power , the N e g r o had l i t t l e to hope f r o m federa l pro tec t ion d u r i n g a n d i m m e d i a t e l y a f te r the w o r l d w a r . I n the n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l , J i m -C r o w i s m h a d crep t i n . Negroes were not served i n the r e s t au ran t s of the C a p i t o l , and they found the a t t i tude o f the South reflected everywhere i n W a s h i n g t o n . T h e y found the D e p a r t m e n t of J u s t i c e be ing used, not to examine into deplorable condi t ions w h i c h had b rough t about race r io t s , bu t to t race the tenuous connections between "reds" , I. W . W . , and the N e g r o , a n d to p ro -

T H E N E G R O F A C E S A M E R I C A 319

c l a i m N e g r o i n su r r ec t i on and r a d i c a l i s m to a w i l l i n g press and a credulous publ ic . I t is e m a n c i p a t i o n to d i s t rus t others and to re ly upon oneself. N e v e r , perhaps , i n the h i s to ry of the coun t ry , was there more d i s t rus t of A m e r i c a n w h i t e men by Negroes than after the w o r l d w a r . T h e y had t aken the measure of the w h i t e press and i t s news d i s t r i b u t i n g o rgan iza t ions . T h e y had seen loca l govern­ment c rumble and b r u t a l i t y r e i g n a lmost un­checked, except by t he i r own bul le ts . They had seen the federa l government , t h rough i ts one depar tment a r t i cu l a t e on the i r affairs , pursue not the i r oppressors , bu t those who were v o i c i n g t he i r hear t-fel t , b u r n i n g sense of in jus t ice .

I n the p l a y of p o l i t i c a l l i f e , w h i c h has consisted i n endeavor ing to make reca lc i ­t r a n t f ac t fit the mo ld of men's desire, the colored U n i t e d States c i t i zen has been the v i c t i m o f ext raneous issues, created and cons tan t ly invoked by those who i n effect w a n t to divorce the pract ice of A m e r i c a n government f r o m the affirmations upon w h i c h , p r e sumpt ive ly , i t rests.

I n fifty-four years Negroes i n the U n i t e d States demonstra ted tha t not only could they acquire the fundamenta l s of educat ion necessary to p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the processes of democrat ic government , bu t they have made progress tha t w o u l d be considered ex­t r a o r d i n a r y when measured by any stand­ards . A g a i n s t the i n i t i a l opposi t ion and dis­be l ie f expressed i n the B l a c k Codes and sub­sequent d i s f ranch isement i n the Southern States, aga ins t the repress ion, most v io­l e n t l y imposed b y the K u - K l u x and s t i l l a p a r t of the code of m a n y whi te A m e r i c a n s , they have w i t h relentless de te rmina t ion bu i l t business enterpr ise , gone to the l and and made i t y i e ld to them, fought the i r w a y by sheer w o r k and ta lent , in to the closed r anks o f the professions, fu rn i shed to the U n i t e d States government d i s t r i c t a t torneys , con­s u l a r and d ip loma t i c officers, and aga ins t most de termined opposi t ion , m i l i t a r y leaders and soldiers . I n the commerce between c u l ­tu red representa t ives of the N e g r o and wh i t e races, where the N e g r o is freed f rom the a t t i tude o f defense and a w k w a r d appre­hension and the whi te m a n has progressed beyond the savage canon w h i c h says that s t r angers are enemies, a r ec ip roc i ty be­comes possible, t ha t has a s l i g h t zest of ad­

venture and challenges percept ion. F r o m the poin t of v i ew of such f r i endsh ips , w h i c h the southern code wou ld bar , d i s t inc t ions of color are as extraneous as those of na t ion­a l i t y . I t is a t once t r ag i c and laughable tha t the meanest whi te m a n , whose universe is bounded by his local newspaper and his own hates, should take precedence over the colored s tudent and a r t i s t ; i t is one of those ironies of w h i c h the w o r l d is p r o d i g a l , t ha t by a r i g i d dogma enforced w i t h a l l the con­v ic t ion of i nqu i s i t i on , bounds should be set to the w o r k of the scient is t , tha t people should be mi s in fo rmed , hates perpetuated and in t roduced i n new fields, c rea t ive sp i r i t s checked and f rus t ra ted .

To no s m a l l degree is the development of A m e r i c a n m u s i c a l comedy, its i n t r i g u i n g rhy thms and i ts popu la r songs, due to col­ored composers and l ib re t t i s t s . I n the gap between A m e r i c a n idea l i sm and the ha rd -boiled soul of A m e r i c a n p r ac t i c a l i t y , the A m e r i c a n N e g r o has interposed his w a r m t h and v i v a c i t y .

The first step i n an approach to the prob­lems of race re la t ions , w i l l be a demand upon the pa r t of U n i t e d States ci t izens fo r i n ­fo rmat ion , exact i n f o r m a t i o n not only of the anthropologis t , but w i t h r ega rd to the t reat­ment of colored men and women by whi te men and women i n the U n i t e d States. W h e n those facts are made k n o w n , A m e r i c a n pub­l ic op in ion w i l l demand a change, a m o u n t i n g to revolu t ion . I f such a demand is not made, an tagonism between whi te and colored peo­ple, p layed upon for po l i t i c a l and chiefly for economic and i n d u s t r i a l purposes, bo l s t e r ing inefficiency, ignorance, and P r u s s i a n i s m i n the South, i n fec t ing the ent i re people w i t h intolerance, w i l l become one of m a n y forces d i s i n t e g r a t i n g a n y o rde r ly processes of c i v i l ­i za t ion .

I t rests w i t h in fo rmed and in te l l igen t minor i t i e s , w i t h class-conscious labori tes , colored and whi te , to rescue the re la t ions between whi te and colored A m e r i c a n s f rom the embi t te rment into w h i c h they threa ten to g rav i ta te . M e a n w h i l e , the A m e r i c a n N e ­gro, d i s i l lus ioned , newly emancipated f r o m rel iance upon any whi te savior , s tands ready to make his unique con t r ibu t ion to wha t m a y sometime become A m e r i c a n c i v i l i z a t i o n .

National Associa t ion • for • the Advancement of Colored People.

M E M B E R S H I P C A M P A I G N THE M a r c h C R I S I S conta ined a s u m m a r y of the work of the National

Association for the Advancement of Colored People fo r the year 1 9 1 9 , w h i c h we are sure w i l l be of the utmost in teres t to C R I S I S readers as i n d i c a t i n g a year of grea t a c t i v i t y and progress. W e would r e m i n d our readers tha t every l ive o rgan iza t ion l ives i n the present r a the r than in the past , t ha t whi le i t m a y " p o i n t w i t h p r i d e " to pas t achieve­ments, i t mus t l i v e i n the present and p l a n wise ly fo r the fu ture . T h e N a t i o n a l A s s o ­c ia t ion is not satisfied w i t h h a v i n g achieved a membersh ip of more t han 9 1 , 0 0 0 i n 1 9 1 9 , bu t wants to re ta in th is membersh ip and increase i t .

D u r i n g 1 9 1 9 , A s s o c i a t i o n members and cont r ibu tors backed the na t i ona l w o r k to the extent of $ 6 1 , 7 7 5 . 7 0 ; $ 3 4 , 2 6 6 . 2 5 of th is amount came f rom b r a n c h memberships , be­i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 per cent, of the amount of m i n i m u m membersh ip fees re­ceived by the b ranches ; $ 8 , 3 6 4 . 6 3 was re­ceived f r o m cont r ibutors to the Genera l F u n d of five dol la rs and over ; $ 1 8 , 1 3 0 . 3 7 came f r o m cont r ibu tors to the A n t i - l y n c h i n g and L e g a l Defense F u n d s .

I t is in t e res t ing to note tha t approx imate ­l y 6 2 , 3 0 0 i n d i v i d u a l s contr ibuted to the A s ­sociat ion 's suppor t as f o l l o w s :

Contributors General Special of Fund Funds

$ 1 0 0 0 and over 1 5

5 0 0 to 9 9 9 3 1

1 0 0 to 4 9 9 2 4 3 9

2 5 to 9 9 6 2 1 0 5

1 0 to 2 4 1 1 8 1 9 0

2 to 9 1 , 0 3 1 3 2 3

Less than 2 6 0 , 4 1 1 2 3

The proportion of each Branch Membership usually remitted to the National Office

is fifty cents per member or one-half the m i n i m u m membership fee.

In 1 9 2 0 , $ 7 8 , 0 0 0 mus t be ra i sed to meet the N a t i o n a l Office budget requirements . T h r o u g h the Branch Bulletin, the branches

of the A s s o c i a t i o n have been i n f o r m e d of p lans f o r the 1 9 2 0 M e m b e r s h i p D r i v e , w h i c h is to be k n o w n as the One Hundred Per Cent Democracy Drive. T h e more t h a n three hundred A s s o c i a t i o n branches w i l l be engaged i n e n r o l l i n g r ec ru i t s to the N . A . A . C . P . banners d u r i n g M a r c h , A p r i l , a n d the e a r l y p a r t of M a y , c u l m i n a t i n g at the A t l a n t i c Conference at w h i c h final repor t s are to be made.

I t w i l l r e a d i l y be r ea l i zed t ha t the one do l l a r m i n i m u m membersh ip fee does not go as f a r i n a c t u a l suppor t of the w o r k as before the present e ra of i n c r e a s i n g pr ices . Consequent ly , spec ia l efforts are be ing made, t h rough the branches and o therwise , to se­cure a n increased n u m b e r of members who w i l l con t r ibu te l a r g e r amounts t h a n the one do l l a r m i n i m u m . P a r t i c u l a r a t t en t ion is cal led to the c a m p a i g n to be c a r r i e d on fo r G o l d Cer t i f ica te and B l u e Cer t i f ica te mem­bers who cont r ibute ten do l l a r s and five do l ­l a r s , respect ive ly .

C R I S I S readers who have not affil iated w i t h any b r a n c h a n d who a re not n o w r e g u l a r A s s o c i a t i o n members or who u s u a l l y con­t r ibu te the m i n i m u m fee, are ea rnes t ly i n ­v i ted to become cert if icate members . Checks and post office orders f o r $ 1 0 , o r $ 5 , m a y be sent to J . E . S p i n g a r n , T r e a s u r e r , 7 0 F i f t h Avenue , N e w Y o r k . Cer t i f ica te members w i l l receive these spec ia l cer t i f icates , w h i c h are sui table f o r f r a m i n g i f des i red and en­t i t l e the member to a l l pub l i ca t ions of the A s s o c i a t i o n fo r one year , i.e., T H E C R I S I S , the Branch Bulletin and a l l p a m p h l e t p u b l i c a ­tions issued d u r i n g the year , thus e n a b l i n g the member to keep in touch w i t h every phase of the Assoc i a t i on ' s c a m p a i g n as i t is be ing c a r r i e d on f r o m m o n t h to mon th .

A t a mee t ing of the C h i c a g o B r a n c h , held on F e b r u a r y 2 2 , a t w h i c h the R e v . J o h n H a y n e s H o l m e s o f the C o m m u n i t y C h u r c h of New York, Vice President of the

Association, was the principal speaker, and at w h i c h $ 1 , 0 2 8 was ra i sed a n d pledged, more t han $ 8 0 0 was ra i sed and pledged i n five and ten d o l l a r membersh ips alone. T h i s is the first r epor t received o f a n o rgan i zed effort

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3 2 2 T H E CRISIS

to secure cert i f icate members and is dis­t i nc t l y encourag ing .

Responses are b e g i n n i n g to come i n f rom a specia l appea l sent to a selected l i s t of colored men who were asked to contr ibute up to $100 a n n u a l l y fo r the nex t three years (1920, 1921, and 1922) . U p to M a r c h 1, two pledges of one hund red do l l a r s have been rece ived; others, who were unable to pledge one hundred do l la rs a yea r fo r three years , have pledged as f o l l o w s : T w o , f i f ty dol la rs a yea r f o r three yea r s ; three, twen­ty-five do l l a r s a year fo r three yea r s ; two, ten do l la rs a year fo r three yea r s ; and one, five dol la rs a year f o r three years . The A s s o c i a t i o n is deeply g r a t e f u l for th i s re­sponse and hopes tha t the number of such pledges w i l l be cons iderably increased i n the near fu ture .

T H E A T L A N T A C O N F E R E N C E

TH E E l e v e n t h A n n u a l Conference of the A s s o c i a t i o n w i l l be held some t ime i n

M a y (the exact date is yet to be fixed) at A t l a n t a , G a . T h e f o l l o w i n g i nv i t a t i ons f rom Governor Dorsey of G e o r g i a , M a y o r K e y of A t l a n t a , the C h a m b e r of Commerce of A t ­lan ta , and the Commit tee on C h u r c h Co­opera t ion of A t l a n t a , have been rece ived:

" M r . Moorf ie ld Storey, Pres ident , N . A . A . C . P . ( In session at

C leve land , Ohio.) Y o u are u rged to ho ld your 1920 Conven­

t ion i n the C i t y of A t l a n t a . It is believed that y o u r meet ing here w i l l be he lp fu l to our state and especia l ly to the colored people of the section.

H U G H M . D O R S E Y , G o v e r n o r . "

" R e v . A . D . W i l l i a m s , G e o r g i a Delega t ion , N . A . A . C . P . ( In

session at C leve land , Ohio . ) C i t y of A t l a n t a wou ld be del ighted to have

y o u r Conven t ion meet here i n 1920. W e have a ve ry l a rge progress ive c i t i zensh ip among the colored people and there is a dis­t inc t ha rmony and co rd i a l r e la t ion between whi te and colored. W e would feel tha t your meet ing here would help us i n meet ing the problem and we wou ld be happy i f we can help you.

J A M E S L . K E Y , M a y o r . "

" R e v . A . D . W i l l i a m s , Georg ia Delega t ion , N . A . A . C . P . ( In

session at C leve land , Ohio.) W e extend a co rd i a l i n v i t a t i o n to y o u r or­

gan iza t ion to hold next Conven t ion i n A t ­l an ta .

A T L A N T A C H A M B E R O F C O M M E R C E . "

" M r . Moor f i e ld S to rey , Pres ident , N . A . A . C P . B o s t o n , M a s s .

D e a r S i r : We have learned w i t h in te res t of the pos­

s i b i l i t y of y o u r A s s o c i a t i o n h o l d i n g i ts an ­nua l convent ion i n our c i t y , n e x t J u n e .

P e r m i t us to add ou r c o r d i a l i n v i t a t i o n to others w h i c h have gone to y o u f r o m A t l a n t a , to come.

In add i t ion to the l a rge member sh ip of the local b r a n c h of y o u r A s s o c i a t i o n , A t l a n t a is idea l ly s i tua ted , both g e o g r a p h i c a l l y and c l i m a t i c a l l y , f o r such a g a t h e r i n g . W e hope you w i l l come.

V e r y t r u l y yours , C O M M I T T E E O N C H U R C H C O - O P E R A T I O N . B y James M o r t o n , Executive Secretary."

T h e G o v e r n o r has consented to address the conference at one o f i ts sessions, i f he is i n the state a t the t ime, M a y o r K e y w i l l speak, and the C h a m b e r of Commerce w i l l send a representa t ive who w i l l also address the conference. In a l a t e r issue of T H E C R I S I S , the exac t date of the conference and an out l ine of the p r o g r a m w i l l be g iven .

L E G A L D E F E N S E

CHICAGO T N the J a n u a r y C R I S I S , men t ion w a s made

of the w o r k of the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n in co-operat ion w i t h the C h i c a g o B r a n c h , in the l ega l defense of the colored r i o t defend­ants and v i c t i m s o f the C h i c a g o r io t s who m i g h t w i s h to a v a i l themselves of the ser­vices o f counsel p rov ided by the N . A . A . C . P . and who otherwise m i g h t not have had adequate lega l pro tec t ion . Counse l secured, the H o n . S. S. G r e g o r y , f o r m e r P re s iden t of the A m e r i c a n B a r A s s o c i a t i o n , f o r m e r Sena­tor James T . B a r b o u r , and members of the Cook C o u n t y B a r A s s o c i a t i o n , conducted the l ega l defense under the genera l auspices of the J o i n t Commit tee to Secure E q u a l J u s t i c e for Co lored R i o t Defendants , composed of . representat ives of the Cook C o u n t y B a r A s ­sociat ion, the C h i c a g o U r b a n L e a g u e , the Ch icago F e d e r a t i o n of C o l o r e d W o m e n ' s Clubs , the Ch i cago B r a n c h , N . A . A . C . P . , and the va r ious churches of the c i ty .

S i x t y - n i n e cases were t r i e d up to M a r c h 1, i n w h i c h 59 o f the defendants w e r e ac­qui t ted . F o u r cases, i n w h i c h l i fe sentences were meted out, are being appealed.

HILL EXTRADITION CASE On 21, Robe r t L . H i l l , a l leged

pres ident of the P r o g r e s s i v e F a r m e r s and Househo ld U n i o n o f A r k a n s a s , w a s a r -rested in T o p e k a , K a n . G o v e r n o r B r o u g h of

N . A . A . C . P. 3 2 3

A r k a n s a s requested h i s e x t r a d i t i o n to A r k a n s a s , to be t r i ed on charges of foment­i n g a n a l leged u p r i s i n g of Negroes aga ins t whi tes , w i t h w h i c h readers of T H E C R I S I S a re a l r e a d y f a m i l i a r , an a r t i c l e on the sub­jec t h a v i n g appeared i n the December, 1 9 1 9 , C R I S I S . T h e N a t i o n a l Office immed ia t e ly got i n touch w i t h G o v e r n o r H e n r y J . A l l e n of K a n s a s , reques t ing the G o v e r n o r not to g r a n t e x t r a d i t i o n u n t i l the A s s o c i a t i o n could be represented by counsel to fight the e x t r a ­d i t i on . Sena to r A r t h u r C a p p e r of K a n s a s , member of the B o a r d o f D i r ec to r s of the A s s o c i a t i o n , jo ined the N a t i o n a l Office i n the appea l to G o v e r n o r A l l e n . M r . H . T . F i s h e r of Topeka , C o u n t y A t t o r n e y of Shawnee C o u n t y , K a n s a s , a t the request of Sena tor C a p p e r and N a t i o n a l Headquar t e r s , volunteered h i s services as ch ie f counsel. Assoc i a t ed w i t h h i m are three colored at­torneys, Mess r s . E l i s h a Scot t , J ames H . G u y , and A . M . Thomas . T h e A s s o c i a t i o n i n i t s t e l eg ram to the G o v e r n o r reques t ing h i m to deny or w i t h h o l d e x t r a d i t i o n u n t i l the A s s o c i a t i o n could be represented by counsel , u rged tha t H i l l could not receive a f a i r t r i a l i n A r k a n s a s ; tha t this fact had been conc lus ive ly proved by the record of t r i a l and conv ic t ion , g r o w i n g out of the same charges , o f the ninety-one colored de­fendants accused of murde r , r i o t i n g , n igh t -r i d i n g , etc., w i t h i n five days by a j u r y f r o m w h i c h a l l colored men were excluded, a l ­though there were qual if ied N e g r o j u r o r s i n the c o u n t y ; tha t five of the men sentenced to death were t r i e d i n one proceeding w i t h ­out severance, the t r i a l t a k i n g on ly fo r ty -five m i n u t e s ; t ha t counsel appointed by the cour t p u t no wi tness on the s tand i n behalf of the defendants and d id not ask fo r any

change of venue. The precedent of Governor McCall of Massachusetts was cited, i n h i s den ia l , i n 1 9 1 8 , o f the e x t r a d i t i o n of J o h n Johnson , a N e g r o , to W e s t V i r g i n i a , on s i m i l a r g rounds .

A t th is w r i t i n g ( M a r c h 1 ) , the final hear­i n g o f the H i l l case has not been had , so that we cannot r epor t w h a t G o v e r n o r A l l e n ' s de­c i s ion w i l l be. Be fo re th is issue reaches the readers , however , G o v e r n o r A l l e n un­doubtedly w i l l have rendered h i s decision. W e can assure o u r readers tha t every effort i s b e i n g made b y o u r a t torneys i n H i l l ' s be­ha l f . N o expense is be ing spared to present h i s case adequately and to prevent his ex t r a ­d i t i on .

T H E C A L D W E L L C A S E

IN the J a n u a r y C R I S I S , the case was re-viewed of Sergeant E d g a r C . C a l d w e l l ,

who had been condemned to die by the Alabama courts and in whose behalf legal pro­ceedings had been ins t i tu ted by the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n to secure his r emova l f r o m the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the State, to the federa l courts . A n appeal has since been ca r r i ed to the Supreme C o u r t of the U n i t e d States . O n M a r c h 4 a n d M a r c h 5 , 1 9 2 0 , the case was a rgued before tha t C o u r t on C a l d w e l l ' s be­h a l f by his A l a b a m a counsel , Senator Char l e s D . K l i n e , and by the H o n . H e n r y G . D a v i s , f o rmer U n i t e d States A t t o r n e y of the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , and James A . Cobb, counsel for the N . A . A . C . P . The S o l i c i t o r Genera l of the U n i t e d States ap­peared on behal f of the F e d e r a l govern­ment, i n the posi t ion of amicus curae, filing a b r i e f a s se r t ing the j u r i s d i c t i o n of the U n i t e d States i n the case.

C L E V E L A N D C O N F E R E N C E P L E D G E S

DURING the three months i n t e r v e n i n g between the publication in the December CRISIS, of the amounts paid in on ac­count of pledges made at the C leve land Conference, the f o l l o w i n g add i t i ona l pay­ments (up to M a r c h 1 5 ) have been made :

Branches

P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a $ 2 0 0 . 0 0 Beaumont , Texas 1 2 5 . 0 0 D a y t o n , Ohio 1 0 0 . 0 0 Toledo, Ohio 1 0 0 . 0 0 N e w a r k , N . J 1 0 0 . 0 0 G a r y , Ind 7 0 . 0 0 Pensacola , F l a 5 0 . 0 0 Cha r l e s ton , W . V a 5 0 . 0 0 A k r o n , Ohio 4 0 . 0 0 Q u i n c y , Ill. 3 5 . 0 0 B l o o m i n g t o n - N o r m a l , Ill. 2 6 . 0 0 Pueblo , C o l 2 0 . 0 0

Individuals

C. B . C h a r l t o n , Beaumont , Texas $ 5 0 . 0 0 E . G . C o v i n g t o n , B looming ton , Ill. 2 5 . 0 0 . M r s . B u t l e r W i l s o n , Bos ton , Mass . . . 2 5 . 0 0

L Y N C H I N G B E F O R E T H E U N I T E D

S T A T E S C O N G R E S S

THE shame of l y n c h i n g has a g a i n been w r i t t e n into the record of the Congress

of the United States. The House of Representatives has published the record of the h e a r i n g before i ts j u d i c i a r y committee in W a s h i n g t o n , on J a n u a r y 2 9 , 1 9 2 0 , when representa t ives of the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n

324 T H E C R I S I S

f o r the A d v a n c e m e n t of Colored People and other o rgan iza t ions speak ing f o r the colored people of the U n i t e d States, demanded of the federa l government tha t a stop be pu t to the shame of A m e r i c a — l y n c h i n g .

T h e members of the j u d i c i a r y committee were deeply impressed w i t h w h a t the speak­ers had to s a y — a n d w i t h reason, as the record shows.

C a p t a i n A r t h u r B . S p i n g a r n , r epresen t ing the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n fo r the A d v a n c e ­ment of Colored People, began w i t h a force­f u l address as f o l l o w s : " T h e greatest blot on A m e r i c a n c i v i l i z a t i o n today is i ts record for l y n c h i n g , a c r ime w h i c h is u n k n o w n i n any c i v i l i z e d coun t ry of the w o r l d other t h a n A m e r i c a , and a c r ime w h i c h has been ac­companied by b ru ta l i t i e s and excesses not

known even in barbarous Mexico or in Turkey during the worst Armenian massacres. " H e r e is the greatest cancer, ea t ing at the

v i t a l s of A m e r i c a n c i v i l i s a t i o n , w h i c h makes A m e r i c a sneered at a l l over the w o r l d . P e r ­sonal ly , I have m y s e l f seen our c i v i l i z a t i o n sneered at i n E u r o p e , i n Sou th A m e r i c a , i n M e x i c o , and even i n T u r k e y . I n T u r k e y , I heard a lecture del ivered by a T u r k , and he showed pic tures of A m e r i c a n lynch ings to show tha t A m e r i c a was not a c i v i l i z e d na­t i o n . "

The cons t i t u t iona l i t y of a n t i - l y n c h i n g l aws came into quest ion at the hea r ing . M r . S p i n g a r n disposed of the question as f o l ­lows :

" T h e government of this coun t ry is ve ry w i se ly d iv ided in to the executive, the j u d i ­c i a l , and the leg is la t ive body, and i t is not fo r the l eg i s l a t ive body to determine, u l t i ­mate ly , whether a b i l l is cons t i tu t iona l or not. I f i t is p robab ly cons t i tu t iona l , there is one proper w a y of f ind ing i t ou t : by p u t t i n g i t up to the body whose business it is to find out whether i t is cons t i tu t iona l .— I f the l a w should be passed, let us pass w h a t we th ink is the best l a w and, i f i t is not cons t i tu t iona l , then fo r Heaven ' s sake, let us change the C o n s t i t u t i o n . — W e have changed the Cons t i t u t i on three t imes i n the las t few years and there is another change pending, w h i c h w i l l p robab ly go th rough .

" I f the A m e r i c a n people can stop long enough to change the Cons t i t u t i on to de­cide whe ther the A m e r i c a n people sha l l d r i n k or not, or whether 6,000,000 people sha l l vote ( W o m a n Suffrage A m e n d m e n t ) , they can at least stop long enough to change

the C o n s t i t u t i o n to say whe the r 12,000,000 people can l ive i n safe ty ."

Besides C a p t a i n S p i n g a r n , the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r the A d v a n c e m e n t of C o l o r e d People h a d five other s p e a k e r s — A r c h i b a l d H . G r i m k e , D r . W i l l i a m H . W i l s o n , J a m e s W e l d o n Johnson , N e v a l H . Thomas , a n d P ro fes so r George W . Cook, to represent i t , and one a rden t sympa th i ze r , M i s s E s t h e r M o r t o n S m i t h , r ep re sen t ing the R e l i g i o u s Socie ty of F r i e n d s , of P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . T h e N a t i o n a l E q u a l R i g h t s L e a g u e was repre­sented by i ts secre tary , M r . W i l l i a m M o n r o e Tro t t e r .

M r . T r o t t e r asked tha t the U n i t e d States ha rmonize the prac t ices w i t h i n the coun t ry w i t h the democracy f o r w h i c h the coun t ry was sa id to have gone in to the w o r l d w a r . H e protested aga ins t a l l o w i n g quest ions of cons t i t u t i ona l i t y to h i n d e r necessary l eg i s l a ­t ion , and demanded tha t the best possible b i l l be f r a m e d and passed.

" A n d then ," he sa id , " w h e n you have tha t k i n d of a b i l l , le t i t be up to those who w a n t this coun t ry to be d isgraced by l y n c h i n g s and w a n t the colored people to be the v i c ­t ims of l ynch ings , to r a i se the quest ion as to the cons t i t u t iona l i t y of such a l a w . "

D r . W i l l i a m H . W i l s o n , a member of the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a B r a n c h of the N . A . A . C . P . , drove home the emergency w h i c h confronted the n a t i o n a l l eg i s l a tu re .

" I n the final a n a l y s i s , " he sa id , " g o v e r n ­ment has no reason fo r b e i n g except the protect ion of the people who const i tu te i t . A l l t h ings else submerge themselves in to that. A government w h i c h f a i l s to protect the people who const i tute i t , to tha t extent is no government at a l l . "

P ro fe s so r Cook, l a s t of the speakers f o r the N . A . A . C . P . , to ld the Congre s s iona l Commit tee tha t the best w a y to d r ive l o y a l t y to the i r coun t ry out of colored people was to a l l ow l y n c h i n g to cont inue.

"Some people speak of the unres t of the N e g r o , " s a id P ro fes so r Cook. " T h e N e g r o has a l w a y s been the most quiet m a n i n the U n i t e d States. The re are a f e w c r i m i n a l s who are among us, n a t u r a l l y , j u s t l i k e the white c r i m i n a l s , bu t the unres t i n th is n a ­tion is not on ly w i t h Negroes , and I p r a y to A l m i g h t y God tha t when the t ime comes for you to pu t down unres t i n the f o r m of anarchy , tha t the 12,000,000 of Negroes w i l l have a j u s t cause to be on the side of the U n i t e d Sta tes ."

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The Looking Glass LITERATURE

IN the beauty of the l i l i e s , C h r i s t w a s b o r n across the sea,

W i t h a g l o r y in H i s bosom, tha t t ransf igures you and me.

A s H e died to make men ho ly , let us die to make men free!

Julia Ward Howe.

H a r c o u r t , B r a c e and Howe , Inc., have publ ished Darkwater, by W . E . B . D u B o i s .

The Manches te r , E n g l a n d , Guardian pub­l ishes " T h e Race P r o b l e m I n the U n i t e d States", by H e r b e r t G . S e l i g m a n n . T h i s

same author also writes in the March Harper's, on "The Menace of Race Hatred". He

says i n p a r t : I f the c rea t ion of an a l i en , race-conscious

group w i t h i n the U n i t e d States, resentful , and j u s t l y so, of g rave in jus t ice and dis­c r i m i n a t i o n , is not to loom as a th rea t agains t the progress and cont inuance of our c i v i l i z a t i o n , there mus t be some honest at­tempt to overtake w i t h fac t the cu r r en t mytho logy about the N e g r o and about race re la t ions .

Cla rence C . W h i t e wr i tes i n the Musical Observer, on " N e g r o M u s i c , A C o n t r i b u t i o n to the N a t i o n a l M u s i c of A m e r i c a . "

W e have received the Magazine of the Children of the Kingdom, Triangle, Life and Labor, The Foundation, The Music Master,

and a pamphlet, "The First Race Riot Recorded in History".

DARKWATER C O L O R E D people are cons tan t ly be ing

urged to be cheerful . " A v o i d pessi­m i s m " is the s logan w h i c h , be ing in terpre ted, means, " A v o i d the t e l l i n g of unpleasan t t ru ths" . B u t i t is the t r u th tha t sets free. In a recent issue of the New Republic, ex­cerpts appeared f rom D r . W . E . B . D u B o i s ' new book, Darkwater, ( H a r c o u r t , B r a c e and Howe , Inc.) , se t t ing fo r t h ce r t a in p l a i n facts . The statements were f r ank , the facts were black, the a r r a i g n m e n t s tern . Y e t the resul t has been a host of let ters , s h o w i n g that some, indeed, have been "set free". W e p r i n t ex t rac ts f rom two of the most s t r i k i n g :

D e a r M r . D u B o i s : I t seems tha t eve ry e n v i r o n m e n t a l influ

ence upon me since m y b i r t h , a n d a l l heredi ty , were consis tent fac to rs , conducive to the most a r r o g a n t conv ic t i on o f the su­p e r i o r i t y " of the w h i t e race. M y f a m i l y on both sides were southerners , M i s s i s s i p p i a n s at first, and then m i g r a t e d to T e x a s d u r i n g the w a r — t o save t he i r "cha t t e l s " , I bel ieve. . . . . A t the age of four teen , I could prove by const ruct ions of the C o n s t i t u t i o n , t ha t the South had a l ega l r i g h t to secede. I con­sc ient ious ly , bel ieved t ha t the N e g r o w a s happ ie r and bet ter off i n s l a v e r y ; t ha t he was incapable of b e i n g educated, because he was l i m i t e d i n in te l l igence . I was s i m p l y the t y p i c a l a r rogan t , supe r io r Sou therner . T h e n I went off to college. I l ea rned to th ink . N o w I see t ha t a t t i tude ( m y " c o n ­scientious conv ic t ions" ) i n i t s t r ue l i g h t . I despise i t .

In m y l i t e r a r y socie ty I a t tempted , i n a n o r a t o r i c a l contest, to po in t out to m y f e l l o w whi tes , the t e r r ib l e in jus t i ce we were i n ­f l i c t ing upon a whole race, w h o l l y because of in to lerance , of senseless p re jud ice . A s you can eas i ly imag ine , I w o n the l a s t place, —though I had represented m y school suc­cessful ly severa l t imes before. I have a rgued , pleaded, and discussed at g rea t l eng th , th i s issue—just ice to th i s f e l l ow race , bu t w i t h l i t t l e success. M y f r i ends considered i t a n i d i o s y n c r a s y — a n d e i ther became a n g r y or smiled . One of m y g i r l f r i ends sa id I could not c a l l on her i f I r e ta ined m y f r i ends of color. N e v e r since have I ca l led u p o n her .

I had begun to feel i t f ru i t l e s s to secure jus t ice i n this cause. T h e n a few days ago I read the excerpts f r o m y o u r book, t ha t were p r i n t e d i n The New Republic o f F e b r u a r y 18. T h i s has g i v e n me a new en­thus iasm, a g rea te r de t e rmina t i on o f s p i r i t . I feel confident tha t I can go back to m y c o m m u n i t y and speak a g a i n to m y ne ighbors i n beha l f of j u s t i c e ; t ha t i s , i f I do not be­come a m o r a l coward . N e v e r before have I read such effective p resen ta t ion of the u t t e r c rue l ty , the t e r r i b l e consequences o f t h a t senseless pre judice .

L i k e w i s e , I a m b e g i n n i n g to have a n e w hope—in the younger gene ra t ion—I can , a t least, t a lk to them. F o r myse l f , I c a n say tha t I feel a new freedom. I have no ba r ­r i e r s to r e s t r i c t me i n the choice of m y f r i ends—no l i m i t a t i o n s whatsoever . I have never found more genuine, k i n d l y , c u l t u r e d , and i n t e r e s t i ng f r iends than m y f r i ends o f color. To have k n o w n some o f them has been a new reve la t ion . T h a n k God , I a m not res t r ic ted—I a m a f ree m a n , not ens laved by i r r a t i o n a l , un jus t pre judices . . .

Y e s t e r d a y a few of m y T e x a s f r i ends gathered to celebrate the independence o f

326

T H E L O O K I N G G L A S S 3 2 7

our s tate f r o m M e x i c o , w h i c h , i f you reca l l , was declared M a r c h 2 , 1 8 3 6 . E a c h of us con t r ibu ted some r ead ing or discussion to the occasion. U p o n m y t u r n , I read your a r t i c l e . I t was quite a bomb explos ion , as a l l the others h a d glor i f ied the s tr ides our state had t aken towards progress and re­f o r m . One of the gent lemen present e jacula ted , " M y God , w h y don' t they r ise up and ex te rmina te u s ? " So a l i v e l y discus­s ion ensued. The re were on ly five present, bu t I feel t ha t each of them has looked upon the whole s i t ua t ion f r o m a new angle. The hostess, an old southern l ady , w i t h a l l her bundle of pre judices in tac t , is hopeless. B u t her daughter , who takes her P h . D . th is year , offers some encouragement . One of the men, too, was impressed.

I t e l l y o u th i s , M r . D u B o i s , because I be­l ieve i t w i l l i l l u s t r a t e the method I hope to use—to show tha t i t w i l l be effective. T h a t is , I w a n t to present the issue to the people, on g rounds o f jus t i ce , expediency, and rea­sonableness, w h o l l y w i t h o u t bi t terness or sa t i re , a n i m a d v e r t i n g on ly upon the a l ­t r u i s t i c phases.

I w r i t e th is to let you k n o w tha t your w o r k s have been of m u c h value and encour­agement to me. J hope tha t th is knowledge w i l l g ive y o u some l i t t l e sa t i s fac t ion , tha t you w i l l feel f r o m th is evidence and the other you receive, tha t your endeavors have been w o r t h w h i l e . I look f o r w a r d eager ly to the pub l i ca t i on o f the book.

S incere ly , D A N K E L L Y ,

N e w Y o r k C i t y . D e a r M r . H a r c o u r t :

I have received a copy of D r . D u B o i s ' " D a r k w a t e r , " bu t I do not know to whom I a m indebted fo r the book. I sha l l be much obl iged i f y o u w i l l le t me know.

I have been a member of the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r the A d v a n c e m e n t of Colored People and a reader of T H E C R I S I S , since 1 9 1 0 and have a p ro found respect for Doctor D u B o i s and a d m i r a t i o n fo r the as tound ing resu l t s w h i c h he has so f a r obtained. I a m p r o u d -to have h a d a n oppor tun i ty to help a l i t t l e i n suppor t of his grea t work . H e is indeed "the ch ie f spokesman of the two hund re d m i l l i o n men and women of A f r i c a n b l o o d " and the whi te man is com­pelled to l i s t en to h i m whether he l ikes the t a lk , o r no. One t h i n g is c e r t a i n : the whi te m a n has never been ta lked to i n this w a y before D u B o i s ' t ime.

W i t h k i n d regards , I am S ince re ly yours ,

W M . R . F I S H E R . S w i f t w a t e r , P a .

WHO SHALL KEEP THE KEEPERS?

L O U I S I A N A has a n efficient method for b r i n g i n g r e c a l c i t r a n t j u r y m e n to rea­

son. T h e S a n F r a n c i s c o Call and Post s ays : D o w n i n T a l l u l a h , L o u i s i a n a , a few days

ago, the c o m m u n i t y was p rosecu t ing a N e ­gro for the murde r of a young whi te f a rmer . B u t the j u r y d i sagreed ; one of the twelve couldn ' t see tha t the N e g r o was g u i l t y — n o t at first. B u t a mob took the j u r y m a n out into the n igh t and whipped h i m . T h e n they th rew h i m into a mudhole and b rought h i m back to the cour t room where—free ly and w i l l i n g l y , i n accordance w i t h his sworn oath, " S o help h i m , God"—he agreed to a verd ic t of murde r i n the first degree. Then they ordered the j u r o r to leave town and never to come back.

The w a n d e r i n g j u r o r m a y find a l i t t l e s t r ay consolat ion i n V o l t a i r e ' s Candide w r i t t e n nea r ly two hundred years ago. Cand ide was caught and pu t i n the B u l g a r i an a r m y . One day he decided to take a wa lk , but he was fol lowed and seized by six s t a lwar t s , who brought h i m back to camp where he was told he h a d two free choices H e could take t h i r t y - t w o bul lets i n his b r a i n , or he could r u n naked down the en t i re l ine of the regiment , a rmed w i t h s t icks and stones. H e wished to do nei ther , but finally, by v i r t u e of a sp lendid qua l i t y of free choice implan ted i n a l l men, he chose to be whipped .

T h e T a l l u l a h j u r o r was i n no better s i tua ­t i o n ; i f he hadn ' t obeyed the mob, he wou ld probably have dangled f rom a te legraph pole. B u t one t h i n g is ce r ta in . There is one fo rmer j u r o r i n the U n i t e d States, who w i l l never have any grea t amount of respect fo r the l aw . I t is a p leasant piece o f news fo r a democracy.

* * * W e are g l ad to note tha t they do th ings

dif ferent ly i n L e x i n g t o n , K y . The P h i l a ­delphia , P a . , Record comments as fo l lows on Governor M o r r o w ' s s t a n d :

T h i s shows tha t i n a t least one state, the mob is not to be a l lowed to overr ide the o rde r ly processes of the l aw . . . .

I n upho ld ing the majes ty of the l aw , even at a considerable loss of l i f e , K e n t u c k y has set a splendid example to s is ter states, both N o r t h and South , fo r i t mus t not be for ­gotten tha t i n the recent past no r the rn communi t ies , no tab ly Ch icago , O m a h a , and E a s t St . L o u i s , have shown an even more barbarous s p i r i t t han southern mobs. C o n ­g ra tu la t ions are i n order to the soldiers and court officials at L e x i n g t o n , who so fear­lessly d id their duty.

GOOSE AND GANDER A N T A G O N I S T S of P r o h i b i t i o n , po in t out

that the E i g h t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t is j u s t as capable of nu l l i f i ca t ion as the f i f t e e n t h . W h y not po in t out tha t the same power, w h i c h enforces the E i g h t e e n t h , should be brought to bear on the F i f t e e n t h ? -The P i t t s b u r g h , P a . , Chronicle a rgues :

A Democra t i c con tempora ry r e m a r k s : " N o ma t t e r w h a t i n d i v i d u a l v iews m a y be

328 T H E C R I S I S

held aga ins t p r o h i b i t i o n , the fac t of the out­lawing of the liquor traffic by Federal Constitutional amendment makes the chief con­cern now one of respect f o r the l a w of the land . A s long as p r o h i b i t i o n remains a pa r t of the fundamen ta l l a w , obvious ly , there is no other course fo r the government and l a w - a b i d i n g c i t izens t h a n to see tha t i t is en­forced. The change was b rough t about i n the manne r prescr ibed b y the C o n s t i t u t i o n and no encouragement should be g iven to those who w o u l d set aside p r o h i b i t i o n i n an i r r e g u l a r w a y , " etc., etc.

N o w i f the Democra t i c press of the coun­t r y wou ld on ly g ive i t s v igorous suppor t to another amendment to the Federal

Constitution, and demand its enforcement without fea r or favor , w h a t a p leasant s igh t i t w o u l d be. Reference is made to the F i f t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t , w h i c h reads as f o l l o w s : " T h e r i g h t of the ci t izens of the U n i t e d States to vote s h a l l not be denied or abr idged by the U n i t e d States or by any state, on ac­count of race, color, o r previous condi t ion of servi tude. The Congress sha l l have power to enforce the prov is ions of th is a r t i c le by appropr i a t e l eg i s l a t i on . "

* * * P. E. A. indicates in the New York Evening Post, other inconsistencies: A t M a d i s o n Square G a r d e n , on the eve­

n i n g of J a n u a r y 28, e x - U n i t e d States Sena­tor H a r d w i c k (counsel fo r L u d w i g C . A . K . M a r t e n s , the Sovie t A m b a s s a d o r ) , of the en­l ightened State of G e o r g i a , p ro tes t ing aga ins t the Soc i a l i s t i nves t iga t ion , s a i d : " I t h i n k such ac t ion is on a pa r w i t h the b u r n ­i n g of wi tches , and we m a y expect one a long w i t h the other ." T h e State of N e w Y o r k should heed the words of th is Democra t i c ex-Senator . D u r i n g the period of t h i r t y years , end ing i n 1918, G e o r g i a led the States of the U n i o n ( h a p p i l y s t i l l a U n i o n ) w i t h 386 lynch ings , and the South to ta ls the modest number of 2,834 persons, colored and whi te , burned , shot, hung , etc., by mob vio­lence. I n this las t year , 1919, G e o r g i a lynched twenty- two persons, g i v i n g force to M r . H a r d w i c k ' s splendid admoni t ion to the A s s e m b l y of N e w Y o r k State, i n the mat te r of bu rn ings . ( D u r i n g the las t th i r ty -one years , there have been three lynch ings i n this state.)

M r . H a r d w i c k , i n his s t i n g i n g rebuke to the Republ icans of our A s s e m b l y , ( a l l but two Democra t s voted to oust the Soc ia l i s t s ) exc l a imed : " T h e r i g h t of the average man to vote as he sees fit, is a t tacked by this autocra t ic ac t ion of the L e g i s l a t u r e . B u t I s t i l l believe tha t the ba l lo t box is the remedy of the free man fo r his publ ic i l l s . Don ' t be d iscouraged, fo lks , f o r the grea t mass of A m e r i c a n people w i l l not p e r m i t such a gross in jus t ice as this to be perpetuated."

H a s the ex-Senator i n m i n d , the fact that i n the South , and i n his home state, hun­dreds of thousands of A m e r i c a n free men are refused the bal lo t and are denied the r i g h t o f suffrage guaran teed to ' h e m by the

C o n s t i t u t i o n o f the U n i t e d S ta tes? Does he ra ise h is voice i n a n g r y p ro tes t because the Democra ts of the en t i r e Sou th n o w n u l l i f y , and have f o r years nu l l i f i ed , the F i f t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t ? Does he protes t because there are hundreds of thousands of c i t i zens of the U n i t e d States , absolu te ly unrepresen ted and wi thou t a voice i n the governmen t of th i s coun t ry? Does he protes t because of the fact t ha t w h i l e the so l id Sou th is represented on the basis of popu la t i on , m i l l i o n s o f the popula t ion a re not a l lowed to r eg i s t e r a n op in ion at the po l l s?

ZEAL VS. COMMON SENSE A S U B S C R I B E R w r i t e s :

I a m sending y o u a prospectus of a book I have w r i t t e n , The Negro Exodus. T h i s prospectus was p r i n t e d i n a loca l w h i t e shop i n M e m p h i s . I w a s a r re s t ed on ac­count of i t , by the States A t t o r n e y , M r . Bates , and a ban has been p u t on the book.

* * * W e have the author ' s p e r m i s s i o n to pub­

l i s h these ex t rac t s f r o m the p rospec tus : I have l ea rned t ha t a sou thern wh i t e m a n

is y o u r best f r i e n d w h e n y o u t a l k to him ins tead o f t a l k i n g about him. The N e g r o needs to talk to the w h i t e people of the Sou th and not go N o r t h to talk about them.

I f the W e l f a r e L e a g u e w a n t s the N e g r o i n the Sou th to s tay , and the N e g r o i n the

North to come back—go before the Legislature of Mississippi and have an enactment

p e n a l i z i n g a coun ty i n w h i c h a l y n c h i n g oc­curs , have the N e g r o vote protected a t the bal lot -box, have N e g r o teachers bet ter p a i d and g ive them bet ter pub l i c school accom­modations and equ ipment ; b reak up the peonage sys tem i n so m a n y places i n the D e l t a , let a N e g r o sel l h i s own cotton seed and cotton ins tead o f send ing wage hands to h a u l i t out of h i s cotton house and field to the g i n , and p u t t i n g a l l of the seed i n y o u r seed-house.

Democracy is hypocrisy and mobocracy when it is not governed by law and Christian­ity. Lawlessness is not our sectional, but our national, crime.

* * * T h e R a l e i g h , N . C , News and Observer

gives another ins tance of the l aw ' s i n t e r ­ference w i t h a man ' s f u n d a m e n t a l r i gh t s . W e r e a d :

D r . G . W . L o c k l e a r , I n d i a n , of Pembroke . Robeson C o u n t y , m u s t leave the state i n order to l ive w i t h the w h i t e w o m a n w h o m he m a r r i e d i n A t l a n t a , G a . L o c k l e a r was ind ic ted by S o l i c i t o r S. B . M c L e a n , on the charge of f o r n i c a t i o n and adu l t e ry , the i n ­dic tment be ing b rought , upon the grounds tha t the l a w s of N o r t h C a r o l i n a do not per­m i t the i n t e r m a r r i a g e o f races. L o c k l e a r pleaded g u i l t y of the charge and p r a y e r f o r j udgmen t was cont inued u p o n p a y m e n t of the cost, L o c k l e a r and h i s w i f e to r e t u r n to the state i n w h i c h they were m a r r i e d .

PRESIDENT L. E. W I L L I A M S , A N D B A N K I N G R O O M S OF T H E W A G E E A R N E R S ' S A V I N G S r B A N K , S A V A N N A H , G A .

T h i s bank has jus t bought $200,000 wor th of rea l estate i n H a r l e m , New Y o r k C i t y .

329

330 T H E C R I S I S

FAIR PLAY T. I. F I T Z P A T R I C K wr i t e s i n the A t -

l a n t a , G a . , Constitution: Colored people ought to have the same

r igh t s i n ou r courthouses as the whi tes have. L e t a l l of us whi te fo lks resolve to t rea t

the f o r m e r slaves, and the i r issue, better t h a n they have been t reated. L e t ' s g ive them better dwel l ings and better schools. T h e n they w i l l l i ve w i t h us, and w o r k f o r us.

' T h i s does not mean soc ia l equa l i ty . They do not ask and do not w a n t i t . I t w o u l d s i m p l y be jus t ice .

* * * The Constitution, i n an ed i to r i a l , evidences

i ts own desire f o r f a i r p l a y : A correspondent , a na t ive Georg ian ,

wr i tes to The Constitution, f r o m a no r the rn c i ty , where he now resides, a s k i n g us to pro­test aga ins t the c a p i t a l be ing made by nor th ­e r n c r i t i c s out of the South 's l y n c h i n g record.

O u r correspondent w r i t e s — " T h e r e seems to be an organ ized propa­

ganda up here i n the N o r t h , to defame our beloved state and the Sou th . "

A s evidence s u p p o r t i n g t ha t conclusion, he sends an a r t ic le a p p e a r i n g i n a recent is­sue of a w e l l - k n o w n pe r iod ica l , i n w h i c h the South is merc i less ly lambasted, r id icu led , and excor ia ted because of i ts record of mob violence and o u t l a w r y .

H e wants The Constitution to " a n s w e r " this "base s lander ."

H o w are we to do i t ? W h a t are we to say? The record—cold-blooded, uncont rover t ib le

s ta t i s t ics—confront us ! The South leads a l l the rest of the coun­

t ry , put together, i n the number of l ynch ­ings tha t a n n u a l l y take place, and d u r i n g 1919, there were nea r ly twice as m a n y l y n c h ­ings i n G e o r g i a as i n a n y two other states, even of the South .

The Constitution w o u l d be most h a p p y i f this were not so; n o t h i n g could please us more than to be able to soundly chastise the South 's a l leged s landerers , to say tha t they are m a l i g n i n g us, and then to be able to cite proof to back us up.

B u t the record is aga ins t us, and i t can­not be dodged.

The remedy lies i n the hands of the peo­ple themselves, and nowhere else!

W h e n publ ic sent iment says tha t there mus t be no more lynch ings , mob l a w w i l l cease.

T h e n there w i l l be no more d a m n i n g l y n c h i n g s ta t is t ics to suppor t c r i t i c i s m aga ins t the South .

AMERICA'S BLOT M. L O U I S M A F F E R T adminis te rs a

s t i n g i n g countercheck i n the P a r i s Victoire, to a defender of l y n c h i n g :

O u r esteemed confrere, the E d i t o r of the Intransigeant, who has launched so m a n y

successful campa igns , has pub l i shed a n a r t i ­cle s igned " S h a m r o c k " , w h i c h , u n d e r pre­tence of e x p l a i n i n g the a t t i t ude of w h i t e A m e r i c a n s w i t h respect to t h e i r b l a c k com­pa t r io t s , makes a series of s ta tements w h i c h flatter ou r c i v i l i z a t i o n qui te as l i t t l e as they do our conduct.

A f t e r e x p l a i n i n g tha t A m e r i c a n s m u s t de­fend t h e i r daughte rs a g a i n s t the i n s t i nc t i ve aggress ions of b lack men , b y f r i g h t e n i n g them off w i t h l y n c h l a w , " S h a m r o c k " ob­serves tha t i f we F r e n c h have h a d no occa­s ion to c o m p l a i n of cases of rape , w h i c h the F r e n c h staff an t i c ipa t ed i n i t s secret d i s t r i ­bu t ion of w a r n i n g s , i t is because the b lack sold ier f ound f r o m the c lass of w o m e n who r e f r a i n e d f r o m the business of " camp- fo l l ow­i n g " mere ly to save the good name of the a r m y , a welcome w h i c h le f t h i m t r i u m p h a n t . H e t h i n k s he has made a conquest w h i c h has b lanched h i s na t i ve b lackness .

M u c h g r a t i t u d e is due such wh i t e w o m e n ! The ed i to r of the Intransigeant selects, to

p rove his thesis , b l ack men h a r d l y even i n the i n i t i a l stages of c i v i l i z a t i o n , and he is speak ing of a c lass of colored men w h i c h has its exact coun te rpa r t a m o n g whi tes . W h e n ins t inc t commands , there is no g u a r a n t y of se l f - res t ra in t a m o n g a n y race.

G r a n t e d tha t there a re b lack brutes , there are j u s t as m a n y and worse a m o n g the whi tes—the boches bear wi tness to t ha t ! B u t t ha t is no a rgumen t , t ha t a n ac t of pure s a v a g e r y , — w h i c h is w h a t l y n c h i n g r e a l l y i s ,—is excusable .

W e have had h o r r i b l e , a lmos t i n h u m a n c r i m i n a l s , bu t there i sn ' t a s ing le F r e n c h ­m a n who w o u l d suppor t t h e i r b e i n g exe­cuted w i t h o u t due process of l a w . . . .

I t is m y observa t ion , that, b l ack men f r o m A m e r i c a and eve rywhere else who have h a d the benefit o f an educat ion , a re capable of a c h i e v i n g as m u c h d i s t i nc t i on as- any of us of a pa le r hue.

I should l ike to assert , too, t ha t the col ­ored personnel of the A m e r i c a n A r m y is quite as s t r o n g i n t e l l e c t u a l l y as t h a t of any other a r m y i n the w o r l d , i f , indeed, i t is no t better. A s f o r N e g r o t roops, we c a n never admi re them enough, and we can never fo r ­get those who f o r one s t r a i g h t week fough t w i t h o u t the a id of cannon , and f e l l whe re they had stood, r a t h e r t han re t rea t .

I am not r e f u s i n g a d m i r a t i o n to wh i t e A m e r i c a n s — t h e y m e r i t i t i n m a n y respects. B u t we s h a l l never a l l o w ourselves to base jus t i ce on etiquette.

L y n c h l a w is enough i n i t s e l f to d i shonor a c i v i l i z a t i o n .

THE N. A. A. C. P. THE National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is domi­nated by the most dangerous class of a g i ­ta tors ever b rough t together i n t h i s coun­t ry , i ts sessions be ing m a r k e d by ga the r ings of ex t remis t s , whose mot ive is not so much the we l f a re of the N e g r o as the d i s r u p t i o n of the f r i e n d l y re la t ions so l o n g e x i s t i n g

T H E L O O K I N G G L A S S 3 3 1

between the whi tes and the b lacks of the Sou th . T h e y are fa lse leaders i n every re­spect and are so recognized by the better a n d l a r g e r class of the colored popu la t ion i n the Sou th , a popu la t i on w h i c h , happ i ly , is qui te w e l l sa feguarded by a n in te l l igen t p u l p i t and one whose so l i c i t a t i on f o r the w e l f a r e o f the race has the act ive sym­p a t h y of the w h i t e people as a whole. W e l l m a y the N e g r o leaders i n the South g ive t h e i r people pro tec t ion f r o m con tamina­t i o n w i t h such doct r ine as is be ing preached by th is mi sca l l ed o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r the ad­vancement of the Negro.—Charlotte Observer.

* » * O r g a n i z e d to fight wrongs aga ins t the

N e g r o race, to keep the publ ic in fo rmed of in jus t ices perpe t ra ted aga ins t colored people and to correc t such condi t ions when­ever possible, the A s s o c i a t i o n has been a pers is tent i nves t i ga to r and a conscientious enemy of .wrongdoers . I t has promoted a n t i - l y n c h i n g conferences and campaigned aga ins t the sent iment tha t t a c i t l y just i f ies th is f o r m of murde r . I t has secured a Supreme C o u r t decis ion aga ins t the G r a n d ­fa the r Clause , and got the Segrega t ion O r ­dinance of L o u i s v i l l e , K y . , declared uncon­s t i t u t i ona l .

I t is a n A s s o c i a t i o n m i l i t a n t f o r jus t ice . I t seeks p o l i t i c a l and c i v i l equa l i ty , equal jus t i ce i n the cour ts , an equi table expen­d i tu re of pub l i c funds f o r educat ion, san i ­ta t ion , hea l th and police protec t ion . These are a ims w h i c h any f a i r - m i n d e d A m e r i c a n should be r eady to g ran t . The re is no color l ine i n an honest democracy .—Cleve land Plaindealer.

SOUTH AFRICA

A D E P U T A T I O N of colored people has w a i t e d upon the A c t i n g P r i m e M i n ­

i s t e r of Cape Co lony . T h e i r spokesman, D r . A b d u r a h m a n , says , a c c o r d i n g to the Cape Times:

" W e r e g a r d the F r e e S ta te , " sa id D r . A b d u r a h m a n , "as n o t h i n g bet ter than a S l a v e r y S ta te . " The re was not a s ingle l aw there, he cont inued , w h i c h tended to u p l i f t the n a t i v e ; on the c o n t r a r y , they were f r a m e d to keep h i m down.

T h e most i m p o r t a n t pa r t , however , was the f ranch ise . I t was regre t table , he thought , a f t e r a l l the services rendered by the colored m a n , tha t they should be fo r ­gotten. T h e r e was no jus t i f i ca t ion wha t ­ever, he m a i n t a i n e d , f o r m a n y of t he i r gr ievances , except on the grounds of senti­ment. T h e y h a d been depr ived of the i r grea tes t r i g h t — t h a t of send ing one of thei r own race to P a r l i a m e n t , and they now c la imed tha t i n the Cape P r o v i n c e the t ime was r ipe f o r f u l l p o l i t i c a l r i g h t s to be re­s tored, w h i c h should never have been taken a w a y . H e hoped t ha t the Cape had succeed­ed i n c o n v i n c i n g the people f r o m the N o r t h t h a t there w a s no ju s t i f i c a t i on f o r t a k i n g

away tha t p a r t o f the f ranchise i n 1903, when U n i o n took place. I t was t rue tha t the colored c o m m u n i t y never exercised tha t r igh t , because they believed i n the jus t ice of the whi te m a n .

H e would conclude by a s k i n g the A c t i n g P r i m e M i n i s t e r to do an act of jus t ice . H e could assure the Governmen t i t was a ser i ­ous mat te r , as the t ime had a r r i v e d when the colored people and nat ives wou ld have to reconsider the i r pos i t ion . T h e y d id not w a n t an immedia te rep ly , as they fe l t i t was a m a t t e r tha t should be discussed by the Cabine t , when G e n e r a l B o t h a and G e n e r a l Smut s re tu rned , but they desired to get a r ep ly i n person. H e wou ld r a t h e r never have a r ep ly a t a l l t han tha t i t should be unfavorable , because he knew w h a t the con­sequences would be. The t ime m i g h t come when cont ro l of the colored people, na t ives , and non-Europeans , would be lost, and foo l ­i sh th ings would be done w h i c h they d id not w a n t do ing . H e could assure the Gov­e rnment tha t the fu ture good re l a t ionsh ip of the colored and whi te races depended on these unjust i f iable gr ievances be ing re­dressed. H e would not r e m i n d the A c t i n g P r i m e M i n i s t e r of the services rendered by the Cape Corps , because they had only done w h a t i t was the i r du ty to do. B u t they could not forge t tha t the people of Ind ia , i n the ea r ly days of the w a r , and the black men of A m e r i c a , i n the l a te r stages, p layed so i m p o r t a n t a par t .

THE BALLOT

THE grea t mass of the race i n the South do not w a n t the ballot . T h e y are not

prepared to exercise i t . T h e y are satisfied to do w i t h o u t i t i f thereby they can go about t he i r d a i l y tasks free f r o m the ag i t a t i on and d isorder w h i c h charac te r ized our elec­t ions under manhood suffrage.

I t is false leadership , therefore, wh ich appeals to the N e g r o to organize , and urges tha t t h rough the bal lo t he can protec t h i m ­self aga ins t w r o n g s ; and least of a l l should this bad advice be offered i n these c r i t i c a l days , on the heels of the w a r , when the dif­f icul t problems of read jus tment are before us, and when n o t h i n g w i l l so benefit the people of the South , regardless of race, as freedom from political agitation.—New

Orleans States. [White.]

W e are urging-, in a w o r d , fu l les t co­opera t ion of the N e g r o vote W e must regis ter . W e mus t get our y o u n g men to p a y t he i r po l l taxes wh i l e i t costs l i t t l e , and we mus t p r e v a i l upon ou r o lder men to p a y up and qua l i fy , whe ther i t costs lit­tle or much . N o man who f a i l s o r neglects to pay his taxes is w o r t h y of the p r iv i l eges o f c i t i zensh ip , nor is he capable of bear-i n g his due por t ion of the c i t i zensh ip re­spons ib i l i ty . W e must reach the poin t i n ou r social and p o l i t i c a l development ' where the unqualif ied w i l l be i n contempt.

W h e t h e r the obstacles are w i t h the l a w

3 3 2 T H E C R I S I S

or the t ax ga therers and r e g i s t r a r s who a p p l y i t to N e g r o men, the obstacles mus t be removed, and we believe the s p i r i t of the people is more determined on th is issue to­day than ever.—Savannah Tribune. [Colored.]

ANOTHER CARNEGIE HERO THE Carneg ie H e r o F u n d C o m m i s s i o n

sends us an account of the brave act o f M i l t o n C a r t e r , a colored m a n of N e w H a v e n , C o n n . M r . C a r t e r , aged twenty-two, died i n an a t tempt to save A r t h u r J . T r u l y , aged nineteen, also colored, f r o m d r o w n i n g at E a s t H a v e n , Conn . , A u g u s t 7 , 1 9 1 9 . T r u l y got in to diff iculty i n L o n g I s l and Sound, near a rock tha t projected from the shore, and called for help.

Carter ran out on the rock to a point near T r u l y , a n d as T r u l y was s i n k i n g , C a r t e r dived beside h i m . The two men rose to­gether, w i t h C a r t e r ' s back t o w a r d T r u l y . C a r t e r to ld T r u l y to g rasp h i m , and T r u l y seized h i m about the wais t . B o t h men sank immedia te ly , and were drowned.

A bronze medal has been g iven to the w i d o w of M r . C a r t e r and also a death benefit, a t the ra te of twenty-f ive do l la rs a month. T h i s is not to extend, however , beyond a per iod of five years , o r the date of her r e -mar r i age .

* * * A n a n n o y i n g t y p o g r a p h i c a l e r ro r oc­

cu r red i n the a r t ic le , " D a r k Heroes of Peace," w h i c h appeared i n the M a r c h C R I S I S . The statement tha t fo r ty - two re­cipients of the Carneg ie medal formed 2 2 . 5 % of the ent i re number is obviously an e r ror . I t should have read 2 . 8 % .

THE NEGRO PRESS SPEAKS E u g e n e L . C . D a v i d s o n wr i t e s

O N i n the N e w Y o r k Commoner: E C O N O M I C S The N e g r o has awakened eco­

n o m i c a l l y . T h i s a w a k e n i n g is not a f ancy no r a

theory. I t is a fact . A glance at the eco­nomic h i s to ry of the N e g r o fo r 1 9 1 9 mus t t h r i l l this race of ours tha t loves, accom­plishes, and fights on hope; and mus t ter­ror ize , as n o t h i n g else can, those t h i n k i n g beings of the other race who s tubborn ly em­brace the d v i n g theory of i n f e r i o r i t y . A $ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 T r u s t C o m p a n y in Ch icago , a $ 1 2 5 , -0 0 0 B a n k in P i t t s b u r g , a T r u s t C o m p a n y capi ta l ized at $ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 i n A t l a n t a , a M i l l i o n D o l l a r S teamship Company , a $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 D y e Company , a $ 7 5 , 0 0 0 B r o o m M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o m p a n y ! W h a t does i t a l l mean? H o w

did the a w a k e n i n g happen and w h i t h e r is i t l eading?

Consc ious ly o r unconsc ious ly , the N e g r o is b e g i n n i n g to rea l i ze the va lue o f money. W h e t h e r or not he knows o r unders tands the school def in i t ion of money as a " m e d i u m of exchange ," he has found f r o m exper ience tha t a m a n w i t h a d o l l a r is not qui te so b lack as the m a n w i t h o u t ; t ha t i f he is to spend tha t do l l a r , i n some mys t e r ious w a y he changes f r o m a " n i g g e r " to a N e g r o ; that i f he knows h o w to make t h a t do l l a r w o r k f o r h i m , i n some s t i l l more mys te r ious w a y , the wh i t e m a n forgets e n t i r e l y tha t there is a n y difference at a l l .

A c c o r d i n g to W i l l i a m P ickens O N i n the N e w Y o r k Commoner:

A M E R I C A N I - T H E A M E R I C A N S P I R I T I S , F I R S T Z A T I O N OF ALL a spirit of l i b e r t y . I t

necessa r i ly invo lves a s p i r i t of equa l i ty and of b ro therhood. I t is not a sha l low m a t t e r of g e t t i n g m a r r i e d and be­ing brothers-in-law. A pure-blooded Mongolian can be "American." A white man can be " A m e r i c a n . " I t is not color , i t is a s p i r i t .

W e c l a i m , therefore , t ha t the most dread­f u l need i n the coun t ry , is to t h o r o u g h l y A m e r i c a n i z e our na t ive -born . W e must A m e r i c a n i z e the l aws and l eg i s l a tu res of the Sou th . I f we are ever to A m e r i c a n i z e the fo re ign-born , we m u s t have some th ing to do i t w i t h , and tha t some th ing m u s t be the n a ­t ive product . Those who come to us w i l l tend to become w h a t we are. H a v e we ever reflected tha t perhaps our f a i l u r e to make the i m m i g r a n t an A m e r i c a n , is due first of a l l to our f a i l u r e i n be ing A m e r i c a n ?

I t happens to be tha t the N e g r o is the most A m e r i c a n g roup i n the coun t ry , both i n ances t ry and i n po in t of a t t i tude of m i n d . H i s l ine reaches m u c h f u r t h e r back than tha t of the average wh i t e m a n of the coun t ry . I n sp i r i t , he is less a r rogan t , more l i b e r a l and democra t ic , and believes more s incere ly tha t " a l l men are b o r n free and equa l . " H e does not believe tha t he is n a t u r a l l y en t i t l ed to more p r iv i l eges t h a n other breeds of men. T h a t is of the v e r y essence of the s p i r i t t ha t made A m e r i c a . T h e N e g r o does not l y n c h , and does not act by v i r t u e of the mob, ex­cept i n self-defence aga ins t w h i t e mobs. H e wan t s the case t r i e d i n court . H e wan t s l a w and order to be supreme—and as a g roup , he does not ask a n y a r t i f i c i a l advan­tage of any o ther g roup . T h a t is o f the essence of A m e r i c a .

* * * T h e S a v a n n a h Tribune s a y s :

O N T H E T h i s y e a r we are to elect a E L E C T I O N P re s iden t of the U n i t e d S ta tes ;

and at a t ime when the i n c u m ­bent of tha t lo f ty pos i t ion needs to be a m a n o f more t han e x t r a o r d i n a r y qua l i t i e s and powers, because of the momentous problems w i t h w h i c h he w i l l be confronted , p roblems affect ing not on ly domest ic affa i rs , bu t the i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t ionsh ips as w e l l . . . .

T H E L O O K I N G G L A S S 333

Negro delegates, committeemen, and Negro political organizations, are interested in

severa l questions, p u r e l y domestic, bu t a l l -i m p o r t a n t to the we l f a re of fifteen mi l l ions o f Negroes . T h e y should see to i t tha t a p rope r set t lement or dec la ra t ion on these quest ions is w r i t t e n in to the p l a t fo rms of

those they are called upon to support. Politically, the Negro vote, particularly in some

of the l a r g e r c i t ies , amounts to a g rea t deal. I t is under these c i rcumstances that leaders m u s t secure w h a t are our r i g h t s and wha t we deserve.

* * * T h e O m a h a , N e b r a s k a , Monitor—

. . . desires to ca l l the. a t t en t ion of our readers , to the impor tance of r e g i s t e r i n g and v o t i n g . M a n y of our people have re­cen t ly come f r o m sections of the coun t ry where they w e r e not pe rmi t t ed to vote. N a t u r a l l y , they have become indif ferent to the p r i v i l e g e of e x e r c i s i n g t he i r r i g h t s as electors. W e w a n t to make i t as p l a i n as we know how, tha t i n N e b r a s k a , every c i t i ­zen has a r i g h t to vote and his vote is counted. B u t i n order to vote, c i t izens mus t reg is te r . The re w i l l soon be announced spe­c i a l r e g i s t r a t i o n days, when voters m a y reg i s t e r i n t h e i r own prec inc t or v o t i n g dis­t r i c t ; bu t i t is not necessary to w a i t for these spec ia l days . Go to the election com­miss ioner ' s office i n the cour t house any week-day, a n d reg is te r . E v e r y b o d y who wan t s to vote, m u s t reg is te r . E l ec t i ons th is year are t remendous ly impor t an t . Y o u r vote, l i t t l e as y o u t h i n k about i t , m a y decide w h o s h a l l be the pres ident f o r the next fou r years .

* * * T h e a r t i c l e on " N e g r o H i s t o r y " , quoted i n

t h i s co lumn i n the F e b r u a r y CRISIS , should have been a t t r i bu t ed to the N e w Y o r k Crusader.

MISCELLANY THE O k l a h o m a C i t y , O k l a . , Black Dis­patch, te l ls th i s impress ive s to ry of i n ­

s tant r e t r i b u t i o n : T h i s c i t y , ( C h i c k a s h a ) the county seat of

G r a d y , has been pu t to severe shame since the d a y d u r i n g the w a r months , that L i e u ­t enan t C h a r l e s A . T r ibbe t t , a N e g r o officer, was t aken f r o m the t r a i n and placed i n the county j a i l , because he refused to leave the P u l l m a n , i n w h i c h he was r i d i n g , on his w a y

to Fort Sill, under Government orders. Tribbett was insulted, his luggage searched, and

to cap the c l i m a x , was even kangarooed i n the j a i l and a po r t ion of his money taken w h i l e i n the to i ls of G r a d y C o u n t y officers. H e was finally fined and sent out of the t own i n a J i m - C r o w coach, the next m o r n i n g .

A n idea can be ga thered as to the class of men who were beh ind L i e u t e n a n t Tr ibbe t t ' s persecut ion, when i t is k n o w n tha t the then C o u n t y Judge , R . E . Davenpor t , a f ter be ing cha rged w i t h assau l t and ba t te ry , by a young

l a d y i n C h i c k a s h a , was re l ieved of his posi ­t ion of honor and is now h a u l i n g corn out on a f a r m i n G r a d y C o u n t y ; Osca r S impson , who was the Coun ty A t t o r n e y , has been con­vic ted of b r i be ry i n the courts of the state and his case is now before a specia l cour t of review. H e is t each ing school, and debarred f r o m pract ice . Hodge B a i l e y , the Sher i f f of G r a d y C o u n t y , who entered in to a hu ­m i l i a t i n g search of the person and effects of the detained colored officer and who led the h a l f mob of thugs who glor i f ied, has been removed f rom office on a charge of b r i be ry and is now out on a f a r m at w o r k ; the whole police force of C h i c k a s h a has been removed since tha t t ime, i n c l u d i n g C h i e f B e n P h i l l i p s , on request of the U n i t e d States government , w h i c h compla ined of the i m m o r a l condit ions ob t a in ing i n the c i t y of C h i c k a s h a , under t he i r ru le . T h e O N L Y M A N C O N N E C T E D W I T H T H E T R I A L O F T H E U N F O R ­T U N A T E O F F I C E R , W H O R E T A I N S H I S G O O D N A M E , IS J U D G E R O B E R T L . F O R T U N E , the N e g r o a t torney who de­fended L i eu t enan t T r i b b e t t ; the rest of them have been swal lowed up i n the g u l f of da rk­ness, fashioned by the i r own hands. T r u l y ' t is a prophet ic s a y i n g , " A s you sow, so. .shall you reap ."

E d i t o r Leech wr i t e s i n the M e m p h i s Press:

T h e y b rough t a seventeen-year-old N e g r o boy into the j a i l e r ' s office wh i l e I was there. H e is f a c i n g t r i a l fo r petit l a rceny . I un ­ders tand i t ca r r i es a sentence of f r o m one to five years .

H e stole eighty-f ive cents f r o m a l i t t l e N e g r o l ad .

F o r e ighty-f ive cents, he w i l l be locked up i n crowded cells , denied h i s l i be r ty , forced in to idleness, and v a g r a n c y — a n d i t ' s a l l l ega l , too. He ' s on ly a N e g r o boy—black as the ace of spades—but he's a boy, a h u m a n be ing , who can ei ther become a h a r d ­w o r k i n g , honest N e g r o , or a loaf ing t r i f le r .

W h i c h w i l l a yea r i n j a i l p robab ly make of h i m ?

P h i l i p H a l e tells of " B o s t o n c h i v a l r y " i n the Bos ton Herald:

A few n ights ago, a l ady , a r r i v i n g a f te r m i d n i g h t by t r a i n a t the B a c k B a y S t a t i on , w i t h two t r a v e l i n g bags, saw on ly one cab f o r passengers. T w o men were ge t t i ng in to i t . T h e y looked at her and—got i n . T h e d r ive r , a N e g r o , seeing the l ady ' s p l igh t , asked her where she wished to go. She an­swered : " T h e C h i l t o n C l u b . " H e s a i d : " W o u l d you m i n d , m a ' a m , s i t t i n g up here w i t h m e ? " T h e two men inside heard th is t a lk . T h e y d id not ask her to sha re the cab w i t h t h e m ; they were not shamed by the Negro ' s courtesy and sol ic i tude. One sa id to the o the r : " I t h i n k I ' l l t r y the A l g o n q u i n C l u b . " T h e y a l l drove off, the men in s ide ; the l a d y on the box, s i t t i n g nex t a gentle­m a n .

Men of the Month. S I N C E his r e t u r n f r o m F r a n c e , where he

was a cap ta in i n the A . E . F . , D r . Cha r l e s H . G a r v i n , i n C leve l and , Oh io , has been appoin ted a c l i n i c i a n of the O u t - P a -t ient D e p a r t m e n t of Lakes ide H o s p i t a l , be­ing, the first appo in tmen t of a colored phy­s i c i an to a C leve l and H o s p i t a l .

Dr. Garvin was born in 1889, at Jacksonville, Fla., where he received his elementary

educa t ion ; he took his academic w o r k at A t l a n t a U n i v e r s i t y and his profess iona l degree at H o w a r d U n i v e r s i t y , i n 1915; he served for one year as interne at

Freedmen's Hospital and then as Assistant in S u r g e r y on the V i s i t i n g Staff. H i s medica l honors are the E d w i n H i r a m Reede pr ize for excel lency i n phys i ca l d iagnosis , and the P e r r y pr ize i n obstetr ics. F o r two terms he served as Genera l P re s iden t of the Alpha Phi Alpha F r a t e r n i t y and is now Genera l Secre tary .

D r . G a r v i n was commiss ioned a F i r s t L ieu tenant , M e d i c a l Reserve Corps , J u n e 8, 1917, h a v i n g the d i s t inc t ion of be ing the first colored officer commiss ioned i n the M e d i c a l Corps and also the first to be sent to the A r m y M e d i c a l School at W a s h i n g t o n . He was promoted to a Captaincy,

November 6, 1917, and served over-seas as Battalion Surgeon, 367th Infantry (The Buffaloes) and as Commanding Officer, 360'th

A m b u l a n c e Company , 92nd D i v i s i o n .

M I L L I E J A N E H E N D E R S O N was bo rn a slave, May, 4, 1842, near Williamsburg, Mo. She belonged to Mr. Dyson, and served as a w o r k e r in the house and some­t imes in the field, to subst i tute fo r a m a n . S p i n n i n g y a r n and w e a v i n g goods f o r c loth­ing was her p r i n c i p a l work . F i v e ya rds of l insey and three of jeans was her task per day, and she was not a l lowed to do a n y t h i n g fo r herse l f u n t i l th is task was finished. D u r i n g the las t y e a r of the C i v i l W a r , she m a r r i e d M r . Thomas Henderson , a slave, who was h i r ed by M r . A r n o l d , about five miles away .

D u r i n g the first yea r a f te r freedom, M r . Henderson f a r m e d for p a r t of a crop, and M r s . Henderson h i red out, r e ce iv ing as sa l a ry , t h i r t y do l l a r s a year . The next

three years , they cropped on shares at the G i l b e r t place, and the y e a r f o l l o w i n g , they bought a f a r m of 120 acres i n M o n t g o m e r y Coun ty , M o . , where five c h i l d r e n were bo rn .

F o u r c h i l d r e n finished the n o r m a l course at L i n c o l n Ins t i tu te . L a t e r , one was g r a d ­uated as B a c h e l o r of P h i l o s o p h y f r o m D r a k e U n i v e r s i t y , and is now p r i n c i p a l of a school a t W a t o n g a , O k l a ; another is p r i n ­c i p a l of a school a t Beggs , O k l a . ; a n d a t h i r d , a f te r c o m p l e t i n g the m e d i c a l course at M e h a r r y M e d i c a l Col lege , is now prac t i s ­i n g i n D a l l a s , T e x a s . One daugh te r is a teacher i n the C i t y Schools of G u t h r i e O k l a . , and the other died at th i r t een .

The f a the r of these c h i l d r e n died i n 1909, at the age of s ix ty -n ine years . T h e mothe r s t i l l l ives , and has a f a r m i n L o g a n C o u n t y , a home i n L a n g s t o n , a n d p r o p e r t y i n F u l t o n , M o .

AT Toronto , C a n a d a , f r i ends have u n -vei led and placed i n the C i t y H a l l , a

p o r t r a i t of A l d e r m a n H u b b a r d , a m a n of N e g r o descent, i n r ecogn i t ion of h i s m a n y years of service. T h i s is M r . H u b b a r d ' s r e co rd : A l d e r m a n , 1894-1903, W a r d 14; C o m p t r o l l e r , 1904-1907; A l d e r m a n , 1913, W a r d 1. T h e p a i n t i n g is the w o r k of W . A . Sherwood. A m o n g those w h o p a r t i c i ­pated i n the u n v e i l i n g were M a y o r H o c k e n , the Honorab l e A d a m Beck , e x - C o m p t r o l l e r C h u r c h , who sa id of M r . H u b b a r d : " H e is one of the p i l l a r s of publ ic owne r sh ip" , w h i l e the Honorab le M r . B e c k summed up M r . H u b b a r d ' s cha rac t e r as t ha t of a "con­sistent f r i end and suppor te r , earnes t and conscient ious ."

* * * THE staff o f the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n

f o r the A d v a n c e m e n t of C o l o r e d People was recen t ly made s t ronger b y the add i t i on of W i l l i a m P i ckens , who res igned the pos i ­t ion of V i c e P r e s iden t of M o r g a n Col lege to become Assoc i a t e F i e l d S e c r e t a r y o f the N . A . A . C . P .

M r . P i c k e n s w a s b o r n of s lave parents i n A n d e r s o n C o u n t y , S. C , J a n u a r y 15, 1881; in 1899 he was g radua t ed f r o m h i g h school i n L i t t l e Rock , A r k . , as va l ed ic to r ­i a n . A s a r a i l r o a d laborer , he ea rned money

334

DR. C. H . G A R V I N MRS. M. J . H E N D E R S O N

A L D E R M A N W I L L I A M P. H U B B A R D

W I L L I A M P I C K E N S E . K . JONES

335

336 T H E CRISIS

w i t h w h i c h to enter T a l l a d e g a Col lege, f rom w h i c h he was g radua ted i n 1902; he wen t to w o r k a g a i n and earned his t u i t i o n to Y a l e , where i n A p r i l , 1903, he won the H e n r y J ames T e n E y c k O r a t o r i c a l P r i z e f r o m his class of three hundred . H i s schola rsh ip was r a n k e d i n C lass A , w h i c h s t and ing as l o n g as ma in t a ined , ent i t led h i m to free t u i t i on . I n 1904, M r . P i ckens received the B a c h e l o r o f A r t s degree f rom Y a l e and was elected a member of the Phi Beta Kappa; he was also made P h i l o s o p h i c a l O r a t o r w i t h "honors i n a l l s tudies ."

Mr. Pickens taught ten years at Talladega College and one year at Wiley University. He became Dean of Morgan College in 1915 and Vice-President in 1918.

He was a member of the "Niagara Movement", and has been a member of the N.

A . A . C . P . since i ts beg inn ing . I n 1913 M r . P i ckens t rave led i n Grea t

B r i t a i n and con t inen ta l E u r o p e , and wrote a se r i a l of th i r ty - seven ar t ic les on the a r t s and s ights of the old w o r l d . H e is au thor of The Heir of Slaves, an au tob iog raphy ; The New Negro, a col lect ion of his ad­dresses and essays, a n d of numerous pamphle ts .

EUGENE KINCKLE JONES is Executive Secretary of the National Urban League . H e was bo rn i n R i c h m o n d , V a . , i n 1885, be ing the son of P r o f e s s o r J . E . Jones , of V i r g i n i a U n i o n U n i v e r s i t y , and R o s a K . Jones, teacher of music in Hartshorn College. Mr. Jones received the degrees of Bachelor of Arts from Virginia Union University, 1906, and Master of Arts in Social Sciences, C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y , 1908; he t augh t f o r three years i n L o u i s v i l l e , K y . , a t the S ta te U n i v e r s i t y and a t C e n t r a l H i g h S c h o o l ; then he became S e c r e t a r y of the Committee on Urban Conditions among Negroes, in 1911, being associated at first with D r . George E . H a y n e s .

The w o r k of the L e a g u e n o w embraces ac t iv i t i e s i n 32 ci t ies , employs u p w a r d s of 125 w o r k e r s i n n a t i o n a l a n d loca l offices, and d u r i n g the yea r 1920 Is expend ing $220,000, of w h i c h a m o u n t $40,000 is the budget fo r the n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n .

U n d e r M r . Jones ' d i r ec t ion , a r t i c les are cont r ibu ted to s t anda rd magaz ines and ad­dresses are made to conferences and pub l ic gatherings on the ideals for which the

League stands, which are to secure opportunity f o r the N e g r o and encourage coopera t ion between the races.

A N E A S T E R MESSAGE

C A R R I E W . C L I F F O R D

Now q u i v e r i n g to l i fe , a l l na tu re t h r i l l s A t the approach of tha t t r i u m p h a n t

queen, P ink- f ingered E a s t e r , t r a i l i n g robes of

green T u n e f u l l y o'er the flower-embroidered h i l l s , H e r h a i r per fumed of m y r i a d daffodi ls : U p o n her s w e l l i n g bosom n o w are seen The d r e a m - f r a i l l i l i e s w i t h the i r snowy

sheen, A s l i g h t l y she o'er-leaps the sp r ing - t ime

r i l l s . T o b lack fo lk choked w i t h i n the deadly

g ra sp O f r a c i a l hate, wha t message does she b r i n g O f r e sur rec t ion and the hope of s p r i n g ? Assurance t h e i r death-s tupor is a mask— A sleep, w i t h elements po ten t ia l , r i f e , Ready to bu r s t fu l l - f lowered in to l i f e .

The Horizon COMPILED BY MADELINE G. ALLISON . THE CHURCH DELEGATES to the joint meeting of

the M . E . C h u r c h a n d the Method i s t C h u r c h Sou th , have agreed to uni te the two churches , under the name of the M e t h o d i s t C h u r c h , w i t h a d i s t r i c t devoted to colored membersh ip . T h i s ac t ion re­mains to be ratified by the General

Conference. The colored membership is over 300,000.

A t S t . L o u i s , M o . , L a n e Tabernac le C. M . E . C h u r c h has purchased at $30,000 the F i r s t U n i t e d P r e s b y t e r i a n C h u r c h , a stone edifice i n the exc lus ive wh i t e W e s t E n d sect ion. Negroes are b u y i n g residences in this section. The Rev. H. H. McConnell is pastor.

The Rev . R u s s e l l S. B r o w n has res igned the pas tora te of L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l C h u r c h , M e m p h i s , Tenn . , to become pas to r of F i r s t C o n g r e g a t i o n a l C h u r c h , A t l a n t a , G a . T h e Rev . B r o w n succeeds D r . H . H . P r o c t o r .

A congrega t ion of the C. M . E . C h u r c h has been es tabl ished i n N e w Y o r k C i t y , w i t h the R e v . W . Y . B e l l s , a f o r m e r A r m y C h a p l a i n , as pastor . P r o p e r t y has been purchased at $48,000 a n d the c h u r c h named W i l l i a m s ' I n s t i t u t i o n a l C h u r c h , i n honor of B i s h o p W i l l i a m s .

Connected with the work of First Baptist Church in Norfolk, Va., is an Employment Bureau, Information Bureau, Read ing - room, P l a y g r o u n d , K i n d e r g a r t e n , D a y N u r s e r y , M i l k S t a t i on , and C l i n i c . T h e pas tor o f th i s c h u r c h is the Rev . R . H . B o i l i n g .

S t . L u k e ' s M e t h o d i s t C h u r c h , Buf fa lo , N. Y . , i n a s i x weeks ' r a l l y rea l i zed $2,825, f o r the es tab l i shment of a c o m m u n i t y house f o r colored g i r l s . T h e pas to r of th is church is the R e v . H e n r y D u r h a m .

M o r e t h a n 200 o f the 277 members o f St . M i c h a e l a n d A l l A n g e l s P ro tes tan t E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h , o f P h i l a d e l p h i a , lef t t ha t o r g a n i z a t i o n i n a body when the Rev. E l l i o t t W h i t e , i n charge o f E p i s c o p a l mi s ­sions, requested the r e s igna t ion of the R e v . J . D a C o s t a H a r e w o o d . N o charges

337

were brought aga ins t F a t h e r H a r e w o o d , but i t is genera l ly understood tha t the post was wanted for a whi te incumbent . St . Michae l ' s congregat ion a n d the i r pr ies t have, w i t h the pe rmiss ion of the B i s h o p and S t a n d i n g Commit tee of the Diocese of P e n n s y l v a n i a , s tar ted a new church , i n an "uppe r room," a t 5219 M a r k e t Street , here­af ter to be k n o w n as the " C h u r c h of St . J o h n the D i v i n e . "

M U S I C A N D A R T Troy P . G O R U M , a colored bar i tone

and a p u p i l of the pub l i c school mus ic course, N e w E n g l a n d Conse rva to ry of M u s i c , has g iven a publ ic r ec i t a l i n S te iner t H a l l , Bos ton . A s an encore, he sang a composi t ion by h i s classmate, L e o n a r d W i l l i a m s , who was i n the audience. "Sonata Virginianesque," by John

Powell, is built upon Negro themes, whose spirit i t expresses w i t h m u c h fidelity. The annual concert of Morehouse

College Glee Club and Orchestra has been held, w i t h K e m p e r H a r r e l d , d i rec tor . The o rches t ra rendered "Morehouse College M a r c h " b y M r . H a r r e l d .

Ot to L . B o h a n a n has opened a voca l s tu­dio i n N e w Y o r k C i t y . M r . B o h a n a n is a colored p u p i l of F r a n z H . A r m b r u s t e r , of E u r o p e a n repu ta t ion . M r . A r m b r u s t e r pe rsona l ly endorses M r . Bohanan ' s a r t and teaching .

A m o n g pa in t i ngs exhib i ted by the F i n e A r t s A s s o c i a t i o n at the C i t y L i b r a r y i n Des Moines , Iowa , are seven canvasses by H e n r y O. T a n n e r , the colored ar t i s t . C M e t a W a r r i c k F u l l e r , the colored sculp­tress, has the honor of h a v i n g a statuette accepted by the A c a d e m y of F i n e A r t s , P h i l a d e l p h i a , the subject of w h i c h is M a u d C u n e y H a r e , the au thor -p ian i s t . The statuette was exhib i ted at the 115th e x h i b i ­t ion o f the A c a d e m y .

A t L o s Ange l e s , C a l . , the Pep Comedy C o m p a n y has been organ ized by Negroes , w i t h M m e . S u l - T e - W a n , a pioneer colored movie s t a r who has appeared i n D . W .

338 T H E CRISIS

Griff i th 's p roduct ions , as ass is tant manager . The company w i l l use scenarios by colored authors .

T h e M u s i c L o v e r s ' Chorus of B a l t i m o r e , M d . , rendered the ora tor io " E l i j a h , " i n honor of the A f r i c a n M e t h o d i s t E p i s c o p a l B i shops ' C o u n c i l , at Be the l A . M . E . C h u r c h . J o h n W i l l i s B r o w n was the direc­tor, w i t h U lysses G a r r i s o n Chambres at the o r g a n ; the soloists were R u t h Lee M c A b e e , soprano; C a r r i e M a e S m i t h , con­t r a l t o ; C la rence L o w e r y , t enor ; Gar f ie ld W a r r e n T a r r a n t , bar i tone .

M a u d C u n e y H a r e , assisted by W i l l i a m H . R i c h a r d s o n , gave a concert i n S te iner t H a l l , Bos ton . P h i l i p H a l e , the c r i t i c , says : " M r s . H a r e t a lked i n an in s t ruc t ive and in t e re s t ing manner , about the o r i g i n and charac te r of the music . She is a fluent speaker, for tunate i n her choice of words . N o r i s she too d ida t ic i n g i v i n g i n f o r m a ­t i o n . " Musical America adds : " T h e ac­companiments to most of the songs were a r r a n g e d by M r s . H a r e , who is m a k i n g a special s tudy of our southern mus ic and thereby do ing a va luab le w o r k i n b r i n g i n g to l i g h t these fo lksongs , w h i c h have so f a r been neglected, bu t w h i c h are w e l l w o r t h k n o w i n g for enjoyment as w e l l as f o r the apprec ia t ion of the i r impor tance i n our na ­t iona l mus i ca l development ."

A t Co lumbus , Ohio , Negroes have fi­nanced and b u i l t the E m p r e s s Thea t re . It has twelve boxes a n d a $5,000 pipe o rgan . The owners and managers are Mess r s . J . A . J ackson and J . E . W i l l i a m s .

C reamer a n d L a y t o n , colored composers i n N e w Y o r k C i t y , wro te the l y r i c s and music of " T h r e e Showers , " a comedy pre­sented by the Coburns at the E m p i r e Thea t re , Syracuse , N e w Y o r k . I t is re­por ted t h a t : " A l l h a d cause fo r g ra t i f i ca ­t ion at the en thus ias t ic recept ion accorded the i r efforts by a l a rge a n d en thus ias t ic audience. The mus ic was especia l ly popu­l a r and m a n y of the song numbers were encored a number of t imes ."

G e r a l d T y l e r , a N e g r o teacher of St . L o u i s , has w r i t t e n a m a n u s c r i p t song, " S h i p s T h a t Pass i n the N i g h t , " of w h i c h the L o u i s v i l l e , K y . , Herald s ays : " I t is p r a c t i c a l l y a rec i t a t ive , w i t h a lmost no piano suppo r t ; i ts melody s t r i k i n g l y unusua l and ve ry difficult, is f a r f rom be ing enough; the p ro found inne r m e a n i n g of the song throbbed i n every tone—its l o n g i n g and

t r agedy and hea r t -b reak h e l d the audience as b y a spe l l , and at i t s conc lus ion , a s i n ­g u l a r t h i n g happened—there was a pause of dea th- l ike s t i l lness , and then a s i gh , the release of pent up emot ion , before the con­ven t iona l applause . I t w a s a r ecogn i t i on so r a r e l y accorded, t ha t i t deserves men­t i o n . "

I N D U S T R Y THE Fede ra t ed C lubs of colored women

i n P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a , , have o rgan ized a b u i l d i n g and loan assoc ia t ion . M r s . James H o w a r d was elected pres ident .

A t Seat t le , W a s h . , there has been or­gan ized the A t t u c k s R e a l t y a n d Inves tment C o m p a n y , w i t h a c a p i t a l s tock of $100,000 f u l l y p a i d i n . T h e pres ident is M r . E . R . James .

The Sou the rn B e a u t y P r o d u c t s C o n c e r n has been es tabl ished by colored people i n S a v a n n a h , G a . I t w i l l c a r r y four teen " G l o r i a " products , a n d conduct courses i n h a i r a n d beauty cu l tu re . A m o n g the p ro­moters o f this business are M r s . S i m p k i n s , M r s . Seabrook, R . A . H a r p e r , J . H . Doy le , A . B . S ingf ie ld , N a t h a n Rober t s , R u f u s B a k e r , E . H . B u r k e , C . H . H a y w o o d , T . M c P h e r s o n , J . G . L e m o n . ft A t the a n n u a l s tockholders ' mee t ing of the T i d e w a t e r F a i r A s s o c i a t i o n of Suffolk, V a . , a 10% d i v i d e n d was declared and the cap i t a l s tock w a s increased f r o m $10,000 to $20,000. M r . J . T . R e i d was elected president.

Co lored under t ake r s and business men i n the Sou th have o r g a n i z e d a t M e m p h i s , Tenn . , the T r i - S t a t e C a s k e t a n d Coffin C o m p a n y , a $200,000 project , a n d have p lans f o r a p l a n t w h i c h w i l l employ 150 men. A m o n g those in te res ted i n the com­p a n y are R . R . C h u r c h , C . E . B u s h , J . C . Martin, Dr. R. A. Williams, Weyman Wilkerson, and John L Webb; the president a n d genera l m a n a g e r is M r . T . H . H a y e s .

A s a r e su l t of the l y n c h i n g of two N e ­groes a t J a c k s o n v i l l e , F l a . , by agents o f a wh i t e insurance c o m p a n y — w h o accused the Negroes of the m u r d e r o f an employee— 16,000 Negroes have w i t h d r a w n the i r p o l i ­cies a n d inco rpora t ed a $10,000 o r g a n i z a ­t i o n of t he i r own—the People ' s I n d u s t r i a l Insurance C o m p a n y .

A t O m a h a , Neb. , Negroes have i n c o r ­pora ted the Kaf f i r C h e m i c a l L a b o r a t o r i e s , as a $500,000 en te rpr i se . I ts p r e p a r a t i o n s inc lude a p y o r r h e a p reven t ive tooth paste ,

T H E HORIZON 330

a face c ream, an an t ipho lg i s t i c compound, a blood ant isept ic , a h a i r tonic , etc. The pres ident is M a d r e e Penn .

The colored rea l estate f i rm of N a i l and P a r k e r , i n N e w Y o r k C i t y , handles over a m i l l i o n do l la r s a year i n renta ls and commiss ions .

Three ex-colored officers of the U . S. A r m y — J . W i l l i a m s C l i f f o r d , N a t h a n 0 . Goodloe, and Char l e s M . Thompson—are l a u n c h i n g a $200,000 colored mot ion p ic­tu re co rpora t ion at W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .

W i t h o u t p rev ious newspaper announce­ment or adve r t i s i ng , colored people i n P o r t s m o u t h , V a . , have o rgan ized and char­tered the C o m m u n i t y S a v i n g s B a n k , w i t h a p a i d - i n c a p i t a l of $50,000; i t has over 500 s tockholders . The pres ident of the bank is M r . J . F . P roc to r .

G Negroes i n Char l e s ton , S. C. , have opened t he i r f i rs t bank—the Cha r l e s ton M u t u a l S a v i n g s B a n k . I t gives in teres t a t 4% and conducts depar tments i n commerce, loans and discounts , and rea l estate. The pres i ­dent is M r . E . T . E d w a r d s . C W . F . Coza r t , a colored man in A t l a n t i c C i t y , N . J . , has been appointed In te rna­t iona l O r g a n i z e r of Colored W a i t e r s by the H o t e l and R e s t a u r a n t Employees I n ­t e rna t i ona l A l l i a n c e , affiliated w i t h the

American Federation of Labor. Mr.

Cozart is author of the "Waiter's Manual." C Scot t B o n d , the w e l l - k n o w n colored f a r m ­er o f M a d i s o n , A r k . , has purchased the C a p t a i n J o h n Y o u n g f a r m , c o n t a i n i n g 900 acres, a t a p r ice of $145,000. G H u g h M . B u r k e t t , a colored rea l estate dealer in B a l t i m o r e , M d . , has bought a t auc t ion , a fou r - s to ry apa r tmen t house on a lo t 33x85 feet. The pr ice was $34,700. G In M a r y l a n d , there has been incorpora ted

the Reisterstown Colored Cemetery

Company of Baltimore County, to acquire and develop l a n d f o r b u r i a l lots. N icho l a s A . M a d d e n , W . H . T . Johnson , and Joshua D e t t are the prompters . C T h e Sou thern A i d Socie ty of V i r g i n i a , Inc., a t R i c h m o n d , in its twen ty - s ix th an­nua l s tatement, reports as cash balance, December 31, 1919: $145,076; cap i t a l and su rp lus , $429,131. M r . A . D . P r i c e is P res iden t . C M r s . X e n o p h o n Jones, a colored w o m a n i n Checotah , O k l a . , has 4,800 acres of o i l l a n d , w i t h 21 p r o d u c i n g wel l s , and an in ­come of $3,000 per day. H e r husband is

the son of the late W i l e y Jones, a r i c h a n d noted N e g r o . ( T h e Douglass L i f e Insurance C o m p a n y is be ing organ ized by Negroes in St . L o u i s , Mo . , as a $10,000 projec t ; over 70% of the stock has been subscr ibed. A m o n g the promoters are J . M . W e i l and W i l l i a m H . Mosby . G The 1'raternal Sav ings B a n k and T r u s t Company , a colored business i n M e m p h i s , Tenn. , has purchased a $50,000 estate for the erection of a modern ten-story office b u i l d i n g , to cost $200,000. The deposits of the company are near the $500,000 m a r k , accord ing to M r . A . F . W a r d , cashier . C A t D r e w r y v i l l e , V a . , there is a colored fa rmer , W . B . T u r n e r , and his five sons, who own over 1,000 acres, h a l f of w h i c h is under cu l t i va t i on . T h e i r last peanut crop sold fo r $13,000; las t season they g rew 62,000 pounds of cotton. G A t C h u l a , V a . , there has been fo rmed by

Negroes, the Chula Commercial and Improvement League. Last season colored

people bought, t h rough this League , ninety tons of f e r t i l i z e r a t $23.35 per ton, a to ta l of $2,101.50. T h i s f e r t i l i z e r was w o r t h , outside of the c lub, $27.75 per ton, or a total of $2,497.50—a difference of $396. G W i l l i a m Solder , a N e g r o i n Bos ton , Mass . , who has perfected his inven t ion of a combinat ion of cooking stove and hot wa te r heater, has become president of the Solder Improved Stove Company , a $500,-000 corpora t ion . C The S a v a n n a h , G a . , Sav ings and R e a l Es ta t e C o r p o r a t i o n has commenced work on a $200,000 s t ruc ture , to comprise a bank, office bu i ld ing , and m o v i n g pic ture theatre, on W e s t B r o a d Street. The president of the corpora t ion is W a l t e r S. Scott.

N A T I O N A L U R B A N L E A G U E THE M i l w a u k e e U r b a n League has been

inc luded i n the C e n t r a l i z e d Budge t for 1920, a c i t y p lan of f inanc ing acceptable organizations. The Wisconsin Anti-

Tuberculosis Association has asked A. B. Nutt, the M i l w a u k e e League 's E x e c u t i v e Secre­t a r y , to present the w o r k of the U r b a n League as c a r r i ed out l oca l ly and n a t i o n a l l y to i ts students who are t r a i n i n g as publ ic heal th workers .

C The State Depa r tmen t of C h i l d Hyg iene has asked William Ashby, of the New Jersey Urban League, to secure competent;

340 T H E CRISIS

graduate nurses who w i l l be used to teach N e g r o mothers methods of c h i l d care i n va r ious mun ic ipa l i t i e s of the state. The N e w a r k B o a r d of H e a l t h has requested space i n the offices of the U r b a n League , to be used fo r a c l in ic . A m o n g the resul ts o f the League ' s i n d u s t r i a l efforts d u r i n g the month of J a n u a r y , was the opening of two new factor ies to colored women.

The I n d u s t r i a l Depar tmen t of the E a s t St . L o u i s U r b a n League , of w h i c h E . C h a m p W a r r i c k is E x e c u t i v e Secre ta ry , is conduc t ing a co-operative grocery and mer­cant i le store as one of its ac t iv i t ies . I t promises to be a profi table as w e l l as a use' f u l add i t ion to the communi ty .

The St. L o u i s U r b a n League , of w h i c h W . B u c k n e r is E x e c u t i v e Secre ta ry , has

ven tu red into a new field—that of operat­i n g a free denta l c l in i c i n a congested N e g r o d i s t r i c t , as a means of hea l th edu­ca t ion as w e l l as r e l i e v i n g immedia te dis­comfor t . D u r i n g a dr ive conducted the first week of December, the colored people alone cont r ibu ted $2,200 to the suppor t of the League .

F o r three years , the A u x i l i a r y of the Assoc i a t ed Cha r i t i e s of Char lo t t e , N . C , affiliated w i t h the N a t i o n a l U r b a n League , has suppor ted a t r a ined social w o r k e r fo r the colored people of that c i ty . Recent ly , Gove rnor T . H . B icke t t , who is much i n ­terested i n N e g r o wel fare , addressed the o rgan iza t ion . Its B o a r d is composed of a sp lendid group of whi te and colored c i t i ­zens.

The C leve land o rgan iza t ion , under W i l l i a m R . Conners , is conduct ing a com­m u n i t y class i n fo remansh ip , i n response to a g r o w i n g demand fo r N e g r o foremen i n i n d u s t r i a l plants of C leve land . I t is also conduc t ing a class for social worke r s , i n co-operat ion w i t h the T r a i n i n g Depa r t ­ment of the Assoc ia t ed Cha r i t i e s .

The Bos ton U r b a n League 's Women ' s Commit tee , w i t h M r s . Clement M o r g a n , C h a i r m a n , is f u r n i s h i n g f r i end ly v i s i to r s f o r the Assoc ia t ed C h a r i t i e s i n two dis­t r i c t s i n Bos ton .

D r . J o h n G r a h a m Brooks , C h a i r m a n of the C a m b r i d g e U r b a n League , semi-month­l y cal ls together i n i n f o r m a l conference a group of representat ive whi te and colored men to discuss problems of v i t a l impor ­tance to both races. The Women's Department of the League is active in the

A s s o c i a t e d C h a r i t i e s a n d i n the C a m b r i d g e H e a l t h C o u n c i l .

T w o l a rge Ch icago firms have accepted the w e l f a r e p r o g r a m of the I n d u s t r i a l De ­pa r tmen t of the C h i c a g o U r b a n League . T h r o u g h the League , M o n t g o m e r y , W a r d and C o m p a n y , who employ 600 colored g i r l s as c le rks and s tenographers , has employed M r s . H e l e n S a y r e as we l f a re sec re ta ry ; the N a t i o n a l M a l e a b l e C a s t i n g s C o m p a n y , w h i c h employs 200 colored men, has engaged L l o y d Stone, f o r m e r l y B o y s ' Sec re ta ry of the Y . M . C . A . , as w e l f a r e worke r .

P O L I T I C S The R e p u b l i c a n N a t i o n a l Commi t t ee ,

w i t h W . H . H a y e s , C h a i r m a n , has numbered a m o n g 171 members of a spec ia l adv i so ry committee on po l i t i c s and p la t ­f o r m , five N e g r o e s — D r . S. A . F u r n i s s of Ind ianapo l i s , R . R . C h u r c h of M e m p h i s , Roscoe C. S immons of K e n t u c k y , J a m e s Weldon Johnson of N e w Y o r k , a n d W i l l i a m H . L e w i s of Massachuse t t s . G The D e m o c r a t i c p a r t y at T u l s a C o u n t y , O k l a , elected two N e g r o e s — F r e d D o u g l a s and E . J . Sad le r—as delegates to the State Conven t ion , d u r i n g F e b r u a r y . G The H o n o r a b l e C h a r l e s W . A n d e r s o n , in N e w Y o r k C i t y , has for the f o u r t h t ime been re-elected delegate a t l a rge f o r the R e p u b l i c a n S ta te Conven t ion . C A t Ch icago , Ill., A l d e r m a n J a c k s o n has won re-election i n the Second W a r d , by a 5,133 vote ; h is wh i t e D e m o c r a t i c opponent c a r r i e d on ly two prec inc ts , w i t h 700 votes.

W A R

H A R R I S B U R G , a colored v i l l a g e i n B a l d w i n C o u n t y , G a . , has u n v e i l e d a

memor i a l to its soldiers . A t the M i l i t a r y C a r n i v a l , a p la toon of

the colored 24th I n f a n t r y f r o m C o l u m b u s , N . M . , w o n the cup fo r i n f a n t r y d r i l l and was a w a r d e d first place. C A c c o r d i n g to the N e g r o Y e a r Book , $225,000,000 was con t r ibu ted by Negroes d u r i n g the w a r i n L i b e r t y B o n d s , R e d Cross , and other d r ives . C In Ohio, the Hamilton County Ex-Service Men's Welfare Committee has invited the colored E a r l S t e w a r t Pos t , number 127, A m e r i c a n L e g i o n , to elect a represen ta t ive to a t tend the i r meet ings .

T H E H O R I Z O N 341

G H E T T O LOUIS E . F L E M I N G has been awarded

a ve rd i c t of five cents aga ins t the L o u i s v i l l e a n d N a s h v i l l e R a i l r o a d . M r . F l e m i n g charged tha t t r anspo r t a t i on was f u r n i s h e d over a r i v e r f o r whi te passen­gers , bu t not f o r Negroes . The cour t held t h a t five cents was the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n fee across the b r i d g e and refused to a l l ow f u r ­t he r c l a i m f o r damage. C A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l F r a n k Roberson of M i s s i s s i p p i , has r u l e d t ha t Chinese ch i ld ren cannot a t t end schools w i t h whi te ch i ld ren . C C o l o r e d min i s t e r s i n N o r f o l k , V a . , re­cen t ly decl ined to i n v i t e the i r congrega­t ions to a " s p e c i a l " service of the " B i l l y " S u n d a y c a m p a i g n .

C A t T a m p a , F l a . , the C i t y C o u n c i l has recommended the purchase of a p a r k for N e g r o e s ; i t s cost is $10,000. G A t P e t e r s b u r g , V a . , m a i l w a s del ivered two a n d three t imes d a i l y i n whi te sec­t ions a n d i n colored sections once a day, regard less o f the f ac t t ha t 98% of the Negroes p a y taxes on houses a n d lots. The Negroes protes ted a n d n o w receive m a i l tw ice d a i l y .

M E E T I N G S F O U R H U N D R E D delegates f r o m t h i r t y -

three states at tended the first a n n u a l convention of the Lincoln League of America, and four national characters partici­p a t e d — W i l l i a m H . H a y s , C h a i r m a n of the R e p u b l i c a n N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e ; Gove rnor F r a n k 0 . L o w d e n of I l l i n o i s ; M a y o r W i l l i a m H a l e Thompson of Ch icago , and M a j o r G e n e r a l L e o n a r d W o o d . A m o n g the subjects discussed were " S h o u l d Sou thern Represen ta t ion Be C u t D o w n , " " J i m - C r o w Cars" and "Lynching." Roscoe C.

Simmons presided. The O l d N o r t h C a r o l i n a State D e n t a l

A s s o c i a t i o n has he ld i ts first a n n u a l con­ven t ion , a t w h i c h over 60% of the dentists of N o r t h C a r o l i n a were enro l led . D r . C. A . D u n s t o n o f R a l e i g h , N . C , was elected pres ident .

T h e N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of N e g r o T a i l o r s w i l l ho ld i ts a n n u a l convent ion i n N e w Y o r k C i t y , A u g u s t 4-6. M r . R . R. B u r t , o f N e w Y o r k C i t y , is pres ident of this o r g a n i z a t i o n . At the first Conference of Negro Industrial and Personnel Workers, which w a s h e l d i n P i t t s b u r g h , P a . , for ty-seven i n d u s t r i a l p l an t s were represented by wh i t e

and colored delegates and fifty students of N e g r o i n d u s t r i a l problems. A pamphle t of the proceedings of this conference w i l l be p r in t ed fo r d i s t r i bu t ion .

G The first mee t ing of the In t e r - r ac i a l Conference of B a l t i m o r e , M d . , has been held. D r . Peter A i n s l i e was c h a i r m a n . Resolut ions were adopted, fo r the p r o v i ­sion of p laygrounds , a communi ty house, a pa ren ta l school for t ruan ts , a vocat ional school, and the appoin tment of capable colored men as police magis t ra tes .

E D U C A T I O N THE first colored male teacher to be

appointed i n the Chicago H i g h Schools is Osca r J . J o r d a n , who w i l l teach fifth year students. M r . J o r d a n is a Bache lo r of A r t s f r o m the U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i no i s and has taken post-graduate w o r k at the U n i ­vers i t ies of M i c h i g a n and Chicago.

Twe lve years ago, seven s u p e r v i s i n g colored teachers were employed as an ex­per iment i n the State of V i r g i n i a ; s i x t y -three counties are now employ ing such teachers and p a y i n g one- th i rd of the ex­pense. Seven years ago there were no pub­l i c county schools fo r Negroes above the seventh g rade ; there are now sixteen r u r a l J u n i o r H i g h Schools. Howeve r , less than two- th i rds of the colored ch i ld ren of school age are in school ; the m a j o r i t y of r u r a l colored .schools are i n one-room b u i l d i n g s ; in fifty-five counties, s ix months or less is the average school t e r m ; and fifty-seven per cent of N e g r o ch i ld ren at school are in first and second grades. C The f o l l o w i n g s a l a r y schedule has been gran ted colored teachers by the School B o a r d a t N e w Or leans , L a . : F i r s t year , $70; second year , $75; t h i r d year , $80; fou r th year , $90; fifth year , $100; s i x t h year , $110; p r i n c i p a l s in e lementary schools fo r first year , w i t h g radua ted increase fo r five y e a r s : Less than 100 pup i l s , $100; less than 250 pup i l s and over 100, $110; between 250 and 400, $120; between 400 and 550, $130; between 550 and 800, $140; over 800, $150; the s a l a r y of the p r i n c i p a l of the h i g h school, $165 per month .

Colored college men i n A t l a n t a , G a . , have established the E t a C h a p t e r of the Omega P s i P h i F r a t e r n i t y . H a r o l d H . Thomas was elected as basileus.

W i t h i n two weeks, 308 colored i l l i t e r ­ates, r a n g i n g i n age f r o m 18-70, enro l led

342 T H E CRISIS

a t the f o u r pub l i c even ing schools fo r adu l t i l l i t e r a t e s i n S a v a n n a h , G a .

A school, to cost $20,000 and to be fu r ­n ished f r o m the P i e r r e D u P o n t F u n d , has been approved for colored children at Milford, Del. A scholarship to the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research has been awarded to V i c t o r V a l l o n , a g radua te w i t h honors of H o w a r d , the U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a , and N e w Y o r k State M e d i c a l Col lege. H i s average f o r three years a t H o w a r d was 98%.

T h r o u g h the Sco t i a Scho l a r sh ip Socie ty i n Je r sey C i t y , N . J . , a " B a t h Room F u n d " of $2,547 has been raised for Scotia Seminary, at Concord, N. C. d T h e colored t own of M o u n d B a y o u , M i s s . , has let a cont rac t fo r a modern school b u i l d i n g , to cost $58,000.

N A T I O N A L A S S O C I A T I O N O F C O L O R E D W O M E N

AT Des Moines, Iowa, in the recent Combined Charity Chest, the colored wo­men's clubs received $5,000 f o r the i r work , as the i r share f r o m the publ ic funds.

A t O m a h a , Neb. , 150 colored women have been employed by an overa l l f ac to ry . So successful has been the exper iment , tha t a s i m i l a r f a c to ry w i l l be opened i n M i n n e a p o ­l i s .

T h e club women of Denver , Colo. , an­nounce tha t the i r Home f o r Colored W o m e n is free f rom debt.

A t Pueblo , Colo. , on L i n c o l n - D o u g l a s s ' b i r t hday , the Orphanage t a g day netted over $1,000.

The M i n n e s o t a State F e d e r a t i o n he ld the i r a n n u a l mee t ing i n F e b r u a r y , a t M i n n e a p o l i s .

W i t h delegates f r o m N o r t h and Sou th C a r o l i n a , Georg i a , F l o r i d a , M i s s i s s i p p i , and Tennessee, the Southern Fede ra t ion of Colored Women ' s C lubs has been fo rmed at D a y t o n a , F l a . M a r y M c L e o d Bethune was elected president .

F R A T E R N I T I E S

ST. L U K E ' S P E N N Y S A V I N G S B A N K at R i c h m o n d , V a . , has declared a d i v i ­

dend of 5% and repor ts for December 31, 1919: resources, $433,691; receipts fo r the year . $2,563,233; gross profits, $21,419; i t has $30,090 in L i b e r t y Bonds . M a g g i e L . W a l k e r was re-elected pres ident .

C The Union Brotherhood Benevolent Association in Savannah, Ga., has bought prop­e r ty cos t ing $10,000, f o r i t s home. The or­g a n i z a t i o n has over 400 members , not i n ­c l u d i n g i ts b ranches f o r women and c h i l ­dren . M r . B o n a p a r t e W h i t e is the p r e s i ­dent. d A three-s tory b r i c k s t r uc tu r e has been purchased by colored M a s o n s i n P i t t s b u r g h , P a . , fo r a temple . C Co lored K n i g h t s o f P y t h i a s a t H o t S p r i n g s , A r k . , are b u i l d i n g a bath-house and s a n i t a r i u m , to cost $135,000. d The M o s a i c T e m p l a r s o f A m e r i c a have purchased a $20,000 piece of p r o p e r t y i n M e m p h i s , Tenn . , where a twe lve-s to ry steel a n d concrete s t ruc tu re , cos t ing $500,000, w i l l be erected f o r the o r g a n i z a t i o n . T h e r e are 28,000 T e m p l a r s i n Tennessee. D u r i n g the war, the Templars invested $200,000 in Liberty Bonds.

S O C I A L P R O G R E S S C O L O R E D bankers i n V i r g i n i a , have

fo rmed the V i r g i n i a N e g r o B a n k e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n , to acqui re and d isseminate b a n k i n g i n f o r m a t i o n and promote t h r i f t , i n ­d u s t r y and business b u i l d i n g . W i l l i a m M . R i c h , of the B r o w n S a v i n g s and B a n k i n g C o m p a n y , Inc., at N o r f o l k , V a . , was elected pres ident . d A t B a l t i m o r e , M d . , colored phys i c i ans and nurses have received appo in tments fo r service i n the pub l i c schools, t h r o u g h H e a l t h C o m m i s s i o n e r C . H a m p s o n Jones . T h e phy­s ic ians w i l l g ive t he i r services g r a t i s th i s y e a r ; the nurses , however , w i l l be p a i d $100 a mon th . The appointees a re Doc to r s W . S. J a c k s o n and J a y G . M c K a e ; the nurses , Mesdames M a r y F e r n a n d i s , A n n i e M . B a r n e s , F l o r e n c e Benne t t , Jessie S m i t h , C o r n e l i a W e a v e r , and B . N . Cole .

S ix ty - f i ve of P i t t s b u r g h ' s 786 pol icemen, a re Negroes . Super in tenden t of Po l i ce , R . J . A l d e r d i c e , s a y s : " T h e y have been on the force f o r the pas t twenty-f ive years , are g iven no spec ia l beats, and are courteous and p e r f o r m the i r duties as w e l l as officers of o ther races ."

T h e M a y o r and C i t y C o u n c i l a t Corde le , Ga., have appointed Dr. W. S. Pace, a Negro, as City Physician for the colored popu­la t ion . D r . Pace is a g radua te o f M e h a r r y , 1907.

A piece of p r o p e r t y 65x75, cos t ing $10,-000, has been purchased fo r a colored Y . M . C . A . i n S a v a n n a h , G a .

T H E H O R I Z O N 343

T h e S h o r t h a n d W r i t e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n of the C i t y of N e w Y o r k , f o r the first t ime has admi t t ed Negroes to i ts contest. S i x s tudents of the N e w Y o r k A c a d e m y , a col­ored i n s t i t u t i o n , took the t e s t , — E d i t h W i l ­son and M r s . K e n n e t h M c P h e r s o n won P i t m a n medals w i t h cert if icates, and Misses E . M . R a e a n d C . Goglas w o n certificates of m e r i t .

W i l l i a m Jefferson and W r i g h t B r a n c h , colored le t ter c a r r i e r s a t S a v a n n a h , G a . , have been g iven c le rksh ips , af ter a twelve years d i scont inuance of appoin tments of colored men to th is b r a n c h of the post-office service .

E s t e l l e M . T r u m a n , a colored nurse , is employed by Sears , Roebuck & C o m p a n y i n Ch icago , Ill. She has d i rec t overs igh t of 1,400 persons. I n C i v i l Se rv ice e x a m i n a t i o n M i s s T r u m a n was second on a l i s t of fifty. She is a g r adua t e of the Ch icago School of C i v i c s and P h i l a n t h r o p y .

E i g h t colored base-bal l teams have or­ganized the National Negro Baseball Association. Rube Foster, of Chicago, was elect­ed pres ident .

During the past year, the colored Charity Hospital and Training School for N u r s e s , at S a v a n n a h , G a . , served 902 pa­t ients , w i t h a death ra te of 6.7%. The i n ­s t i t u t i o n was es tabl ished nineteen years ago by the la te D r . C . M c K a n e ; D r . W . C . B l a c k m a n is super intendent .

A t B a l t i m o r e , M d . out of twenty-e igh t p l a y g u i l d s and s to ry centers, f ou r are fo r colored c h i l d r e n , who , also, have fou r school p l ay -g rounds . Negroes f o r m 15.2 per cent of the popu la t ion .

A t C h a r l e s t o w n , W . V a . , $20,000 was ra i sed i n a seven-day c a m p a i g n f o r the M a t t i e V . Lee H o m e f o r Colored G i r l s ; D r . H . F . G a m b l e and C . H . James gave $1,000 each. A m o n g the speakers i n the c a m p a i g n , were M a y o r G r a n t P . H a l l , M r s . L y d i a S. Poffenbarger , and R a b b i I s rae l B e t t a n .

V e r d i c t s of $250 each have been awarded the R e v . W i l l i a m N . D e B e r r y , pas tor o f St. John's Congregational Church, Springfield, Mass.; the Rev. Alex. C. Garner, pas to r o f the P l y m o u t h Congrega t iona l C h u r c h , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C ; and the Rev . C h a r l e s W . B u r t o n , pas to r of the L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l C o n g r e g a t i o n a l C h u r c h , Ch icago , Ill; against the Livingstone Cafeteria, Detroit, Mich.

R o y D . F o w l e r of C leve land , f o r m e r l y a Lieutenant in the Ninth Ohio Battalion, National Guard, has been appointed Federal P r o h i b i t i o n A g e n t fo r the d i s t r i c t c o m p r i s i n g Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ohio, and Virginia. His salary is $2,400 a year.

T h e N e w p o r t , R . I., B r a n c h of the N . A . A. C. P., which was organized last November, has a membership of over 100. Mr. W. J . L u c a s is president .

Colored we l fa re worke r s i n A t l a n t a , G a . , have organ ized the Soc ia l W o r k e r s ' C l u b , to serve as a c l e a r i n g house and confidential exchange fo r the va r ious wel fa re agencies of the c i ty . Jesse O. Thomas is president .

George C l a y t o n , a colored p h a r m a c i s t em­ployed by the L i g g e t t D r u g C o m p a n y i n N e w Y o r k C i t y , has been placed i n charge of a P r e s c r i p t i o n Depar tment .

The Recrea t ion Cente r es tabl ished at E a s t St . L o u i s , Ill., by the W a r W o r k C o u n ­c i l of the N a t i o n a l B o a r d of the Y . W . C . A . is now under the superv i s ion of the loca l wh i t e o rgan iza t ion . E s t h e r E . F u l k s is i n charge of the work .

The Sunbeam Thea t re i n L o s Ange l e s , C a l . , has been fined $200 fo r d i s c r i m i n a t i n g aga ins t a N e g r o , — J o h n H . Bates .

A s exercises i n cu r r en t events and c lass i ­fication, the pup i l s of the colored H o w a r d H i g h School a t W i l m i n g t o n , D e l . , have made the f o l l o w i n g su rvey of the occupat ions of Negroes i n t ha t c i t y : h a i r cu l tu r i s t s , 5 1 ; h a u l i n g and t rans fe r , 22; contractors , 17; barber shops, 16; res taurants , 11 ; bootblack pa r lo r s , 10; c i g a r stores, 8; employment agencies, ha l l s , phys ic ians , beauty pa r lo r s , and confec t ionary shops, 7 each ; t insmi ths , roofers and stove repa i re r s , caterers , and ice and coal dealers, 6 each ; under takers and grocers, 5 each ; bakers , garages , pro­pr ie tors , j u n k dealers, pool-rooms, and t a i l ­or-shops, 4 each; second-hand c lo th ing deal­ers, shoe and harnessmakers , photographers , paperhangers , dentists, and cabinet makers , 3 each ; au to - t ruck ing , automobi le t i r e re­p a i r i n g and v u l c a n i z i n g , club houses, d r u g stores, do l l hospi ta ls , fish dealers, hospi ta ls , insurance companies, news dealers, nove l ty and not ion shops, rea l estate dealers, to­bacco factor ies , uphols terers , 2 each ; thea­t re , set t lement house, p o u l t r y marke t , m i l ­l ine r , m a n u f a c t u r e r of toilet a r t ic les , f r u i t and produce dealer, chi ropodis t , c o m m u n i t y house, b l a c k s m i t h and l i v e r y stable, 1 each.

T h e g r ave of J o h n B r o w n , the abo l i t ion-

344 T H E C R I S I S

ist , a t N o r t h E l b a , N e w Y o r k , is included in the sale of 1,200 acres, for lumbering-operat ions.

T a x Co l l ec to r W i l l i a m B . H a r r i s o n re­ports tha t Negroes i n G e o r g i a re tu rned f o r taxes d u r i n g 1919, $54,858,301, as aga ins t $47,423,499 d u r i n g 1918, r ep resen t ing an increase of $7,434,852, or n e a r l y 15%. T h e va lue of automobiles owned by Negroes , i n ­creased f r o m $946,031 to $1,860,261.

M r . A . W . Reason , p r i n c i p a l of B a r t l e t t H i g h School , St . Joseph, M o . , was elected by the B o a r d of E d u c a t i o n to a t tend the conferences of super intendents and p r i n c i ­pals at the convention of the National

Educational Association, held in Cleveland, Ohio . M r . Reason is the f i rs t colored p r i n ­c i p a l to be delegated f r o m M i s s o u r i . I n the assembly of over 8,000 educators, not more t han a dozen were Negroes .

T r a n s y l v a n i a U n i v e r s i t y a t L e x i n g t o n , K y . , recent ly i nv i t ed a N e g r o , P rofessor W . H . Fouse , to address the students on " R a c e R i o t s . " The colored Frederick Douglass

Memorial Hospital and Training School in Philadelphia, Pa., of which Dr. N. F. Mossell is i n charge, has burned its second mor tgage , a m o u n t i n g to $16,000. I n less than ten minutes , $2,000 i n cash was subscribed to­w a r d a Ma in t enance F u n d of $50,000. M r . J o h n T . Gibson of the S t a n d a r d Thea t re has g iven $900 to the i n s t i t u t i on . C A t L o s A n g e l e s , C a l . , P a u l R . W i l l i a m s , a N e g r o , won f irs t p r ize , $300, offered by the Los Ange le s Pressed B r i c k Company , fo r the best des ign fo r a house to cost not more than $5,000, i n c l u d i n g hea t ing , p lumb­i n g , e lectr ic w i r i n g , and p a i n t i n g . The con­test was open to archi tec ts i n C a l i f o r n i a and A r i z o n a .

C Three thousand Negroes i n Ch icago , Ill, who had s igned pledges to suppor t a fight aga ins t r e s iden t i a l segregat ion, have he ld a meet ing at the 8th Reg imen t A r m o r y ; over $2,000 was collected to a id the move­ment. A m o n g the speakers were D r . Char l e s E . Ben t l ey , the Rev . J o h n W . Robinson , and M . C. B . M a s o n , J r .

P E R S O N A L

R I C H A R D W . T H O M P S O N of W a s h i n g -ton, D . C , is dead, at the age of f i f ty-

four . F o r th i r ty - seven years he d id ac t ive service as a colored newspaper cor respon­dent.

( F r e d R . Scot t , 62 W e s t 131st S t ree t , N e w Y o r k C i t y , wou ld l i k e to k n o w the where­abouts of J o h n P i g e o n , a f r i e n d of his w h e n they were a t the O r p h a n A s y l u m at 143rd St ree t and A m s t e r d a m A v e n u e , N e w Y o r k C i t y .

A t P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . , D a n i e l M . B a x t e r has succeeded W . B a s i l W e b b as Messenge r to M a y o r M o o r e . M r . W e b b re t i r e s , a f t e r twenty years ' se rv ice i n the M a y o r ' s office, to devote his t ime to r e a l estate business .

P ro fes so r J . W . Peele, f o r twe lve years ass is tant p r i n c i p a l of the Goldboro , N . C , Colored G r a d e d Schools , is dead.

E x - f i r e m a n C h a r l e s H . B r o w n , a N e g r o at S t . P a u l , M i n n . , is dead. O n M a y 7, 1887, he was appoin ted to the C i t y F i r e Depa r tmen t , where he served con t inuous ly fo r twenty-f ive y e a r s ; on J u n e 1, 1912, he was re t i r ed on a pension.

The m a r r i a g e of M i s s C a r o l i n e S t e w a r t B o n d , a g radua te of A t l a n t a U n i v e r s i t y and Radcl i f fe Col lege , to C a p t a i n A a r o n D a y , J r , a g radua te of the U n i v e r s i t y of Ch i cago and i n s t r u c t o r of c h e m i s t r y a t the P r a i r i e V i e w , Tex . , N o r m a l School , is announced.

D r . George W . Cabaness , a w e l l k n o w n colored p h y s i c i a n i n W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , i s dead.

F O R E I G N At M o n r o v i a , J a n u a r y 5, C h a r l e s D . B .

K i n g w a s i n a u g u r a t e d P r e s i d e n t of Liberia, and Samuel A. Ross, Vice

President. In connection with the ceremony, the B r i t i s h Gove rnmen t sent i t s c r u i s e r Thistle and the F r e n c h G o v e r n m e n t a w a r s h i p , w i t h B l a i s e D i a g n e , D e p u t y of Senega l at P a r i s , as spec ia l represen ta t ive of F r a n c e .

D r . M . L . M o o d y , a colored J a m a i c a n , has been appointed Bacteriologist and

Lecturer in Biology at the hospital of the University of London, England.

Seven wh i t e and seven colored men have been elected to the L e g i s l a t u r e a t K i n g s t o n , J a m a i c a , B . W . I . G T h e A f r i c a n Co-opera t ive C o r p o r a t i o n , Limited, has been chartered at London, England, with an authorized capital of $486,-000. T h e d i rec tors are w h i t e a n d colored business men of L o n d o n , w i t h a c o n s u l t i n g committee in West Africa, composed of Negroes of Sierra Leone, Gold Coast Colony, and N i g e r i a . T h e purpose of the company , is to make possible the entrance of the Negro upon the international world of com­merce under a co-operative p l a n .

THE C R I S I S ADVERTISER 345

" J U S T T H E P L A C E F O R Y O U R G I R L " Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls , Daytona, F l a .

Beaut i fu l location, ideal home life, fine, modern equipment. Courses inc lude K i n d e r g a r t e n , P r i m a r y , G r a m m a r , H i g h , N o r m a l , Vocat iona l . N u r s e T r a i n i n g at M c L e o d Hospital a specialty. T e r m s reasonable.

S e n d for Catalog.

MARY McLEOD BETHUNE, - • Principal.

Bell Phone Spruce 1924 30-D.y System Position

Derrick Shorthand School

Childs' Building

1435 Chestnut Street PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Only School of its Kind

in America

STATE UNIVERSITY, Louisville, Ky. Founded 1879.

The only Institution In tlio Stale having for its objer-t Collegiate, Ministerial, Med leal, und Legal training for Col­ored citizens In Kentucky. Special training in Insurance, Social Service, Nursing and Hospital Work. Normal, Commercial, Music, Domestic Science, Missionary training class. Evening classes, correspondence course. Degrees offered.

P r e s i d e n t C . H . P a r r i s h

Bell Phone Spruce 1924 30-D.y System Position

Derrick Shorthand School

Childs' Building

1435 Chestnut Street PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Only School of its Kind

in America

BEREAN M A N U A L TRAINING AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL

F o u n d e d 1809 Incorporated 1904 No n-Sec ta r ia n

W i n t e r T e r m o p e n e d T u e s d a y , J a n . 6, 1920 S p r i n g T e r m o p e n s T u e s d a y , A p r i l 6, 1920

P r i m a r i l y a T r a d e s School ; E x c e l l e n t Col lege P r e p a r a t o r y D e p a r t m e n t , E l e m e n t a r y E n g l i s h D e p a r t m e n t . N e w T r a d e s ; E l e c t r i c a l E n g i ­neer ing , B l u e P r i n t R e a d i n g , T e x t i l e W o r k , A u t o H e p a i r s .

J o i n now, or w r i t e the P r i n c i p a l ,

MATTHEW ANDERSON 1926 S o u t h C o l l e g e A v e . , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a .

V i s i t o r s W e l c o m e A l w a y s Eff ic iency Our A i m H e l p f u l n e s s Our Object "

The Lincoln Hospital and Home TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

in the city of New York offers t o young colored women a three years' course of instruction in nursing. Capacity of hospital—420 beds. Post Graduate Course of six months to graduates of accredited schools. For information apply to:

Superintendent of Nurses L i n c o l n H o s p i t a l and H o m e

New York , N . Y .

M O T H E R S F I T Y O U R D A U G H T E R F O R L I F E N o w is the T i m e to " S T U D Y " the School to w h i c h y o u are going 1 to send your daughter

next F a l l .

T H I S I N S T I T U T I O N IS D E E P L Y C H R I S T I A N

I t P e r m i t s No Shabby W o r k a n d T o l e r a t e s N o Loose H a b i t s

S I X T H G R A D E T H R O U G H T H E N O R M A L T o g e t h e r W i t h

V O C A T I O N A L T R A I N I N G M U S I C A T H L E T I C S

O u r A I M is to turn out well-rounded women, trained in intellect

and Discipl ined in self-reliance

T H E T R A I N I N G S C H O O L G I R L G O E S B A C K T O H E R C O M M U N I T Y P R E P A R E D T O H E L P L I F T T H E S T A N D A R D S O F

L I V I N G .

R E Q U I R E M E N T S : Sound in H e a l t h and M o r a l C h a r a c t e r

N o t U N D E R F I F T E E N Y e a r s of A g e . A B O V E the F I F T H G R A D E

Good record in in s t i tu t i o n f o r m e r l y a t t ended . S E N D F O R C A T A L O G

NATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS

M i s s N a n n i e H , B u r r o u g h s , P r e s i d e n t L i n c o l n H e i g h t s W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .

HALE INFIRMARY AND NURSE TRAINING SCHOOL 325 Lake Street, Montgomery, Ala.

Offers to H i g h School graduates and young women of higher education and good moral character, between the ages of 18 and 35, a three years' course in the profession of nurs­ing. F o r further informat ion apply to the Superintendent enclosing a stamp. *

M O T H E R S F I T Y O U R D A U G H T E R F O R L I F E N o w is the T i m e to " S T U D Y " the School to w h i c h y o u are going 1 to send your daughter

next F a l l .

T H I S I N S T I T U T I O N IS D E E P L Y C H R I S T I A N

I t P e r m i t s No Shabby W o r k a n d T o l e r a t e s N o Loose H a b i t s

S I X T H G R A D E T H R O U G H T H E N O R M A L T o g e t h e r W i t h

V O C A T I O N A L T R A I N I N G M U S I C A T H L E T I C S

O u r A I M is to turn out well-rounded women, trained in intellect

and Discipl ined in self-reliance

T H E T R A I N I N G S C H O O L G I R L G O E S B A C K T O H E R C O M M U N I T Y P R E P A R E D T O H E L P L I F T T H E S T A N D A R D S O F

L I V I N G .

R E Q U I R E M E N T S : Sound in H e a l t h and M o r a l C h a r a c t e r

N o t U N D E R F I F T E E N Y e a r s of A g e . A B O V E the F I F T H G R A D E

Good record in in s t i tu t i o n f o r m e r l y a t t ended . S E N D F O R C A T A L O G

NATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS

M i s s N a n n i e H , B u r r o u g h s , P r e s i d e n t L i n c o l n H e i g h t s W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .

W A N T E D 2 B o d y m a k e r s and W o o d w o r k e r s . Co lored m e n only. S teady work. Good wages .

T H E 0. R . P A T T E R S O N S O N S C O . , Greenf ie ld , Ohio

M O T H E R S F I T Y O U R D A U G H T E R F O R L I F E N o w is the T i m e to " S T U D Y " the School to w h i c h y o u are going 1 to send your daughter

next F a l l .

T H I S I N S T I T U T I O N IS D E E P L Y C H R I S T I A N

I t P e r m i t s No Shabby W o r k a n d T o l e r a t e s N o Loose H a b i t s

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O u r A I M is to turn out well-rounded women, trained in intellect

and Discipl ined in self-reliance

T H E T R A I N I N G S C H O O L G I R L G O E S B A C K T O H E R C O M M U N I T Y P R E P A R E D T O H E L P L I F T T H E S T A N D A R D S O F

L I V I N G .

R E Q U I R E M E N T S : Sound in H e a l t h and M o r a l C h a r a c t e r

N o t U N D E R F I F T E E N Y e a r s of A g e . A B O V E the F I F T H G R A D E

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NATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS

M i s s N a n n i e H , B u r r o u g h s , P r e s i d e n t L i n c o l n H e i g h t s W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .

M e n t i o n THE C R I S I S ,

346 T H E C R I S I S A D V E R T I S E R

T H E S T E N O G R A P H E R S ' I N S T I T U T E 1227 S. 17th S T R E E T , P H I L A D E L P H I A , P A .

S H O R T H A N D T Y P E W R I T I N G B O O K K E E P I N G A l l shor thand a n d b o o k k e e p i n g classes are closed. N e w classes •will he organ ized A p r i l 1st.

D u r i n g the months of J a n u a r y a n d F e b r u a r y the A d v a n c e d Class i n S h o r t h a n d wrote and t r a n s c r i b e d " S i r R o g e r D e Cover ley P a p e r s , " " T h e V i s i o n o f S i r L a u n f a l , " " A u t o b i o g r a p h y of B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n " a n d excerpts f r o m I r v i n g ' s " S k e t c h B o o k . " A S p e c i a l C l a s s i n S e c r e t a r i a l B o o k k e e p i n g organ ized F e b r u a r y 9th . Classes in T y p e w r i t i n g o r g a n i z e d every M o n d a y .

J O B W O R K — I f you have a h u n d r e d or 10,000 c i r c u l a r le t ters to send out—don' t w o r r y youB s t enographer—we can do t h e m in a h u r r y and S A V E you T I M E , M O N E Y a n d " W O R R Y . M e n t i o n r ibbon and type on your t y p e w r i t e r a n d we w i l l fix t h e m so your s t enographer c a n f i l l in name and address , m a k i n g t h e m appear as persona l le t ters . "Work for C H U R C H E S , SO­C I E T I E S and B U S I N E S S M E N a spec ia l ty . A t t r a c t i v e t y p e w r i t t e n not i ce - forms on cards a n d half -sheets . D i s t a n c e makes no difference, i f y o u are w h e r e y o u can hear the w h i s t l e of a steam-car, we can r e a c h your r a i l o a d stat ion.

E D W A R D T . D U N C A N , P r e s i d e n t .

YOUNG WOMEN HERE IS YOUR CHANCE GOOD POSITIONS—GOOD SALARIES A n s w e r the C a l l for Socia l W o r k e r s . a n d E n t e r the W o r l d ' s Greates t F i e l d for Service

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D E M A N D W e T r a i n for C h r i s t i a n L e a d e r s h i p — T h e Only K i n d o f L e a d e r s h i p T h a t W i l l S t a n d

the T e s t in the N E W D A Y .

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L i n c o l n H e i g h t s , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .

VA. UNION UNIVERSITY R I C H M O N D , V A .

F o u n d e d 1865

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T W O G R E A T BOOKS f o r $2.50 N O L I B R A R Y C O M P L E T E W I T H O U T T H E M

(1) T h e H i s t o r y of the N e g r o R a c e and N e g r o S o l d i e r s i n the S p a n i s h - A m e r i c a n W a r , Dat ing Back to E g y p t and the P h a r o a s — 4 0 0 pages, 5 0 i l lustrations. (Retails alone for $ 1 . 2 5 . ) W a s adopted as a textbook by N o r t h Caro l ina State B o a r d of Educat ion .

( 2 ) T h e P i c t o r i a l H i s t o r y of the N e g r o in the G r e a t W o r l d W a r , g iv ing a bril l iant historical sketch, a description of battle scenes by Colonel H a y w o o d , of the F i g h t i n g F i f ­teenth N e w Y o r k , Capt. Marsha l l , Sergeant Steptoe, R a l p h T y l e r and others, with 1 5 0 excellent pictures of officers and men and war views. (Sells alone for $ 2 . 0 0 . )

Jus t T h i n k , only $2.50 for these two great books.

A g e n t s w a n t e d e v e r y w h e r e , l a rge c o m m i s s i o n s p a i d A D D R E S S : E . A . J O H N S O N , 17 W e s t 132nd S t r e e t , N e w Y o r k , N . Y .

M e n t i o n T H E C R I S I S .

T H E C R I S I S A D V E R T I S E R 347

T E A C H E R S W e have had calls for teachers from Alabama,

Arkansas , Delaware, District of Columbia , F l o r i d a , Georgia , I l l inois , Indiana, Kansas , Kentucky , Louis i ­ana, M a r y l a n d , Mississippi^ Mis sour i , New Y o r k , Nor th C a r o l i n a , Ohio , Oklahoma, Pennsylvania , Rhode Island, South Caro l ina , Tennessee, Texas , V i r ­ginia and West V i r g i n i a .

T H E M U T U A L T E A C H E R S ' A G E N C Y 1403 N e w Y o r k A v e n u e W a s h i n g t o n , D . 0.

The Colored Teachers' Bureau W i l l H e l p Y o u Get a Better P a y i n g Posit ion.

R E G I S T E R N O W S E A S O N A B L E T E R M S

Address: Colored Teachers' Bureau B o x 22, W i l b e r f o r c o , 0 .

A M O N E Y G E T T E R because I t Is A C R O W D G E T T E R .

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M I S S N A N N I E H . B U R R O U G H S , A u t h o r L i n c o l n H e i g h t s . W a s h i n g t o n . D . C .

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N E W S P A P E R S E R V I C E B U R E A U F i f t e e n telephones, 309 B r o a d w a y , N e w Y o r k , N . Y .

THE CURSE OF RACE PREJUDICE B y J a m e s F . M o r t o n , J r . . A . M .

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J A M E S F . M O R T O N , J R . , 211 W e s t 138th S tree t N e w Y o r k , N . Y .

A T h r i l l i n g N e g r o R o m a n c e " T h e I m m e d i a t e J e w e l o f H i s S o u l "

by H e r m a n D r e e r

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W A N T E D W A N T E D L i v e A g e n t s A t Once T o Se l l

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D u d l e y & P o r t e r M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o . 1 1 6 S o u t h M a i n S t . , M u s k o g e e . O k l a .

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Bus iness a n d P r o f e s s i o n a l C a r d s furnished in several styles appropriate for any business or profession at the fol lowing prices: 100 for 85 cents, 250 for $1.50, 500 for $2.25.

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M e n t i o n T H E C R I S I S .

3 4 8 T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R

26TH A N N U A L S T A T E M E N T of

SOUTHERN AID SOCIETY OF VIRGINIA, INC.

j ^ * >̂ « X » X *

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R E C E I P T S Jan . 1, 1919—Cash B a l a n c e

B r o u g h t F o r w a r d D e c . 31, 1919—Annual I n ­

come

$102,656.72

632,335-15

G r o s s Rece ip t s for 1919 $734, 991.87

D I S B U R S E M E N T S D e c . 31, 1919—Total D i s ­

bursed d u r i n g year ( i n -c l u d i n g inves tments made d u r i n g year )

C a s h B a l a n c e J a n . 1, 1920

Jan . 1, 1920—Total A s s e t s . J an . 1, 1920—Total L i a b i l i ­

ties ( i n c l u d i n g C a p i t a l S t o c k )

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$145,076.94

$452,i55.36

53,024.28

J a n . 1, 1920—Surplus F u n d $399,131.08

T o t a l A m o u n t P a i d to P o l i c y h o l d e r s to D e c . 31, 1919 $1,898,764.19

T h e sp lendid achievement shown above is the result of mer i ted confidence and l ibe ra l support of the people in the G o o d O l d State of V i r g i n i a : A Supe r io r P o l i c y of P r o t e c t i o n issued by the Soc ie ty : A n d a Super io r Serv ice efficiently rendered by a L o y a l and Consc ien t ious set of Officers and E m p l o y e e s .

W e are p roud of this R e c o r d — o u r P o l i c y h o l d e r s , our Officers and E m p l o y e e s . W e extend to each and a l l our sincere thanks, and pledge our u tmos t i n P r o ­tect ion, Service and Co-opera t ion .

SOUTHERN AID SOCIETY OF VIRGINIA, INC. 527 N O R T H S E C O N D S T R E E T

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Ment ion T H E C R I S I S .

T H E C R I S I S A D V E R T I S E R 349

Darkwater By W. E. B. Du Bois Author of "The Souls of Black Folk," etc.

D r . D u B o i s ' s new book is a compan ion vo lume to " T h e Souls of Black F o l k . " It deals wi th the place of the darker races i n the modern w o r l d .

N o t a d r y con t r ibu t ion to socio logy, but a human docu­ment of ex t raord inary in tens i ty and ins ight , desc r ib ing the awakened conscience and aspirat ions of the darker races eve rywhere , h o w it feels to be a b lack man in a whi te w o r l d , and h o w the so lu t ion is to be found in cons ider ing the N e g r o p rob lem, not apart from the problems of w o r k and wage , government , domest ic service, sex, and educat ion, but as an in tegra l part of them and h a v i n g no real i ty out­side of them. E v e n more than the late B o o k e r W a s h i n g t o n , D r . D u Bois is now the chief spokesman of the two hundred m i l l i o n men and w o m e n of A f r i c a n b lood. $2.00 net.

The Shadow By Mary White Ovington Author of "Half a Man," etc.

T h e s tory of a beaut i ful southern g i r l of ar is tocra t ic f ami ly , w h o m a strange fate has placed in ch i ldhood on the doorstep of a N e g r o cabin , and w h o m fate again sends into the whi t e w o r l d w h e n she discovers the secret of her b i r th . T h e nove l , w h i c h deals w i t h Negroes i n their cabins, w i t h the master in the great house, and in the N o r t h w i t h the factory and the w o r k s h o p , is unusua l in its theme, and sane and sympathe t ic i n its t reatment of nor therner and south­erner, of b lack and whi te . $1.75 net.

The Chicago Race Riots By Carl Sandburg With an introductory note by Walter Lippmann

These art icles , repr in ted f rom the Ch icago D a i l y N e w s , describe the Ch icago Race R i o t s of J u l y , 1919, and the economic and social forces w h i c h produced them. 60 cents net.

For sale by

The Crisis 70 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y . or by the publishers

Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1 West 47th St., New York

M e n t i o n T H E C R I S I S .

350 T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R

Scott's official History of the American Negro in the G R E A T W A R

Bishop Har t se l l of the Methodist Episcopal Church writes as f o l l o w s : "I have read your history of The Amer i can Negro in the W a r and want to congratu­

late you on having issued so quickly a volume of so much value. The official records w i l l have a very wide circulat ion and be assured a permanent place among the masses. T h e candid and fair spirit which characterizes a l l your public utterances is manifest."

A Proud Chapter in the History of

the Negro Race The official and authentic

history of the true part played by the Negro i n the great W o r l d W a r , writ ten by a man whose valuable experience, intimate con­nection w i th every phase of the direction of the great struggle, makes i t possible to publish the true facts.

A great historical volume that should be in every Negro home. Gives inside facts and accurate and of­ficial data and pictures which will appear in no other book. E v e r y chapter is ful l of the very informa­tion which you have been anxiously wai t ing to know.

T h i s Great B o o k tel ls a l l about the N e g r o E v e r y ­where in the W o r l d W a r — H o w H e D i d H i s D u t y , in every capaci ty — f rom r ight up in the front l ine t renches and on the bat­t l e f i e l d s — c l e a r b a c k to the w o r k of k e e p i n g the home fires b u r n i n g ; on the fa rms; in the m i l l s and m u n i t i o n p lan t s ; on the ra i l roads and s teamships ; in sh ipyards and factories. M e n and w o m e n w i t h the R e d Cross , the Y . M . C. A . , the Y . W . C . A . , the W a r C a m p C o m m u n i t y Service , the L i b e r t y L o a n Dr ives , etc.

Scot t ' s Off ic ia l H i s t o r y was wr i t t en for the N e g r o by the N e g r o that the wonder fu l r ecord of dar­ing deeds, gal lant b rave ry and u n d y i n g h e r o i s m of our b lack t roops m i g h t never per ish . A great t r i ­bute to the pa t r i o t i sm of the N e g r o Race.

Emmett J . Bcott, A . M . , L . L . D .

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D . B A K E R .

A s s i s t e d b y THE FOLLOW­i n g notable i n d i v i d u a l s : D R . CARTER G . W O O D S O N , D i r e c t o r of Resea rch , T h e A s s o c i a t i o n for the S tudy of N e g r o L i f e & H i s t o r y , Inc . R A L P H W . T Y L E R , A c ­cred i ted Represen ta t ive OF the C o m m i t t e e - o n P u b l i c I n f o r m a t i o n , W H O A C C O M ­pan ied the c o l o r e d t roops to w a r fronts i n F r a n c e . W I L L I A M A N T H O N Y A E R Y , P u b l i c a t i o n S e c r e t a r y , H a m p t o n N o r m a l AND A g ­r i c u l t u r a l Ins t i tu te . M O N ­ROE N . W O R K , D i r e c t o r D i ­v i s ion of R e c o r d s and R e ­search, T u s k e g e e N o r m a l and I n d u s t r i a l Ins t i tu te , i

M R S . A L I C E D U N B A R N E L ­SON ( f o r m e r l y M r s . P a u l L a u r e n c e D u n b a r ) leader i n the m o b i l i z a t i o n OF COL­ored w o m e n of the COUN­t r y for w a r w o r k under the auspices of the W o ­men's C O M M I T T E E , C o u n ­c i l of N a t i o n a l Defense. M I S S E V A G . B O W L E S , E x ­ecutive S e c r e t a r y , i n charge o f the c o l o r e d w o r k of the Y o u n g W o ­men's C h r i s t i a n A s s o c i a ­t ion . L I E U T . T . T . T H O M P ­

SON, H i s t o r i a n w h o A C C O M ­panied the famous 92d D i ­v i s i o n , U . S. A . to F r a n c e .

O V E R 600 LARGE P A G E S (equal to 800 o r d i n a r y pages) .

P r o f u s e l y Illustrated with nearly 160 official French and American Negro War Photographs, showing all sides of War Activities and Negro sol­dier Life, from the Call to the Colors on Through the Training 0 a m p a. Then to t h e B a t t l e Fronts and back to the Happy Home Coming.

T H E NEGRO HISTORICAL PUBLISHING C O M P A N Y P . O . D r a w e r I W A S H I N G T O N , D . C . " U " S t . S t a t i o n

M e n t i o n T H E C R I S I S .

T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R 351

LULA ROBINSON-JONES

Soprano Available for Concerts

Telephone 6393 M o r n i n g s i d e

126 W. 134th Street New York, N . Y .

Cleota J . Collins

Lyric Soprano Recitals. including compo­sitions by Negro composers, and short, snappy lectures on Negro music. Your com­munity and young people wi l l be musically inspired.

Address: 156 Hami l ton Avenue

C O L U M B U S , OHIO

Clarence Cameron White

VIOLINIST Critics are one in their

high estimate of the splendid attainment* of C l a r e n c e Cameron White and his Con­cert appearance in your city means the musical event of the season." For terms and dates address

616 COLUMBUS AVENUE BOSTON, MASS.

W I L L I A M H . R I C H A R D S O N , - Baritone " O n e o f the agreeable features of l i is s i n g i n g waa his

d i s t i n c t e n u n c i a t i o n . " P h i l i p H a l e i n T h e B o s t o n H e r a l d . A D D R E S S :

170 W A L N U T A V E N U E R O X B U R Y , MASS.

E. A L D A M A J A C K S O N Graduate of Ins t i tu te of M u s i c a l A r t

Organist-Director of Music of St. Marks M . E . Church ; Concert Accompanist; Piano, Voice,

Theory, Instruction, Conducting, Coaching. Harmony taught from beginning to com­

pletion. Private or correspondence. Geothius system.

S t u d i o : 185 W . 136th St., N e w Y o r k , N . Y . Telephone Morningside 1708.

Important Notice T h e increased cost o f advcr ' lsing a n d the trebled coat of raw m a ­ter ia l compel us to raise the price of our bustij or close o u r studio .

B u s t s of B o o k e r T . W a s h i n g t o n . F r e d Doug las s . P a u l L a u r e n c e D u n b a r , B i s h o p I t i chard A . l e n .

{2.00 each Four busts, {7.00 Agent write for neu- term* at once.

T H E I S A A C H A T H A W A Y A R T C O M P A N Y

718 S. Hickory St., Pine Bluff, Ark.

The Greater Invincible Concert Co. HIGH CLASS ENTERTAINERS

E D M O N I A M A C K E Y , C o l o r a t u r a S o p r a n o C A U L Y N E M O S E L Y , S o p r a n o a n d R e a d e r

T . W . L A N G S T O N , Vio l in i s t a n d Bar i tone So lo i s t

Churches Schools Lodges Y . M . C . A . 'S For dates and terms write:

1910 E . 24th Street, Kansas City, M o .

Badges, Banners, Lodge Regalia For all Lodge and Church Societies

C E N T R A L REGALIA CO. JOS. L . JONES, Pres.

N . E . Cor. 8th and P lum Sit., Cincinnati, Ohio

TWlpAofU), Barlnl T7I4

I S A D O R E M A R T I N Real Estate and Insurance

Notary Public Mortgages 6 North 42nd Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Phonograph Records of our Foremost Negro Artists N o w R e a d y a n d o n S a l e

N o . I. " G O D O W N M O S E S , " B a r i t o n e S o l o , c o m p o s e d a n d s u n g by H A R R Y T . B U R L E I G H .

N o . 2 , " V I L L A N E L L E . " S o p r a n o S o l o , s u n g b y F L O R E N C E C O L E - T A L B E R T .

N o . 3 , " C R A D L E S O N G , " V i o l i n S o l o , c o m p o s e d a n d p l a y e d by C L A R E N C E C A M E R O N W H I T E .

P r i c e S I . 2 5 e a c h , a n d 2 5 c e x t r a f o r m a i l i n g , p a c k i n g a n d i n s u r a n c e .

BROOME SPECIAL PHONOGRAPH RECORDS 23 Clayton A v e , , Medford, Mass.

Send name and address for illustrated catalog.

T e l . 5437 Fort H i l l Cable Address, Epberi

E D G A R P . B E N J A M I N ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR-AT-LAW

3 + School Street Boston, Mass. •Telephone Connection

Patents secured o n easy terms Write for particulars.

. JOS H . S T E W A R T , Attorney-at-Law, 484 Louisiana A T C . N . W „ Washington, D. C .

Mention T H E CRISIS.

352 T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R

T H E BIG DRIVE IS O N ! ORCHARDVILLE LOTS GOING FAST

If you want any while you can get them at the introductory price of only

$49.50 ON VERY EASY TERMS — YOU MUST A C T QUICKLY H E R E IS Y O U R O P P O R T U N I T Y T O T A K E A D V A N T A G E O F T H E M O S T A T T R A C T I V E L O T O F F E R E V E R M A D E . P E O P L E F R O M A L L O V E R T H E C O U N T R Y A R E S E C U R I N G T H E S E L O T S A N D T H E D E M A N D F O R T H E M IS I N C R E A S I N G B Y L E A P S A N 1) B O U N D S . Orchardville is located in a H I G H G R A D E F R U I T G R O W I N G R E G I O N and is to he de­veloped into a B E A U T I F U L F R U I T C I T Y . Each lot wil l have F I V E H I G H G R A D E F R U I T T R E E S P L A N T E D O N IT . also a B E A U T I F U L S H A D E T R E E , and wil l be cultivated and taken care of hv us for F O U R Y E A R S W I T H O U T E X T R A C O S T T O Y O U . When the trees come into commercial bearing they should earn you E X C E L L E N T Y E A R L Y R E T U R N S O N Y O U R I N V E S T M E N T W I T H O U T A N Y E F F O R T O N Y O U R P A R T . The lots are sized 30 x 144 feet and have plenty of room for a house, garden, chicken yard, shed, etc.. besides the room taken up by the fruit trees. Each lot is guaranteed to be high and drv under a M O N E Y - B A C K G U A R A N T E E , and the con­

tract you get gives you the very protection you might want. The price of the lots is only $49.50 each and the terms are only $6.00 down and $3.00 a month. Smaller terms on two or more lots. N O I N T E R ­E S T A T A N Y T I M E . T H E T I T L E T O T H E P R O P E R T Y IS A B ­S O L U T E L Y C L E A R A N D IS C O N V E Y E D T O Y O U P.Y A W A R R A N T Y D E E D W I T H O U T E X T R A C O S T . Our beautiful pamphlet gives you all the details of the offer and tells you how to secure your lots. Simply write your name and address on the coupon below and mail it to us R I G H T A W A Y . As soon as we receive it we wi l l mail you the pamphlet and a booklet containing some interesting views and testimonial letters without any obligation to you. B U T YOIT M U S T A C T Q U I C K L Y B E C A U S E T H E L O T S A R E G O I N G F A S T . T H E S U P ­P L Y IS V E R Y L I M I T E D A N D I T IS A C A S E O F F I R S T C O M E — F I R S T S E R V E D . M a i l the coupon T O D A Y .

T H E S W A N - A R E N S O N R E A L T Y and D E V E L O P M E N T C O . 1 9 S O U T H L A S A L L E S T R E E T C H I C A G O , I L L .

T H E S W A N - A R E N S O N R E A L T Y & D E V E L O P M E N T CO. Chicago. Ill.

Date > 19 Gent lemen: —

I am interested in your Orchardvi l le lot offer and would l i k e to secure one of your pamphlets and booklets wi thout any obl igat ion to me. Name

Address Town C-4-20

State

Mention T H E CRISIS-

T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R 353

H O T E L D A L E

Hotel Dale, Philadelphia, Pa. (already built)

The Hotel Dale Company, Inc., of Philadelphia, have issued 10,000 shares of its Capital Stock for sale, for remodelling and equipping the newly purchased hotel on Broad St., Philadelphia, for our Race.

Excellent dividends are expected from this much needed hostelry based on the facts that an average of a thousand colored people pass through Philadelphia every day, and it is estimated that $2,000 and more is spent in white restaurants by us daily.

The Hotel Dale is in the very heart of the city, and within walking distance of all the shops, theatres and railway stations.

The shares are now selling at $10.00 each, cash or deferred payments. A few shares of this stock purchased N O W may not only mean financial gain to yourself, but will insure self-respect and contentment to your children's children.

The leading business and professional men of Philadelphia are the promoters of this great Race movement. $1.00 will start you off!

S U B S C R I B E T O D A Y For full information write:

B E R E S F O R D G A L E , Fiscal Agent

H O T E L D A L E C O M P A N Y , I n c . 1201 Spruce Street, (Room 506)

PHILADELPHIA, PA. Reliable agents wanted.

Mention T H E CRISIS.

354 THE CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R

GET THIS SUIT Made To Your Own Measure

FREE

Don't send one penny, just send your name and address. We'll send you full details of this wonderful

offer Absolutely F R E E . Don't delay because thousands will be taking advantage of this "un­heard-of" sacrifice. Just think

Y O U R S U I T

EXPRESS PREPAID You can't afford to overlook this chance. We are taking on some new agents to represent us and take orders for our swell tailoring—we'll give you your own suit F R E E and pay you B i g M o n e y b e s i d e s .

No Extra Charges of any kind—all the latest fancy styles, any size, large or small, golf bottoms, fancy belt loops, peg tops, pearl buttons, etc Every th ing F r e e .

$2,500 a Year for You Just for your spare time—many make more. It's dead easy. Send us your name and address N O W for our Wonderful Style Book and dozens of rich samples to choose from. Pick out your suit right away—it won ' t c o s t you a penny.

THE PROGRESS TAILORING CO., Dept. 1752 CHICAGO Ment ion T H E CRISIS.

WRITE TODAY Act Quick

Don't Delay

T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R 355

HOTEL DALE CAPE MAY, N. J .

Comfort and Elegance without Extravagance

This Magnificent Hotel, Located in the Heart of the Most Beautiful Seashore Resort in the World,

fc replete with every modern improvement, superlative in construction, appointments, serv­ice and refined patronage. Orches tra daily, garage, bath houses, tennis, etc., on premises. Special attention given to ladies and children. Send for booklet.

E . W . D A L E , Owner

W O M E N , M E N , B O Y S , G I R L S

J O B S — G O O D J O B S A R E w a i t i n g f o r y o u

Phones: Drexel 98, 194, 1281

4702 S. State St.

Open Evenings

Chicago, 111.

T H E WHITELAW HOTEL J O H N W L E W I S . P R E S .

13th and Tea Streets, N .W.

Washington, D. C

A p p o i n t m e n t s Unexcel led

Rates $ 1 . 0 0 and Up per D a y .

W M . D. NIXON, Manager.

FREE F A S H I O N B O O K M A I L E D

U P O N R E Q U E S T

R e a l H u m a n H a i r

All our wigs are hand made and strictly to order, from maker to wearer.

W I G S . Trans formations, switch­es, and Braids and all other articles of hair goods.

No. 604—Price Jlu.SO

We carry the largest selection of Hair Dress­ers' Tools.

The celebrated Mme. Baum's Preparations which make , the skin velvetlike, the hair silklike.

Mme. Baum's Mail Order House P. O. B O X 145,

Penn. Terminal Station, New York , N . Y .

When writ ing, mention this paper.

S P E N D Y O U R V A C A T I O N A T

The' most wonderfully Ideal spot wbere young and old cast aside for the time all the caree and worries of tbelr strenuous, nerve-racking routine lives and romp and play once more as children and enjoy to the full nature In all her wondrous glory. The waters of the lake and surrounding irout streams are fairly teeming with game fish of ihe best varieties.

Do you enjoy bathing, boating, fishing, hunting? Do you enjoy roaming through the woods picking

wild flowers and wild berries? Do you want a place to go where you can build up

your health, vitality, energy and business efficiency T Do you enjoy mingling with the active, thinking, I

progressive people of the day—people who do things t / Do you believe In progress and do you want to j have a part In one of the most progressive move- / menta of the time? Surely I -Then you will be Interested In, and want to ' own a lot of your own In Beautiful Idlewlld, £ Michigan. If you act at once you can se- ' cure a beautiful lot for only $35,' $6.00 cash; $1.00 per week. When payments are completed the lot will transferred to you by an absolute warranty deed with abstract show- M Log clear title. *

_ 0 ~ . - ~ V *

agents wanted I d l e w i l d R e s o r t / / / /

1110 Hartford Bldg So. Dearborn St. /

Gentlemen: without cost to me please send me full particulars regarding Idlewild

C o m p a n y

Chicago, 111.

Mention T H E CRISIS.

356 T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R

TWO GREAT NEGRO BOOKS AGENTS

M A K I N G

$60.00

Per Week

We Want You

To Act In Your

County

Emmett J . Scott's War History

( A Few Interesting Chapters.) Colored Officers and How They Were Trained. Treatment of Negro Soldiers in Camp. The Negro Combat Div is ion . Negro Soldiers Overseas. Negro Heroes of the War . Negro Soldier as a Fighter. The Spiri t of the Negro at the Front. Negro Music That Stirred France. When the Boys Came Home. Herman Propaganda Among the Negroes. What the Negro Got Out of the War .

The 38 chapters are interesting and instruc­tive. There are 600 pages, size 7 x 9 inches; price $2.90.

7 4 4 P a p e s — 1 0 0 P a g e s o f N e g r o S o l d i e r s , 5 0 P a g e s o t o t h e r a p p r o p r i a t e a n d i n t e r e s t i n g p i c t u r e s .

T H E K E L L Y M I L L E R H I S T O R Y OF T H E W O R L D W A R

is a l l that the title can possibly mean. The author takes up the Great Conflict, fol lowing it step by step through the thirty excellent chapters, including the Terms of Peace.

The Negro's W a r for Democratization—He braces Himsel f and Claims to be the Champion of Democracy—Enters the Arena of Combat I The German Indigent—The South Sensitive— The Nor th Quizzical—The Whole W o r l d Hes i ­tant.

The Negro Turns the Tide at Chateau Th ie r ry—He Helps H u r l Back the Hordes of the H u n — W i n s Hi s Place and Right to a Voice in the Affairs of M a n k i n d against Pre­judice. Ridicule, Race Hatred and almost In­surmountable Obstacles 1

The book is bound 1 i n durable cloth, with substantial head band, price $2.50. In F u l l Kerotol Morocco, $3.50. Copy mailed to any address upon receipt of the price. Satisfac­tion guaranteed or money refunded.

Emmett Scott, Author Prof. Kelly Miller, Author

Dear Reader—We have sold more of these great books than have been sold by all other publishers and jobbers. I f you w i s h to se l l books, send 15 cents In stamps for one prospec­tus, or send 30 cents and we w i l l m a i l both of them. Millions of these hooks are being sold, B I G M O N E Y is being made by our S A L E S P E O P L E . W i l l you join us in the distribution of good helpful race books?

A U S T I N J E N K I N S C O . 523 9th St., Washington, D. C .

Ment ion T H E CRISIS.

STATE ST STYLES TAILORED - TO - MEASURE

At Agent's inside wholesale Prices New Fall and Winter Sample Book Now Ready

Bigger Samples M o r e F a b r i c s Additional Styles

S E N T F R E E With Inside Wholesale Prices to Agents

Styles and Samples to please every taste, to look well on every age and build.

Greater cash profits to agents Even if you don't want to be our Agent in your spare time, be sure to get our new FREE offer and learn how we save you one-half on your own clothes.

TAILORING AGENTS—Be sure to write and get our new deal with Bigger Profits, Better Attention and Prompt Shipments.

KNICKERBOCKER TAILORING CO. Dept 290, Chicago, ILL

AMAZING CASH PROFITS

are being made in the delightful

AGENCY T A I L O R I N G

BUSINESS Why Don't YOU

Get Into the game?

YOU BET I W A N T T H A T New SAMPLE BOOK

please send it to me FREE and PREPAID. Here is my address

Name

R.F.D Box Postoffice .

Street & No State .

Fill in name and address plainly—and mail AT ONCE If you can't be our Agent in spare time, please hand this to some ambitious fellow

Knickerbocker Tailoring Co., Dept. 290, Chicago, Ill.

NILE Q U E E N PREPARATIONS

for Hair and Skin

T H E WORLD'S BEST

Special money-making offer for live, hustling agents who wish to represent a high class line.

KASHMIR

Chemical Co. Dept. K . ( 312 So. Clark St., Chicago, Ill.