The Crisis of the Imperial The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900-1929Order, 1900-1929

Chapter 28Chapter 28

Origins of the Crisis in Europe and Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle Eastthe Middle East

The Ottoman Empire and the The Ottoman Empire and the BalkansBalkans

By the late 19By the late 19thth century the century the Ottomans were on the declineOttomans were on the decline Young Turks and GermanyYoung Turks and Germany

Nationalism, Alliances, and Nationalism, Alliances, and Military StrategyMilitary Strategy

Causes of WW1Causes of WW1 NationalismNationalism

Undermined large multiethnic empiresUndermined large multiethnic empires Crusade for libertyCrusade for liberty Revenge for past injusticesRevenge for past injustices Heal class divisionsHeal class divisions

Alliance systemAlliance system MilitarismMilitarism Germany’s ambitionGermany’s ambition

Austria-Hungary declared war on Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in 1914Serbia in 1914 Assassination of Archduke Assassination of Archduke

Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand Two AlliancesTwo Alliances

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Triple EntenteTriple Entente

The “Great War” and the Russian The “Great War” and the Russian Revolutions, 1914-1918Revolutions, 1914-1918

Stalemate, 1914-1918Stalemate, 1914-1918

Western FrontWestern Front Unbroken line of trenchesUnbroken line of trenches For __ years the war was inconclusive For __ years the war was inconclusive

The Home Front and the War The Home Front and the War EconomyEconomy

Demands for trench warfareDemands for trench warfare Stringent controls (rationing)Stringent controls (rationing) Recruitment of:Recruitment of: British naval blockadeBritish naval blockade

AfricaAfrica British and French overran German British and French overran German

coloniescolonies Used for crops, labor, and soldiersUsed for crops, labor, and soldiers

The U.S. capitalized on the war. The U.S. capitalized on the war. How?How?

The Ottoman Empire at WarThe Ottoman Empire at War

Allies with Germany in 1914Allies with Germany in 1914 Unsuccessful against RussiaUnsuccessful against Russia Deport of ArmeniansDeport of Armenians Closed Dardanelles StraitsClosed Dardanelles Straits

British subversionBritish subversion Hussein ibn Ali of MeccaHussein ibn Ali of Mecca

Balfour Declaration of 1917Balfour Declaration of 1917 ““establishment of Jewish national establishment of Jewish national

homeland in Palestine”homeland in Palestine” Britain troops in MesopotamiaBritain troops in Mesopotamia

Double Revolution in Russia, Double Revolution in Russia, 19171917

Russian incompetent by 1916Russian incompetent by 1916 Czar (tsar) overthrown in 1917Czar (tsar) overthrown in 1917

Vladimir Lenin’s “Bolshevik Revolution”Vladimir Lenin’s “Bolshevik Revolution”

The End of the War in Western The End of the War in Western Europe, 1917-1918Europe, 1917-1918

German resumption of unrestricted German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare brought the U.S. into war submarine warfare brought the U.S. into war in April 1917. in April 1917. Zimmerman LetterZimmerman Letter

The arrival of U.S. allowed The arrival of U.S. allowed

Allies to counterattack Allies to counterattack

against Germany.against Germany. Armistice signed on Armistice signed on

November 11November 11thth, 1918., 1918.

Peace and Dislocation in Europe, Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919-19291919-1929

The Impact of the WarThe Impact of the War

EffectsEffects Physical destructionPhysical destruction RefugeesRefugees Immigrants to:Immigrants to:

Closed door policyClosed door policy Influenza epidemic 1918-1919Influenza epidemic 1918-1919

Killed over __ million peopleKilled over __ million people Hastened mines, railroad, and Hastened mines, railroad, and

factory productionfactory production

The Peace TreatiesThe Peace Treaties

Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Georges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Humiliated GermanyHumiliated Germany

War guilt clauseWar guilt clause ReparationsReparations DemilitarizationDemilitarization

Austro-Hungarian Empire fellAustro-Hungarian Empire fell New countries created from:New countries created from:

Russian Civil War and the New Russian Civil War and the New Economic PolicyEconomic Policy

Russian Civil WarRussian Civil War Continued 3 more yearsContinued 3 more years By 1921, Communists defeated their By 1921, Communists defeated their

political enemiespolitical enemies By 1922, the Soviet republic By 1922, the Soviet republic

of Ukraine and Russia mergedof Ukraine and Russia merged

to create ________. to create ________.

Soviet Union built a modern socialist Soviet Union built a modern socialist industrial economy by extracting industrial economy by extracting resources from the peasants in order resources from the peasants in order to pay for industrialization. to pay for industrialization.

Lenin dies in 1924, _____ succeeds.Lenin dies in 1924, _____ succeeds.

An Ephemeral PeaceAn Ephemeral Peace The decade after the end of the war The decade after the end of the war

can be divided into two periods: five can be divided into two periods: five years of painful recovery and years of painful recovery and readjustment (1919-1923) followed readjustment (1919-1923) followed by six years of growing peace and by six years of growing peace and prosperity (1924-1929).prosperity (1924-1929).

GermanyGermany French occupationFrench occupation inflationinflation

China and Japan: Contrasting China and Japan: Contrasting DestiniesDestinies

Social and Economic Social and Economic ChangeChange

ChinaChina Rapid population, unfavorable land, Rapid population, unfavorable land,

heavy taxation, and floodingheavy taxation, and flooding Social tensionSocial tension

JapanJapan Non-arable land, natural resources, Non-arable land, natural resources,

natural disastersnatural disasters Industrialization and economic growth Industrialization and economic growth

caused social tension between zaibatsu caused social tension between zaibatsu and poor farmersand poor farmers

Prosperity depended on ____ and ____.Prosperity depended on ____ and ____.

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Revolution and War, 1900-Revolution and War, 1900-19181918

ChinaChina Boxer Affair in 1900 led to desire of Boxer Affair in 1900 led to desire of

overthrow of Qing and modernization of overthrow of Qing and modernization of country. country.

Sun Yat-sen elected president but Sun Yat-sen elected president but presidency turned over to general Yuan presidency turned over to general Yuan ShikaiShikai

JapanJapan Joined ____ in WW1Joined ____ in WW1 Benefit from:Benefit from: Conquered German colonies in ChinaConquered German colonies in China

Twenty One DemandsTwenty One Demands

Chinese Warlords and the Chinese Warlords and the Guomindang, 1919-1929Guomindang, 1919-1929

Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference Allowed Japan to retain ChinaAllowed Japan to retain China

Protests in Beijing 1919Protests in Beijing 1919 Chinese warlordsChinese warlords

Supported army through plunderSupported army through plunder

and arbitrary taxationand arbitrary taxation Result:Result:

In the 1920s China reorganized In the 1920s China reorganized forming the Chinese Communist forming the Chinese Communist Party and industrial modernization. Party and industrial modernization. However, corruption and However, corruption and incompetent administration kept incompetent administration kept China poor. China poor.

The New Middle EastThe New Middle East

The Mandate SystemThe Mandate System

German and Ottoman were given as German and Ottoman were given as colonies to the Allies.colonies to the Allies. German was Class BGerman was Class B Ottoman was Class AOttoman was Class A

Britain- Palestine, Iraq, and Trans-JordanBritain- Palestine, Iraq, and Trans-Jordan France- Syria and LebanonFrance- Syria and Lebanon

The Rise of Modern TurkeyThe Rise of Modern Turkey

Mustafa Kemal formed a nationalist Mustafa Kemal formed a nationalist government in 1919 and reconquered government in 1919 and reconquered Anatolia and area around Constantinople Anatolia and area around Constantinople from W. Europe. from W. Europe.

ModernizationModernization SecularSecular AlphabetAlphabet FamilyFamily WomenWomen DressDress resistanceresistance

Arab Lands and the Question of Arab Lands and the Question of PalestinePalestine

Changes in Middle EastChanges in Middle East NomadsNomads Population grew 50%Population grew 50% WesternizationWesternization

Maghrib (Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco)Maghrib (Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco) France monopolized government jobs and France monopolized government jobs and

businessesbusinesses Arabs and Berbers remained poor and suffered Arabs and Berbers remained poor and suffered

from discriminationfrom discrimination

England England declared Iraq and Egypt independent in declared Iraq and Egypt independent in

19221922 Limit wave of Jewish immigration in Limit wave of Jewish immigration in

Palestine that began in 1920Palestine that began in 1920

Society, Culture, and Technology in Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized Worldthe Industrialized World

Class and GenderClass and Gender

ClassClass Declined and displays of wealth came to Declined and displays of wealth came to

be regarded as _____. be regarded as _____. Increase in white collar workIncrease in white collar work Decline in blue collar. Why?Decline in blue collar. Why?

WomenWomen Suffrage 1915-1934Suffrage 1915-1934 No effect on politics. Why?No effect on politics. Why?

Revolution in the SciencesRevolution in the Sciences Discover of sub-atomic particles, Discover of sub-atomic particles,

quanta, Einstein’s theory of relativity quanta, Einstein’s theory of relativity undermined _____’s physics and undermined _____’s physics and offered new opportunity for:offered new opportunity for:

Innovation in social sciences Innovation in social sciences challenged traditional values.challenged traditional values. Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Emile DurkheimEmile Durkheim

The New Technologies of The New Technologies of ModernityModernity

AirplanesAirplanes RadioRadio Film in 1920sFilm in 1920s

U.S., Japan, India, Turkey, EgyptU.S., Japan, India, Turkey, Egypt Diffusion on American cultureDiffusion on American culture

Health and hygieneHealth and hygiene Medicine, sewage treatment, pluming, Medicine, sewage treatment, pluming,

soapsoap Result:Result:

Technology and the Technology and the EnvironmentEnvironment

SkyscrapersSkyscrapers AutomobilesAutomobiles

Replaced horsesReplaced horses SuburbsSuburbs

Damns and canalsDamns and canals Generate electricityGenerate electricity