The Creation of Nation-States

Big Changes in 19th Century Europe

Mid - Late 1800s Big Ideas

• 1848 revolts collapsed >> Conservative ↑↑• Crimean War ends Concert of Europe &

spurs instability and change• Italian unification by war & diplomacy• German unification by war, led by OVB• Changes in Austria, France & Russia• Victorian Age of GB: Disraeli & Gladstone• Ireland ??

Ottoman Empire at its “MAX”

Crimean War (1853 – 56)• Root Causes

– R expansion v. GB trade– Holy Places Q = F v. R

• Realities– R occupies OE lands– OE / GB / F vs. R– Bloody, Poorly fought

• Outcomes– Ends Concert of Europe– R loses land & prestige / Black Sea – Political Instability

Crimea >> Ottoman Empire Reforms• Hatti-I Sharif >> Tanzimat (reform) Era

– More Legal Equality• Hatti-i Hϋmayun

– Euro ideas in OE– Equal rights / duty– Power struggles

• Balkan Wars 1870s– Lost Land >> modernization– Rise of Young Turks 1908

• ↑↑ Secularization divides / weakens OE

Italian Unification… in phases• Romantic Republicans

– Ineffective secret societies 1830s-40s• Carbonari (N) = Middle Class• No peasant support

– Giuseppe Mazzini = Young Italy• Poor, Republican, anti-RCC• Guerilla Warfare >> fear!

• Moderates seek Papal Leadership 1848– Pope Pius IX … failed Roman Republic

• Leadership vacuum… now what?

Italian UnificationMachiavellian Style

• Camillo Cavour ($)– PM Piedmont– Economic Nationalism

• Piedmont v. Austria– Supports F / GB in

Crimea– Def. Austria = Land

• Sardinia-Piedmont controls N. Italy… next?

Italian Unification… final phases • Giuseppe Garibaldi

– Red Shirts… rebels!– Sicily >> Naples

• Unification– Sicily + Naples + P-S = Italy!– King Victor Emmanuel II

• Venice + Rome… join • Realities… Transformismo = corruption

– N =$$, modern, industry– S = poor, backward, rural

The German “Problem” 1850s• Who is to rule the

German speaking peoples?

• “Kleindeutsch” v. “Grossdeutsch” solutions

• Prussia? Austria?

Austria

Prussia

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German Unification• 1848 unification attempts by liberals failed• Zollverein = trade union G together $$• Otto von Bismarck = Prussian Chancellor

– Conservative– Unify by eliminating Austrian influence– Provoked WAR to unify: “Kleindeutsch”

• Danish War: A+P v D >> Schleswig- Holstein• Austro-Prussian War >> Treaty of Prague• Annexes northern kingdoms• Franco-Prussian War… Pr + southern

German States v F >> Alsace • Germany! OVB 1st Chancellor of 2nd Reich

Germany Created 1871!

Changes in France… again!• Empire >>

Liberal Republic• Paris Commune…

1871 riots– Some liberals want

Paris to separate– Occupied by Prussia

1871 - 73– New National

Assembly >> 3rd Republic 1873

Controversy in France

• Dreyfus Affair– Alfred Dreyfus accused

as a traitor – Corrupt trial >> guilty!

• Rising Anti-semitism • Public outrage over

corruption = division!– Emile Zola “J’Accuse”– T. Herzl + Zionism

Hapsburg Austria 1800s

Changes in Habsburg Austria

• Multi-ethnic Austrian Empire • Magyars (Hungarians) seek

recognition & power • Emperor tries to change…

Magyars reject changes…• Austrian defeats >> concessions

lead to dual kingdom (A – H) • Other minorities (Czech, Slovaks,

etc.) want change, rejected by A • ↑↑ Discontent inside the empire

Changes in Russia• Russia behind, no industrialism…

Crimean War = exposed, lost prestige abroad & at home >> “Autocratic absolutism…”

• Alexander II >> reformer… Emancipation of serfs 1861… new courts, limited freedoms + ∆s in military…assassinated

• Alexander III >> oppressive, autocratic… secret police, limited freedom of press…

Changes in Great Britain• Parliamentary Monarchy…

liberal or conservative?• Queen Victoria… Victorian

England… Etiquette, Empire• Reforms… 2nd Reform Act =

increase suffrage• Benjamin Disraeli…

conservative• William Gladstone… liberal• Irish Question… home rule?