the creation of british america gabriel glickman
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The creation of British America
Gabriel Glickman
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Causes of Empire #1Political change within the British Isles
• Reformation vindicated through idea of establishing a royal ‘empire’ (absolute sovereignty).
• Extension of English control over Scotland and Ireland further engenders imperial ideas.
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Samuel Purchas, Purchas his Pilgrimage (1613)
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Causes of empire #2European competition
• Spanish Empire also created after union of European territories: Aragon & Castile, followed by expansion into Portugal, Valencia, Naples and Sicily.
• Spanish enrichment through gold and silver bullion threatens to change balance of power in Europe.
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Viceroyalty of New Spain(depicted by John Ogilby, 1671)
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Causes of Empire #3Growth of navigation technology
• Belief that better ship-building, cartography, instruments of navigation enable Europeans to establish new, more durable empires.
• Purchas – ‘Barbarous empires’ of the past failed because they were exclusively land empires.
-past empires could not command oceans, therefore like ostriches which ‘spread fair plumes, but are unable to rayse themselves from the Land...’
• Improved navigation technology results in more extensive English travel: creation of a global consciousness.
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Causes of Empire #4Growth of English trade
• English commerce :i) Reaching across wider global zone.ii) Centred on increasingly sophisticated
organisation - joint-stock companies.• Companies establish own settlements to
trade overseas.• Establish military and naval forces .• Act in name of the English nation.
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The Royal Exchange, engraving by Frans Hogenburg (1569).
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Sir Thomas Dale (d.1619), Deputy Governor of Virginia
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Chesapeake Bay (1719 map)
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New England (1650 map)
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Empire as re-creation of old forms of authority
• Proprietary grants = return to legal precedents of late Medieval England e.g. Maryland grant modelled on charter granted to C14th bishops of Durham.
• Return to old method of governing marchlands and border-lands by establishing local magnates with wide degree of autonomy.
• At odds with attempted centralisation of the kingdoms at home.
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Challenges in the colonies
• Problems of adaptation to new climate – high levels of disease and mortality.
• Social pressures- gender imbalances in nee settlements.
• Conflict with local Indians.• Conflict with neighbouring settlers from other
European kingdoms. • Internal political and religious conflicts.
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Empire - ideological questions
• Question of how far company or proprietary provinces = subject to royal authority.
• How far should the English Empire possess a religious mission and spiritual justification?
• What sort of relationship to develop with Indian population – incorporation of exclusion?
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Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies (1583)Translated into English out of original account by Bartholome Las Casas
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Seal of the Massachusetts Bay Company, 1629