the copper coinage of the state of new jersey : annotated manuscript of damon g. douglas / ed. by...

8/20/2019 The copper coinage of the state of New Jersey : annotated manuscript of Damon G. Douglas / ed. by Gary A. Tru…

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CO I NAG O F TH E

E R S Y

amonG.D ouglas

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

C r e a

t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_

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COI NAG O F TH E STAT O F N W E R S Y

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D ouglas lef t . tappearsthatheislook ingatthephotographic plate

hatwaspublishedin1881by dwardMaris M. D. Spec ific ally itis

to theimageofobverse43.Theother gentlemaninthephotoisnot

amonG.D ouglasCompany.

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5

theLegisla ture Page9

3

rCoinageP rivilegeP age29

e35

e39

w ayMintPage43

fectingMintOperations Page53

age67

CoiningP age77

ntP age89

95

geP age97

P age119

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go D amonG.D ouglasbeganin-depthhistoricalresearchintothe

hatsprangupshortlyafter theendofthe R evolutionaryWar in

rcerecords heunearthedmanynewfactspreviouslyunknownto

tely afteryearsofwork Douglasbecamedisenchantedwith

workonhismanuscripts.L ater shortlyafterhisdeathon F ebruary

sbooksand manuscriptvolumesweredonatedtotheAmerican

son.

sborninWorcester Massachusetts butgrew upinJ ack sonv il le

theCorne llC o llegeofC iv ilEngineering graduatingsummacum

eganhisengineeringcareerwithTurnerC onstructionC o. o fNew Y ork .

startedhisow ncompany theDamonG. DouglasC onstructionC o. located

onB roadStreetinNew ark New J ersey. O vertheyears hiscompany

tructuresintheNew ark area andit issti ll inoperationtoday . I n

hairmanof theboard aposit ionhehelduntilhisdeath.

o f theB uildingC ontractors A ssociationofNew J erseyandthe

ingC ontractors A ssociation. He w asactive intheB oyScoutsof

C ountyB loodB ank andtheHistoricalSocietyofNew J erseyandserved

munityF undofE sse andWestH udsoncampaignin1949. F rom

achosenf reeho lder( superv isor o fE sse C ountyandin1955hew as

hewaspresidentoftheCleanGovernmentR epublicanAssocia-

asafe llow of theA mericanNumismaticSocietyandamemberof the

nitedStatesCoins.D uringtheyears1949through1951 heserved

iousNew Y ork NumismaticC lub. H eamassedane tensive

R omanandGreek coins.

hewroteseveralarticlesconcerningnumismaticsthatwerepublished

ticAssociationandtheNew J erseyH istoricalSociety.H ispaper

nto f theNew J erseyCopper w asespecia lly importantbecause in

asthe locationof thef irstNew J erseymint.

J erseymanuscriptw asfarf rombeingcompletedw henhestoppedw ork on

its incompletestate themanuscriptisan importantsourceof

eNewJ erseycoppercoinagesthatwereproducedduringthe years

onow onlyafewindividualshavehadaccess tothemanuscript.

oftheinformationfoundinthe manuscripthavebeenpublishedover

ublications. Now forthef irstt ime thecompletemanuscript( as

a ilabletoeveryone.

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heunf inishedmanuscriptispresentedasD ouglasw rote it. H ow ever

shavebeencorrected unlesstheyarefoundinq uotedmaterial

beeninsertedin bracketswithinthemanuscriptforclarity.A word

catesthatthereis aneditorialcommentatthebottomof thepage

hemanuscript.

econtributedtothisworkbyprovidingannotationsoreditorial

acheditorialcommentisidentifiedby hisinitialsin boldtype.

t h ey a r e D a v id G l ad f el t er ( D G , R o g e r M oo r e ( R M , G a ry

ennisW ier ba( D W) , andR ayW illiams( R W) .I wishtothankeachofthe

gcountlesshoursinthepreparationof thiswork.

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edasastarting pointforfurtherstudy.U nfortunatelythere

patterns.I tispresentedwiththe hopethatothersmay

rtakingtheresearchthatmayultimatelyfill themin.

llyacknowledgedto

ks

numerate

nlytheabovegenerali edacknowledgmentlist.Nospecificsare

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N

uiryintothehistoryof theNewJ erseyCoppersappearsin

7 1855 regularmeetingof theNew J erseyHistorica l

ngarsubmittedanin uiryastotheoriginof theo ldco ins

yk now nasthe" H orseHeadC oppers asnoauthority

sue inanyacto f theLegisla ture . Dr. L ew isC ondict

theywerecoineduponindividualresponsibilityat

andpromisedtoobtainmoredefiniteinformation.1

appearedintheP roceedingsoftheSocietyforJ anuary

omtheH on. Lew isC ondict M. D. o fMorristow n.2

Mould inorabouttheyear1781, acametoMorristow n

cupiedthepremisesca lledSo litude ow nedby J ohn

. w hohadj ustgonebtotak epossessionofa large

iver thencalledtheMiamiC ountry.

t isaninsomeof theshopsinB irm ingham andhad

toolsandimplementsofhistrade.

erseyHistorica lSociety 1855 p. 132.

10 .

lddidnotmovetoMorristownuntil 1787.

sitedtheO hioterritoryin1787and didnottakeup hisresidencethereuntil

hhim.

3

o intedadirectoro f theStateB ank atMorrisby theL egisla ture in

eH onorableL ewisCondict M.D. containedseveralerrorswhich

sfootnotes( a-n andthene cusedbecausetheyw erethechildhood

T

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highlyoffensive inthenostri lso f " rebe ll ious C o lo -

thebanof hersuccessors.

yaddedthathehadbeeni nformedthemanufactureof

asa lsocarriedonatEli abethtow nand itw asthought byMr.

. 1undertheauspicesofC o lone lMatthiasOgden. 1B utitw asvery

stenterprise 1w asatSo litudenearMorristown.

itness accountisattestedina letterbyW .C.B akerfrom

ust8 1855 stating inregardtoabrie ferbutsim ilaraccount

svouchedforbyMr. L ew isC ondict o fMorristown w hosaw

ohnH. H ick co w asgatheringmateria lforhiswork on

H erece iveda letterdatedMarch19 1858f romF . B .

th N. . giv inganother" eyew itness account thato fhis

rberChetwood4whichisreproducedinCrosbyon page287.

doftenor twelveshesawtheactualcoining inthehouse

er. It w asoperatedbyGilbertR indleandaman shebelieved

ecollectionof otherthanthestampingbeingdonethere.

mC harlesI . B ushnellappearedintheNew ark (N. . Da ily

1855. It began" TheNew J erseyHistorica lSocietyhav ing

hesub ectofthecoppercoinage oftheState...afew

erest . Therefo llowedacopyof thesevera lactsof the

ecoinageandadescriptionof thecoins.Mr.B ushnell

searchandmadehisfindings availabletoCrosbywho

te d B r i t an n ia o n t he r e ve r se t o a s hi e ld w i th t h e le g en d E P L U R I B U S

ually signif icant.

gdenshasapparentlyneverbeforebeeninvestigated.W eshallseethat the

tartswiththesetwobrothers.

eleasing oftheR ahwayMillsandallegedthathe hadhelpedine uipping

his removaltoMorristownin1787.

born3/3/ 1772died5/ 26/ 1862 w asaboyof15or16w henhew itnessedthe

onsin1855 wereofeventsof67or 68yearsago.Thushiserrors arenot

E arlyC oinsofA merica p. 282. L ew isC ondict born3Mar. 1772 died26

artermemberof theNew J erseyHistorica lSociety .

htero fC o l. F rancisandA nne( Nancy O gdenB arber born1Nov . 1780 died

24March1800Will iamC hetw ood sonof J ohnC hetw oodofE li abeth-Town.

arberChetwoodw asborn1F eb. 1806. Shew asbutnineyearso ldin1789w hen

beenmovedfromR ahwaytoE li abeth-Town.Sheandhermotherwere

ouseofherdeceasedgrandfather MosesOgden. C ol. F rancisB arberhad

wburghbyafallingtree.

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N

erseyCoppersisintimatelyconnectedfrombeginningtoend

Eli abeth-Town somefactsabouthimandhisback ground

place. H ewasvariouslydescribedbythosewhoknewhim

e " 7" ofgoodandopulentfamily inJersey " 8" anartful se lf ish

hisre uest GeorgeWashingtongavehimthefo llowing

y toassisthimonabusinesstriptoF rance in1783.

elMatthiasO gden enteredtheServ icesof theU nited

V o lunteer atthecommencementof theWarw ith

asemployedontheA rduousE nterpri ew hichwas

yofQ uebecatthecloseof theyear1775-that after

ew asappo intedtothecommandofoneof theR eg o f the

thathehathSupportedw ithdignity& reputationtheR ank

heU nitedStatesthroughthevariousvicissitudes

resentR evolution untilthehappyterminationofthe

nofgenera ltran uil ity -10

tsofa familymercantilepartnershipcomposedofE lias

law J onathanDay ton hisw ife sbrother W ill iamF rancis

rancisB arber formerhusbandofMatthias sdeceasedsisterMary

rstcousinNancy andA aronO gden Matthias syounger

as establishedconnectionsandcreditforimportsandmayhave

fromthe F renchGovernmentforsupplyingbeefandflour

I n P a r i s h e wa s p re s en t ed t o t he c o ur t o f L o u i s X V w h o ho n or e d

table. L eav ingP arisonSeptember10th hearrivedat

C53

remissing fromthemanuscript.GT

New J erseyStateC oiner " byGaryTrudgen publishedinThe

o lume28 No. 2 J une1988 pp. 1032-51. MatthiasOgdenw asa

eyL egisla turewhoplayedama orro le inthe" horsehead co inage

geitse lf asw illbepresently seen. GT

rk of theB oroughofEli abeth issuedaseriesofsmallchangenotes

. SeeNew man TheEarlyP aperMoneyofA merica( 4thedition

A aronbecamegovernorofNew J ersey in1812andpresidentof theState

n1813. Hisportra it ispublishedinP hil ipL. K le inhans historyof this

hil ipL. D ow nThroughtheY ears: TheStoryofTheNationa lStateB ank

e rs ey 1 81 2- 19 37 S el f- pu bl is he d E l i a be th N . J . 1 93 7 . D G

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Stateof NewJ ersey

30thtogiveCongressthe firstwordofthesigning ofthe

withGreatB ritain.12

s yetcometolight regardingacoppercoinageforthe State

he" J ournalo f theL egisla tiveCouncilo fNew J ersey.

786.

eaveof theHouse broughtinaB il l int it led" A nA ctfor

C opperinthisState w hichw asread andordered

asOgdenhadmemoria li edtheC ontinenta lC ongressseek ing

platedF ederalcoppercoinage.O gdenmayhavebeen

tbyhiso lderbrother R obertOgden J r. andby the irfa ther.

mine inSusse County whitherhehadremovedhis

rt J r. hadmarriedSarahP latto fHuntington L ongI sland

782lef thimwithf ivemotherlesschildren. I n1785hew as

Hannahw homhemarriedMarch12 1786. Ane tracto fhis

1785indicateshisintimacywithothers oftheP lattfamily.

obeatHuntingtononmyw ay toNew Haveninafew

B etsy ( hiso ldestdaughter w ithme& leaveherthere if

me. Givemyduty toourw orthyagedparent( D r.

o v e to M r . J a r v i s E b e ne e r ( P l a t t & h i s w if e - a nd b e li e ve

mostaffectionate

tustoNew Haven. I rea llyw ishyouwould.

B roomew asthew ifeofSamuelB roome partnerofherbrother

f irmofB roomeandP latthadremovedin1785f romNew York

retheyq uick lybecameoneof thecity sleadingmercantile

ompanyforCoiningCoppers wasunderdiscussionandthe

ConnecticutCopperscoinagewassubmittedO ctober18

tnginNew Haven. B roome sson- in- law J amesJ arv isby

03C3C53

tthiasOgdenmemoria li edtheC ontinenta lC ongressinJ anuary

ederalcoppercoinage.Actually hisproposalwasdatedMarch23

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rea5/ 16thsinterestinthiscompanyandB roomeandP latt

fairsofthecompany.Thusit seemssafetoassumethat

eturntoNew J erseywithouthav inghadhisattentionattracted

t inthecoiningof copperandthathisbrotherMatthias

d q uick lybecameso.

e[ Matthias hadbeenelectedtheEsse C ountymemberof the

veCouncilinwhichheintroducedthe coppersbillofMarch

passed nem. con. by thecouncilbutw asdefeatedinthe

ttheunitedopposit ionofEsse C ounty sthreeassembly -

hofE li abeth-Tow n R ahw ay .

ersofalineof stagesbetweenNewY orkandP hiladelphia

ark . MatthiasO gdenin1785hadac uiredaninterestina

etheB ergenP o introute . Thishe[ O gden neededtoq ua lify

rtationof themailsbystagesbetweenNewY orkand

awardedtohiminNovember1785for theyear1786to

. Whetherornotthisstage lineriva lry influencedMarsh s

scoppersbil l Matthiaspromptly took stepstoe lim inatethe

derobligationto him.O nApril17 hesecuredthepassage

directingthe postmastergeneraltoalterthecontractwith

usetherouteofB ergenP o intoro fNew ark asshould" best

afew monthsheso ldhisinterestinthestagesandw aspatroni ing

mailconveyance.

3

wastheupperchamberofthe NewJ erseyL egislaturepriortothe

G

rev iationfor" nemocontra w hichmeansnoneopposed. DG

separatemunicipality asnow butw asaw ardw ithintheTownof

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T T O N STO TH E L E G S ATU R E ]

ofthe 10thlegislaturetworivalpetitionswerepresented

bothprayingtheprivilegeofcoiningcopper moneyforthe

s reproducedfully inC rosby page277 a llegedhisow ner-

dof aq uantityofnativeminedcopperasguaranteesof

edthestatearoyaltyof everyninthcoppercoined.L eddel

stof thethreepermissibleconsecutiveyearlytermsas

ounty . Hew asamedicaldoctor aprominentMasonand

te.

sentedtwodaysearlier wassubmittedinthej ointnamesof

a lterMould ThomasGoadsbyandA lbionC o . F orthe

turew hichresultedinthe J une1 1786contractwiththe

erisre ferredtoC rosby pages275to279 w heretheyare

eta il. How ever itw il lbepertinenttonotethatthe" Mr.

tteeappointedtoconferwiththe partnersandwhobroughtin

sDanie lMarshofE li abeth-TownR ahw ayandthatthe

ewasAbrahamClark signeroftheD eclarationof

merow nerofD anie lMarsh sMillsatR ahw ay . Thebil lcarried

rtoftheE sse assemblymenandinspiteofthetwo toone

ounty srepresentatives w hohadallf avoredOgden sbil l

eversalinpositionmay beunderstoodsinceL eddel s

ghtthecontracttotheir county.B uttheabout-facebythe

ggestiveofmorethanordinarysalesmanship.Thesuccessof

esidentinNew Y ork C ity insecuringacontractf romthestate

etheestatesofloyalistswerestill inprocessofconfiscationsale

anativeson whoofferedthestateaten percenthigher

rfulpoliticalbacking operatingbackstage.

orNew York f romLondoninO ctober1783andsetupstore

twithalarge stockofgoodsac uiredwithmoneyborrowed

itt leB rita in E ngland. B y 1786hehadremovedto240Queen

businesscollapsehadinvolvedhimin acutefinancial

knowledgeofthemetallurgyofcoinage havingapparently

ative sf irmofC o , Merle& C o. o fLitt leB rita in.

overed New J erseyco inageproposa lw asmadeby J asperSmith&

e1786onthesametermsofC o , Mould andGoadsby. See" A

C olonia lC o inageProposa l byDav idGladfelter TheC olonial

1 No. 3 September1991 pp. 1275-79. DW

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Stateof NewJ ersey

steredinNewY orkCityduringtheR evolutionasa

ylater confiscationofhisverysubstantialpersonal

f irmofThomasGoadsby& C o. 40H anoverS uare madeup

amuelK irk man J osephandThomasH olmes importersand

olventmemberofthe coinagetrioandadvancedcashto put

n.

at24Will iamStreetinF rank sD irectoryof1786butw ith

entionofoccupation.Traditionhasit thathebroughtwith

ementsforco iningande perience inusingthem. TheJ ourna l

ssrecordstherece iptonA ugust19 1785 o fa" Memoria l

oconducta Mint. AMr.Mouldhadbeen arrestedin

itco iningatB risto l Hotw ells. A stillobscureslurat

ccurredina laterpetit iontothe legisla turebyCo and

tsomethinginhispast if k nowntothempriortothe irj o ining

toppedthemfromsodoing.

bse uentassistanceandparticipationintheaf fa irso f the

estionastowhere someoftheirsupportinthe legislature

thesiteselectedforthe irmintmayhavebeenanot

wardingofthe contracttothem.

53O3

asGoadsbyhademigratedtoNewY orkCityfromL ondoninthe

beforetheB rit ishA rmyevacuatedthecity inNovember. Thus it

ouldbe listedasa loya list. See" A B rie fLook attheL ifeofThomas

nialNew sletter F ebruary1992 V o lume32 No. 1 pp. 1284-90. GT

petitionofNovember17 1786 wherebyCo andGoadsby

daseveranceof the ircoinagecontract they tocointw othirdsof the

Mouldtocoin onethirdindependentlyofthem.D ouglasintended

anappendi to thisw ork . I t isnotinC rosby . DG

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eL egisla ture

ne22 1786 isgiveninMatthiasO gden s1788affidavitand

eatstatumtopreventMould scontemplateddeparture .

mentas" acertaindeedof I ndenture enteredintow ithD aniel

ould sfa ithfulperformanceof thecovenantsforw hichOgden

has surety.H ehadalreadybeenforcedto pay£ 65because

e compelledtopay upontheircontinuingfailure atotal

hancery Mss uninde edpapers.

3

inthenameof theState issuedbyacourto f j usticeandsea ledw ith

toasherif fo rotherof f icero f the law ordirectly tothepersonw hose

command eitherasthecommencementofasuit orother

to itsprogress andre uiringtheperformanceofaspecified act

ommissiontohaveitdone. B lack sL aw Dictionary R ev ised4th

e s t P u b. C o. 1 96 8 ( h er ei na ft er B l a ck s , p . 17 83 . D G

atum( a lsoca llednee eatrepublica : A L atintermforaw rit issued

tingthatthedefendantin thecaseisindebtedto theplaintiff that

hestateto plaintiffsdetriment andcommandingdefendantto

onditionedondefendant snotleavingthestate withoutleaveof

forw antofsuchbailthesherif f sha llcommitthedefendanttoprison. J ohn

s L a w D i c t io n ar y ( r e vi s ed e d . by F r a n c is R a w l e , B o s t o n B o s t o n B o o k

te r B o u v ie r s , v o l . I I , p . 4 7 4. D G

susedhere asuretybond. A n" indenture isa document" distin-

eof thepaperorparchmentonwhich itiswrittenindentedor cut

anner. B lack s p. 503. DG

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D

nginaL ondonperiodica lunderdateofF eb. 10 1776 te lls

w osetsofco iners intheneighborhoodofB risto l. " I n

ristolH otw ells. .. they foundMouldandhiswifew ithagreatmany

ngbusiness.Mould formerlylivednearSalthill andkept

carryonthebusinessof coiningwithoutsuspicion. This

lthecapita lconv ictionsat" O ldB a iley andthesubse-

co ining. SincethenameofMoulddoesnotthusappearin

tisl ik e ly thathiso f fencew asinthef ie ldofcoppercoining

me.Convictionsforcounterfeitingcopperhalf-penceand

mumpenaltyoftwoyearsimprisonmentandusuallymet

hether thisMouldwasW alterMouldoranyconnection

rstodetermine.

aredin theJ ournalsoftheContinentalCongress meeting

fo llow ing:

3

ytwopagesfromthemanuscriptare missing.Themanuscriptthen

alactionsinvolvingMould.TheinformationthatD ouglasis

na lso f theC ontinenta lC ongressisMould spetit ionofA ugust18

nagecontract. Hisproposal w hichw asoneofseveral w asreferred

.Acontractwas eventuallyawardedbyCongress butitwentto

te d F e b r ua r y 20 1 7 84 f r om K i n s a le I r e la n d f r om W a l t er M o ul d t o

sthattheywereplanningto gointobusinesstogether.Commenting

ys: " I sha llw riteassoonasI canf romEnglandandinformyouof

saryandinthe meantimeshalldoall inmyP owertoforwardour

anof ferbyagentlemanf romtheWestofE nglandtof i intheMalting

coulddonothingw ithoutyourC onsentbutI rea llyhaveagreat

becarriedoninthatP lacew iththeOtheratasmalle pense. This

amonG. DouglasinTheNumismatist " WalterMouldto J ames

94 7 p . 49 1. D W

nesofMould sletter the" gentlemanf romtheWestofE ngland

tlee . A tleeemigratedtoNew York C ity f romB risto l E nglandin

dtheH arrisonB rew erya longtheeasternshoreof theHudsonR iver.

underthe firmnameofSamuelAtlee& Co.Thebrewerywaslarge

geoperation.Althoughcircumstantial thisletteraddsto the

alreadye istswhichsuggeststhatAtlee andMoulddidmint

ryafterthebrewerybusinessfailedinearly1786.GT

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Stateof NewJ ersey

eged inasuitbroughtagainstMouldandcarriedtotheSupreme

u l y 17 8 6 a s t he d a te o n wh i ch h e " a t E a s t W a rd N e w Y o r k

oThomasE aves 200Poundsforsomuchmoneybeforethat

he saidW altertoandforthe useofthesaidThomas...but

ndf raudulently intending cra f t ilyandSubtil ly todece iveand

d.The casedraggedbutJ udgmentwasenteredagainstMould

114:3: 9and6dcosts. A aronB urrw asattorney forthepla intif f

gstondefendedMould. L iv ingston asw eshallsee later

thercoinersand wasacousin10ofNewJ ersey sGovernor

rMouldsuedA ndrew L ott( inMorrisTow nR ecord w homthe

hisbailiwickthroughandincludingthe F ebruary1786

nk sNew York C itydirectoryw asdistributedbearingthe list ing

il l iam. Theabsenceof the list ingofanyoccupationmayhave

unusualthroughoutthedirectorytofindnonelisted orat

eman. 12

suedJ ohnStileswhoistakenby thesheriffandatthe same

ppearancetoanswerthecountersuito f sa idJ ohnStiles a ll

premeCourt.13

C3C53


ork : I nNew Y ork StatetheSupremeC ourtthenwas andstill

ve lcourt. Thehighestcourto f thestateofNew York istheC ourto f

esevenw ardsofNew York C ityestablishedby theMontgomerie

centtoDock WardandboundedbySmithSt. Will iamSt. J ohnSt. and

rdswereredesignatedin1791andassigned numericalnames.D G

ewY orklawin1786permittedthe arrestofadebtorto compelhim

ainsthim inaciv ilaction. I nciv ilpractice arrestw as" oneof the

the creditortosecurethepersonof hisdebtorwhilethesuit is

imtogivesecurity forhisappearanceaf terj udgment. B ouv ier s

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essuedW alterMouldintheN. Y .SupremeCourt.Thesheriff

en andisorderedto" B ringinthebody atthene tterm. This

nantedatedNov . 21 1785 w iththe" r representingthe

ourtclerk intranscribing.U nderdateofAugust28 1786

MerchantofNew Y ork C ity w entbailf o rMould sappearance in

uldobta inedj udgmentsbyconfessionof£160againstDav id

ickelson " acertainwritingobligatory abondsignedby

Sick e lsattheDock w ardF eb. 7 1787(sic . 15

erMouldsuedJ amesA rmstrongintheNew York C ityMayor s

ningthedefendant" Tak en. 16

tionsindicatelittle intheskeletonformin whichtheyare

hanacertainamountofc ommercialactivityinNewY orkby

heyare includedinthisaccount aswillbea numberof

therpersonalities withthehopethatreadersmaysupply

hatled uptothem.Theadditionalknowledgethus

mevalue inf il l inginsomeof theblank spots. While it isthe

dents chaptertogiveback groundonly to J une1786 the

that dateareincludedsinceit islikelythatthe business

o themmayhaveoriginatedpriortothe NewJ ersey

mentbyanof f icer herethesheriff o fw hathehasdonein

f romasuperiorauthority. B ouv ier s vo l. I I , p. 919. DG

n:" J udgmentwhereadefendantgivestheplaintiffacognovitor

ctionbyvirtue ofwhichtheplaintiffentersj udgment.Theactof

udgmenttobeenteredagainsthimby hiscreditor forastipulated

menttothateffectorby warrantofattorney withouttheinstitution

yk ind. B lack s p. 978. Thispractice iscurtailedoroutlaw edin

ncludethe backgroundinformationonMatthiasO gden Walter

andThomasGoadsby inachaptertitled" A ntecedents. GT

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Stateof NewJ ersey

03

pageinthesectiononWalterMouldisw ritteninD ouglas hand:

i. e .

merica

merica

provethedatesand othermaterialaboutcoinage.

ts e t c. i n t he A p pe n di .

byD ouglastohimselfconcerningthefollowinginformationon

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l at i ve o f W i l li a m Co , o f t he f i rm o f Co , M e rl e & C o. r e fi n er s

eB rita in E ngland andw asrecommendedby themtoThomas

ertoEngland asacapableassayerandref inero fgold silver

yearse perienceandthee ua lo fanypersoninthat

nk H . Stewart w hoculledthisinformationf romhisresearches

pondenceandrecordsofthe F irstMintofthe U nited

entletterthathesuspectsthatWill iamandA lbionCo w ere

ommendationreferredtoabovewasthatgivenin 1792or

iredto returntoAmericaaschief assayerofourfirstmint.

ereturnedtoE nglandfromhisearliertrip toAmericauntil

02andsince histimewastakenup ratherfullywithother

verinthesevenyearshe atthattime spentoverhere it

mofhis" manyyearsofe perience musthavebeengained

83departureandthat hebroughtatthattime toAmericawith

emetallurgyofcoining.

8

lmark — A Historyof theLondonA ssayOf f ice by J . S. F orbes

thefollow inginformationaboutA lbionCo andhisfamily . DW

otationby theC lerk [GeorgeF a iro f theGoldsmiths C ompany

C ommitteeofEn uiryhe ldin1773 ; aga instotherev idence

ritten: 'L itt lecreditgiventothisw itnessby thosew hoknow

ay ingany thing. "

C o w asoneof fourbrothersw hotradedassilversmithsand

n. Theeldestw asR obertA lbion(orA lbin C o , ane -

P ayneandhissonJ ohn. A thirdbrothernamedA lbionC o

t1770and gaveevidence( unfavourabletotheGold-

ttheParliamentaryEn uiry in1773. Thefourth ca lledE dw ard

derbrotherWill iam. Will iam sson anotherR obertA lbion

sf reedombypatrimony becameanA ldermanandw asP rime

enthefamilyenterprisehadbecomethe foremostfirmof

adingasC o andMerle— Will iamMerle w how asP rime

ngaformerapprenticeof thef irstR obertA lbionC o .

, w how asinhisearly tw enties becameoneof theoriginal

AssayO fficein1773but leftthetowninthe following

ediedin Americawherehehadbeenfirst assayerofthe


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Stateof NewJ ersey

stA lbionC o in1786intheSupremeC ourto fNew Y ork State

ndWill iamO live it isa llegedthaton" thetenthdayofOctober

oneThousandSevenH undredandE ightyThreeatLondon

y w erepossessedof

s

k ingStick s

orkMoney

A lbionC o be ingabouttodepartforNew Y ork they

him. Theya llegethatonMarch1 1786 attheC ityofNew

rdheso ldthemandinadditionw asa lso indebtedfor" divers

ndMerchandi es fora llo fw hichhehasfailedanddoesstil l

retheybringsuit.Co entersageneraldenialbyhisattorney

1786entersaw rito fhabeascorpuscumcausa but

rthepla intif f J an. 4 1787. OnJ an. 11 1787 aw rito ferror

il l iamSL iv ingston apparentlyhisnew attorney. O nthe

3

esevenw ardsofNew York C ityestablishedby theMontgomerie

asboundedbyB roadSt. WallSt. SmithSt. andtheEastR iver. The

n1791andassignednumericalnames.D G

scumC ausa: " A w rit issuinginciv ilcasestoremovethecause as

dant fromaninferiorcourtto asuperiorcourthavingj urisdiction

B lack s p. 837. A lsoca lled" habeascorpusadfaciendumet

tissuedf romacourto fappella te j urisdiction directedtothe j udge

record re uiringthemtoremittotheappella tecourttherecordofan

w hichaf ina lj udgmenthasbeenentered inorderthate amination

ors allegedtohavebeencommitted andthatthej udgmentmay

d o r a ff i rm e d a s t he c a se m a y re u i re . B l a c k s p . 1 78 5 . D G

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1787 thecourtrecordsthefo llow ing: " I nC ourtforC orrec-

appearsnotandhiswrit lapsesbydefaultw ithfurtherJ udgment

tw oplaintif fsw iththeaddednameof J ohnJ ack sonadds

' sa llegedunpaidforinventory:

dsw ithC ottonF urniture

ith

se£104: 3Sterling

ork Money

ndonF eb. 19 1787 anaddit ionalj udgmentw henthew rito f

issuit" inD ebt aga instA lbion f i ledSept. 27 1787 Will iam

avehimthe following" certainwritingsobligatory:

00

5 5 0

sw eregiven" atTrenton onthe irrespectivedatesandboth

aymenthasbeendemanded.Nottoomuchreliancecan be

to theplaceofthegi vingoftheobligationssinceit was

uits fordebtinvariablytonamethelocation ofthecourt

goftheobligation.This apparentlyguardedagainsta

ej urisdictionandseeminglywasnevertakene ceptionto

genumberofsimilarcaseswherethe actuallocaleofthe

thanthatofthe court.Thesenotesmayhavebeengiven

3C53

rors: I nNew York State thecourttow hichappea lsw eretaken

SupremeC ourt. DG

rminationorfa ilureofarightorpriv ilege heretherighto fappea l

cise itwithinsomelim ito f t ime hereby failuretoappear. DG

o n ds . B l a c k s p . 1 78 8 . D G

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Stateof NewJ ersey

sdepartureforA mericaandwerethef inancingforhis

inNewY orkCity.

siblethattheOct10thdateof theR aynesmaybepostdatedand

ney f romWm. C o o fB urlingtonC o. orP hilade lphiaaf ter

agenerouscreditwouldindeedimplya close

nA le anderB ay leysuedC o , w homthesherif f reports" tak en.

appearanceforthe defendantentered.5

k sNew Y ork C ityD irectoryw asdistributedandlists" A lbian

0 Q u e e ns . 6

Thomassuedj o intlyGeorgeOliveandA lbionC o e. Thesherif f

o thernotfoundWill iamS. L iv ingston sappearance isentered

A tlee J amesF . A tleeandA lbionC o j o intlybroughtsuit

amesGilesagainstChristopherD uycknickwhoonD ec.19

gmentw hichwasenteredw ithcosts. 8

asbroughtinC o ' snameonabondagainstA brahamA k in

A k in a l l of Q u a k er H i l l D u t c h es s C o. N . . T h is b o nd w as

chardP erk insonMarch24 1787 w ithSam1A tleesigningas

hsuedA lbionC o intheNew York C ityMayor sC ourt. The

dant" tak en. Will iamS. L iv ingstonappearedasC o ' s

1788 thesuitw asnonprossedforthepla intif f sfailureto

gedinthe irsuitaga instC o thatonO ctober10 1783 theyhad

nL ondonw hichC o la tersoldinNew York C ityw ithoutmaking

beenone ofCo ' sfewassets.O necanspeculatethatthe reason

hatC o ow edmoney toPerk ins. DG

urtestablishedinsomecit ies inw hichthemayorsitsw iththepow ers

mittingmagistrateinrespectto offensescommittedwithinthecity

urisdictioninsmallcauses orotherspecialstatutorypowers.

G

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York C ityMayor sC ourtThomasThomassuedC o w hois

ak en. "

. Y . C . MayorsC ourta j ury triedthesuito fThomasThomasvs

nC o f indingfortheP la intif f£36: 18:0dand6dcosts.

ohnUstrich SimeonA le anderB a iley andJ ohnJ arv is. 12

capiassatisfatiendo issuedontheabovej udgment thesherif f

notfound inhisba iliw ick. 13

Murray J uniorsuedSamuelA tlee J amesF . A tleeandA lbion

sC ourt onNov . 6 1787 thesherif f returnedthedefendants

r sC ourtj ury triedthecaseofThomasThomasvs. A lbionC o ,

70and6dcosts.

ntif f : F ortheD efendant:

obablyintendedforcapiasadsatisfaciendum ameansofdebt

bleatcommonlawtoa j udgmentcreditoragainsthisdebtor.I twas

heriff...commandinghimtotakethepersonthereinnamedandhim

havehisbodyincourt onthereturndayof thewrit tosatisfy...the

udgmentaga insthim. B ouv ier s vo l. I , p. 283. DG

obeservedbecausenotactua llypresentw ithinthecourt sj urisdiction.

p . 83 7. D G

ober16 1787 wouldnotbepermittede ceptintheunlikelyevent

isenaf terJ uly24 1787 thedateof thef irstMayor sC ourttria l

es. Genera lly acla ime istingatthetimeof lit igationisnow

raisedinthatlitigation.D G

u n .1 5

3C53

enumbersonmanyofthemanuscriptsheets.Apparentlythefinal

ngAlbionCo ismissing.GT

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33/138

Y

ebeenable tofindofThomasGoadsbyis thatofhisname

sintheC ityofNew York duringtheWarof theR evo lution

arysourcesbyW illiamK elby.1Afterthecloseofthe war

erseyandNew York C ourtrecords deta ilso f severa lactions

MessieursThomasGoadsby& Company apartnership

SamuelK irk man J osephH olmesandThomasH olmes. 2

Y orkawardedthepartnershipaj udgmentonF eb.18

ostwickonanactionbroughtto recovertheamountofanote

bearinghisendorsementandreceivedbythe partnership

3I ntheA prilTerm1786thepartnership byA aronOgdentheir

sindebt oneagainstPoo le E ngland 4theotheraga instthe

tf irmofB ingham F arley& Smith consistingofCharles

a r l ey a n d F o S m it h " p a rt n er s i n th e w ay o f me r ch a nd i e j o i nt l y

mercetogetheraspartners. 5Thelattersuit wastocollect

dninetysi pounds seventeenshillingsproclamation

ndwasdiscontinuedbytheplaintiffsattorneyduring the

onsunstated.SuitvsJ amesP arkermentionsThomas

Merchant. Othersuitsinw hichthenameofThomasGoadsby


tw ick : Thisseemstobeaveryearlycaserecogni ingthe

rynote.Accordingtothe manuscript thecourtgrantedplaintiff

tWhite theendorserof thenote butaga instB ostw ick themakerof

w henU. S. SupremeC ourtJ ustice J osephStorypublishedhis1845

es thelawofnegotiableinstrumentswasstillconfusedand

hestates negotiabilityo fnotesw asthenstil lnotfully recogni ed.

ommentedthat" insomeStates thecirculationofP romissoryNotes

ositiverestrictions orpracticaldifficulties whichgreatly

ue andcirculation. DiscussedinMortonHorow it , [ C asesand

L ega lHistory ( C amden R utgers-C amdenSchoo lo fLaw 1973 ,

oneyvaluedattheofficialCrownparof£ 133.33colonial

ng assetforthinthe1704proclamationofQ ueenA nneand1708act

proclamationforbadeAmericancoloniststoinflatethevalueof

his ratioof4to 3.P roclamationMoneywasalsocalled" lawful

cC usk er MoneyandE x changeinE uropeandA merica 1600-1775 A

i l l U n i v . o f No r th C ar o li n a P r e s s 1 9 78 , p p . 12 6 1 6 8- 7 1. D G

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Stateof NewJ ersey

rt

nforreturnof£ 3 000incerta inloancertif icatesdeposited

entof£ 2 000duef romJ ohnShepardtosaidThomas

ontoenforcepaymentofabil lobligatory incurredatthe

o r k Ci t y Au g . 3 1 7 85 . J u d gm e nt f o r £ 1 4 92 : 9 : 6 N e wY o r k

3 1790.8

3

mofpapermoneyused intheAmericancoloniesthatwas issued

sessuchaspay ingthe irta es bypublicorprivate" loanoff ices

withcollateralofferedby theborrower suchasland.Theloan

cedincirculation. J ohnJ . McC usk er " C o lonia lPaperMoney " in

rlyA merica ed. byE ricP . New manandR ichardG. Doty ( New York

c 1976 , pp. 94 100. I t isnotclearwhatdebtGoadsbyow ed

oadsbytodeposittheloan certificates.ApparentlyGoadsbysatisfied

ssecurityback. D G

absoluteforthe paymentofmoney.I tdiffersfromapromissory

. B lack sat210. DG

yofaccountissuedbyauthorityof thecolony andlaterthestate

sk er MoneyandE x change. . . op. cit. pp. 156-61. DG

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sC ourt

t.Thesheriffreturnedthe capiaswiththedefendant

debt. F eb. 5 1788. P la intiffnonprossedfornotdeclar-

t. J udgmentorderedforpla intif f f o rw antofapleaby the

. Sherif f returnedthecapiasw ithdefendant" tak en. 12

t. J uly22 1788. Jury foundforplaintiff andj udgment

ebt.August1788.Sheriffreturnedthe writofcapiaswith

4

3

sherifftotakethepersonof thedefendantintocustody to

asummonsorsomej udgmentordecree. B ouv ier s vo l. I , p. 282.

mandabbrev iationof " nonprose uitur " a tcommonlaw a

stanceofdefendantwhenplaintiffatany stageoftheproceedingsfails

ction. B lack s p. 1204. D G

sedinthesenseofa lleginginapleading thus thereasonfor

iluretostateacla im. B lack s p. 497. DG

retoanswerthecompla int result inginentryofdefaultaga inst

ntbydefaultforplaintiffuponpresentationofproofs.B lack s

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Stateof NewJ ersey

tOf C ommonP leas New -B runsw ick N. .

ttachment A prilTerm1786. JohnNeilson A braham

yappointedauditors. J ulyTerm1790theauditorsfind

umof£1 200inSilverandGoldlaw fulmoneyofNew

agstothergarnishe. 15

cire facias A prilTerm1792. Judgmentorderedgarnishee

rghonscire facias J ulyTerm1791. J udgmententered

ilk es. 17

3

nthe senseofaremedyancillaryto anactionbywhichplaintiff

enupon propertyoreffectsofdefendantforsatisfactionof a

f fmayobta in. " A ttachment dif fersf rom" e ecution inthatunder

ant spropertyisplacedin custodyofthelawto awaitfinaldetermi-

reasan" e ecution isaremedyaf fordedby law forenforcementof

s p p . 16 1 6 7 7 . D G

appointedadirectoro f theStateB ank atNew -B runswick by the

becamepresidentof thatbank.H ewasalsopresidentofan entity

TheC orporationof theOldF ountainC o. andinthatcapacity signed

13 1815 payableathisbank. SeeWait GeorgeW. New J ersey s

k M us e um 1 9 76 , p . 2 60 . D G

ourt assignedtostatetheitemsof debitandcreditbetweenthe

countsare inquestion andtoe hibittheba lance. B lack s p. 167.

ndeduponsomerecord suchasa j udgmentorrecogni ance

instwhomitis broughttoshowcausewhytheparty bringingit

tageofthe record.Themostcommonapplicationofthiswrit is

udgmentaf tera lapseof time oronachangeofparties orotherw ise

j u d gm e nt . B l a c k s p . 1 51 3 . D G

garnishee apersonaga instw homprocessofgarnishmentis

garnishment isonew herebyaperson sproperty moneyorcredits

ntro lo fanother(the" garnishee areappliedtopaymentof the

personcreditor. B lack s p. 810. Today garnishmentisusedto

tfromthedebtor semployerbywithholdingastatutoryamountfrom

o thedebtor.D G

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w hoappearsasGoadsby sattorney inmostof theNew York actions

ed. A aronOgden w horepresentedhiminhisNew J erseysuits

fC o lone lMatthiasOgdenofE li abeth-Town andlater( 1812

ate.

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F TH E CO P P E R CO I NAG P R I V I L E G

aure in1786consistedofanupperhouse theL egisla tive

rnorWill iamL iv ingstonw aspresident anda lowerhouse

achofthethirteencountieshad onerepresentativeinthe

ssembly . TheE sse C ountyde legation e lectedforaone

85 w ere:

mClark

nditionswhichfacedthistenth L egislatureofthestateare

uotationsfromthepressofthat day.

orablesituationinNew J ersey forw antofcash a

thatlastweekhe counted pastedupoverthemantel

teenrea lestates tak enbye ecutionandadver-

risCountyforsale.1

edinNew- erseyaboutanimpressionofpaper

withproductionsforandagainstit andpetitionsare

eachpartyto carrytheirpoint howeverama ority

ichnotonlyentitlesthemto thenoticeofthe legislature

claimtoacompliancewiththe irre uisit ion. 2

er 3Mar. 1786

o lit ica lI nte ll igencer& New J erseyAdvertiser 18J an. 1786

303

re inthesenseofprocesstocarry intoef fecta j udgmentordecree

ofmoney . A w rito fe ecutionisaciv ilproceedingforenforcement

property . B lack s pp. 677-8. D G

otice( o fasheriff ssa leofproperty tak enine ecution . B lack s

thitsquotation w asmovedbyDouglasto laterinthissectionandis

GT

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41/138

rCoinageP rivilege

hHank inson co llectoro f thecountyofMonmouth

he hadreceivedalargesumof moneyinpayment

w elvetotheshil l ingandhalf -penceaspence thatthe

fthis staterefusestoreceivethesaid moneyinany

y half-penceorfifteencopperstotheshilling.

a idpetit ionbedismissed. 7

stimeduringthe secondsittingofthelegislaturewas devoted

ssageofabillf o rtheemitt ingof£100 000ofpaper

rfordebts.Towardthecloseof thesittingitwas transmitted

C ouncilf o ritsconcurrence. Thef ina lactionof theCouncilon

untilMarch23rd. UnderdateofMarch20 1786 the

gisla tiveCouncilo fNew J ersey recordthef irstactionlook ing

eaveof theHouse broughtinaB il l int it led" A nA ctfor

C opperinthisState w hichw asread andordered

sameday " TheB ill . . . w asreadasecondtimeandorderedto

t d a y M a rc h 2 1 i t w as

heQ uestion W hetherthesa idB il ldopass I tpassed

m. Con. Ordered ThatthePresidentdosignthesame.

itcheldocarry thesaidB il lto theHouseofA ssembly

rrencetherein.Mr.K itchelreportedthathehad

House.

thebill withe ualpromptnessandtheCouncilJ ournal

derdateofMarch22 asfo llow s:

seofA ssemblyac ua intedthisHousethattheB ill

establishingaC oinageofCopperinthisState " w as

e.

te Trenton N. J . P roceedingsof theL egisla tiveA ssembly 22F eb. 1786

ationthatimmediatelyprecededintroductionofthecopper

rsey sf ina lissueofbil lso fcredit. A lthoughissuedunderstate

tatearms thebillsare denominatedinpoundsandshillings.

aperMoneyofA merica 4thed. p. 260 statesthatauthori a tion

786. A lthoughthe issuew asa largeone the1786billsarescarce

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Stateof NewJ ersey

GeneralAssemblyrecordthenegativevotesof allthreeof

semblymenamongthosewhichdefeatedtheirfellowcounty-man s

eC ouncilre ectedbyaseventosi votetheA ssembly s

gdenwasrecordedasoneof theminority votinginfavor

sion. H ow everitw ashethatw asdesignatedby theC ouncilto

l sdefeattotheAssembly.Shortlythereafterthe

dthissecondsittingwithoutfurtheraction oneitherofthe

gden sbillfora coinageofcopperarenot nowavailable.

6 hehadaddresseda lettertotheC ontinentalC ongress" in

w hichwasonJ anuary18" referredtotheB oardofTreasury to

oardf ina llymadethe irreporto fA pril9 1787 onthe

copper , theystatedthat inthe iropinion thetw obestw ere

arv isandMr. MathiasOgden. 9Matthias so lderbrother

nr. onMarch12 1786 fouryearsaf terthedeathofhisf irstwife

H annahP latt sistero f J eremiahP lattandsister- in- law of

muelB roome. B roome& P lattw ereatthist imealeadingmerchant

d accordingtoaneye-witnessoftheConnecticutcoinage

" sub-contractorsforthemanufactureof thestateco inage. 10

negativevote w iththoseofhisothertw oE sse C ounty

by haddefeatedO gden sco inagebil l w asoneof the

w Line o f stagesbetw eenNew York andP hilade lphiav ia

spiritedcompetit ion[w ith the" OldL ine w hichcovered

ceptionthatf romE li abeth-Townitsw ungoff tobypass

ghB ergenPo int. O gdenownedaparto f the" OldL ine and

eofhiscontractwiththe P ostmasterGeneralforthe

weenNewY orkandP hiladelphia.

by resolutionof theC ontinenta lC ongress O gdenobta inedan

act w hichoriginally specif iedtheB ergenPo introute to

rttheMailby theR outofB ergenpo intorNewark asshallbest

thist ime heso ldhisinterestinthe" O ldL ine butreserving

. Co n g. V o l X X X p . 2 2n

. Co n g. V o l . X X X I I , p . 1 60

n. C ong. V o l. X X X , p. 197

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rCoinageP rivilege

sarisingfromtheCarriageof theMail " 12whichwasnow

part overthe" New L ine o fDanie lMarshandassociates.

-sponsoredcoppercoinagebillapparentlypassedunnoted

.H oweverthesimilarfateofthe papermoneymeasure

A fewtypicalreactionsfollow.

magentlemaninNew York datedMarch28 1786. . . .

eyhavere ectedthemoneybill andthepeople

oney.Soviolentare peopleinsomepartsofthe

helegisla turerose theybegantona ilupthe

mNew J erseydatedA pril1 1786. Every thingisin

obrulesthestate andthepeople ingenera laretiredof

theGovernorisunderthe necessityofwearingapair

dkicking:oneofthe Counciltheotherdaygavehim

edayheardthepopulace intendedtoburnhishouse for

passedby theAssembly . [ E d. C om. Thusw erethe

onablyfooled.14

ypassengersf romNew Y ork w eare informedthatinthe

greatestanarchyandconfusionprevails thatthe

mittingapapercurrencybeing passed threatento

esofaras respectstherecoveryofdebtsandin several

huseassessorsin hopestherebytoputoffthe

ometimeatleast. 15

thL egislaturewasconvenedatNewB runswickonMay

2ndtheAssemblyhad passedandtransmittedtotheCouncil

a ll ingfortheemissionof£ 100 000of lega ltenderpaper.

ookupconsiderationofthecoppercoinage.P roposals

old ThomasGoadsbyandA lbionC o w erereadand

C ong. No. 61 pp291-292read26F eb. 1787

ette 26A pril1786

N . J . A d ve r ti s er 1 4 J u n e 17 8 6

er 23May1786

3

rper uisitesarisingf romemploymentorof f ice here f romthe

rier. B lack s p. 616. I nthevernacular " perk s. D G

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Stateof NewJ ersey

mmittee chairmannedbyAbrahamClarkandincluding

romE sse C ounty w hohadhelpeddefeatMatthiasO gden sbil l

e24th actingonafavorablecommitteereport theHouse

uldandhisA ssociateshave leavetobringinaB ill" and on

Marsh" inbeha lfo f thePetit ionerspresentedthedraughtofa

heE stablishmentofaC o inageO fC opperinthis

bill wasgivenasecondreadingandwas orderedengrossed

sa lhadbeensubmittedbyD octorWill iamLeddel H igh

mO ctober1783toO ctober1786.

e lMarshbillw aspassedby theA ssemblywiththethreeE sse

andtheMorris Countydelegationunanimouslyopposed.

Countyvote whichhadbeentwotoone infavorof

pperbil l w ouldseemunderstandableasatributetotheSherif f

ay concurredintheAssembly spapermoneybillbya 7to

gofB ergenC ountyhav ingchangedsidesontheq uestion. The

eC ounciluntilMay31stbutthen w ith" severa lamend-

tpassedintheaf f irmative nem. con. Theseamendments

AssemblyonJ une1st.Thefinalbill isprintedinfull in

peatedhere.

3

w J erseysignerof theD eclarationof I ndependence. Hew as

ofcredit issuedF ebruary20 1776 butnonewithhissignatureare

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46/138

Stateof NewJ ersey

of thisJ anuary1 1791 deed w ecanca lculatethat117

recordingsofnearlytwentyeightmonths.Atthis rateof

esback toP age217w ouldhavere uiredsomethingoverfour

consistentwith adatingoftheD anielMarshconveyance

assageof theC opperC oinageA ctof J une1 1786.

ntheform ofaleaseandthat itwasforthe Millsis

erencedatedJ une7 1788 5w hichorderedthedif ferences

tw eenA lbionC o andThomasGoadsby tobesubmittedto

e uirementforthereturnof too lsandimplementstothe

whencetheyhadbeentakenundera writofreplevin6anda

atetheSecuritynow liabletopay theR entsof theMills

w ithDanie lMarsh E s uire .. . .

dtheidentityofthe " Security areamplifiedandconfirmed

nathanDay ton MatthiasOgden sbrother- in-law to J ohn

terthedeathof Walter Mould." Asthesuretyof Messrs

06

eA ppendi A p. 205

. J r. TheC orrespondenceof J ohnC levesSymmes p. 231andp. 238[ New York

3

dtoaboveis apparentlymissing.O riginalpagenumberingdoes

theendofthis section.GT

ordertosenda causependingincourtto arefereeorspecialmaster

drecommendationfordisposition.Therefereeis anofficer

w ersforaspecificpurpose. I ntoday spracticeareferencere uires

ack s p. 1445. DG

itdirectingthesherif f toreplevy orrede liver goodsorchattels

ytakenbysomeonetotheoriginal possessorofthem onhis

nprovingtitleto thegoods.R eplevinalsoliestoregainpossession

ak enbyacreditorusingse lf -he lpw ithoutbenef ito f j udgment . See

, p p. 8 84 -5 v ol . I , p p. 5 86 -9 . D G

ludeanappendi . TheabovereferencestoA ppendi A a longwith

indicatethattheappendi dide istbutisnow apparentlymissing.

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gden hasbeenobligatedtopay forthem. . . oneyear srentof the

ouaretotransmitMr. Marsh sbond w hichisamong

dlater " Genl. Ogdenhavingmadealiberal& advantageous

lsw hichMould& C o ehadtak enforsevenyearsat£130

ntofwhichhe hadunhappilyboundhimselfassurety.

the" C opperw ork s w ere locatedattheR ahw ay" Mills is

manyoftheitemslistedin thewritofreplevin.9D atedF eb.

ece ivedatR haw ay10Mills " l iststhe itemsashav ingbeen" tak en

...atsaidMills byvirtueofawritof replevin... andis

nw hosehandit isw ritten. A comparisonof the itemscovered

eiptedforonF eb. 9 1788 show thattheco iningpressand

renot receivedatthistime.Thatthese itemshadbeen

edevelopedlater.11Thatthe coiningpresswasoneofthe

ndotherproperty ordered" tobereturned tothe" sa idWork s

eference. It contemplateda llthecoinageproperty in

e ldintrustbyMatthiasOgdenattheMills " inthesame

bletheyw ere in w hentak enaw ay . I f prio rtothe issuance

hecoiningoperationofstampinghadbeenoperatedat some

etailedandspecificR uleofR eferencewouldhavedirected

of thepropertytherelocated.

ningpresswassetup andoperatedatCol.MatthiasO gden s

12combinedwiththefactthatthef irstm intlocation a lthough

bethTow nship E sse C ounty isinthepresentlim itso fR ahw ay

tilnowentirelyobscuredthetrue locationofthisfirstmint. A

eedsandfroma 1926surveyshowsthepropertyandthe

ce asitformerly ran. 13Themintor" factory ismentioned

ittenguidewhichgivesdirectionsfor going" ToE lisabeth

pastthe" factoryandbridge onemilepastMiltonand five

Town. 14

05

04

w ayseemstohavebeenafamilycharacterist ico f theO gdens. B othR obert

he irtermsasEsse C ountyC lerk have le ft itthusinboththecourtminutes

s.

08

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Stateof NewJ ersey

contiguoustoR ahwayWardto thesoutheast.Thewriterof

vebeenhumorouslyreferringtothe R ahwayMintsince

alcopperminediscoveryin thevicinitythatcouldhave

ehearaveryva luablecopperminehasbeenbrok eupnear

ndthosew hohavee aminedtheore donotscrupple

otsuperiorinrichnesstoany thathasbeenyet

ntorelsewhere.Thereareat presentaconsiderable

ginit.15

nsoftheR ahwayMintareconsidereditwill beshownthat

sne ighborhoodandthatJ ohnHarper w ho inA lbionC o ' s

the J erseyCoppers " l ivedatMilton amiletothesouth. 16

eoftheR ahwayMintistoan e tentcircumstantial allthe

samedirection and withthedirectevidenceofthe R ule

tthiasOgden srece ipt seemtoestablishitasfactbeyondthe

ntradiction.

edbyitsselection vi :thatthesuccessfulpetitionersfor

hoseproposalwaslessfavorabletothestateby tenpercent

shoulddecideto leaseforthe irm int Millsbelongingtoa

ommitteewhichhadreportedin theirfavor thevery

ntheirB ill andthatthepaymentsunderthe leaseshould

sse CountymemberoftheCouncilwhohadbeenfirst tourge

percoinage mightnottodayescape astheseseemtohave

epress.

e F ebruary 1787

di A p . 2 08

C53030303

hestatedthatHarper" operatedinthe J erseycoppers w asw ritten

nuary18 1795 w hilehew asassayerof themint. Theentire letterw as

reen smonograph TheUnitedStatePatternsof1792 p. 14( Way te

c t or s J o u rn a l N o .1 5 4 M ar c h- A pr i l 1 9 54 , a n d ag a in w i th e d it i ng

T h e H a r pe r C en t s N u mi s ma t ic S c ra p bo o kM a ga i n e p p . 23 7 0- 4

W

ceof factsorcircumstancesf romw hichthee istenceornone ist-

aybe inferred. " C ircumstantia l o r" indirect ev idence isdistin-

ev idence inthatthe lattertendstoshow thee istenceofafactinissue

f theproofo fanyotherfact. B lack s pp. 309 546. DG

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E M NT

w henhewasre leasedf romcustody inNew York C ityonaw rit

usa l 1A lbionC o doesnotappearinpersonintheNew Y ork

theyearandourrecord ofGoadsbyissimilarlyblank.

k en inNew York uponthesuitofThomasE avesandon

rere leasedonbail thebondbeingsignedby" J amesJ ohnston

ity. 2A f terthatdate there isnothingintherecordsthat

ence inthatcity toe pla in.

Mills f o restablishingthemint a llthreeof thecontractors

nflictingevidenceas towhetherW alterMouldhadany

eR ahwaybusiness.Thefirstisgivenby GoadsbyandCo

egisla ture 3readNovember17 1786. 4I nthistheystatethat

yenecessaryestablishmentofaR o ll ingMill f urnaces

s & havepurchasedlargeq uantitiesofunwoughtCopper

at" Walter Mould...hashithertoentirelywithheldhis

eglectedtocontributein moneyorotherwiseinmakingthe

aryestablishments.

y Walter Mouldinthe" D eclarationinD ebt " 5filedMay

versthatthedefendants GoadsbyandC o , w ereonA pril10

£187: 18 New J erseymoney " forw ork andlabourdone

shedandprovided moneylaidoutande pendedbefore

cia linstanceandre uest" toenablethemtocarryon&

archmentR o ll29-A -7

01 .

osatL aw #24 780( 1stseries . ThisactioncommencedwithaC apiasdated

ondsignedbyThomasGoadsbyandA lbionC o w ithMatthiasO gdensigning

6 1787. Defendantsf i ledP lea inB arMay10 1787 andP leaofNilDebit

Nov . 1787termof thecourt " ThisC ausenothav ingbeennoticedfor

tsO nmotionofAaronO gdenAttorneyforthedefendant " asrecordedin

eCourt.

ant spleading( w rittenstatementofdefendant scontentionsfi led

onthepla intif f andotherparties if any w hichsetsupanabsolute

w ouldbartheaction. B lack sat1310. DG

rty scontentionthatheow esnothing. B lack sat1197. DG

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Stateof NewJ ersey

CoppersfortheStateof NewJ ersey.... Thefactthatthe

donmotionof thedefendants attorneywouldseemto

tit mightnothavebeenmaintainable.

dgefromtheactiontheytookupon it apparentlyacceptedthe

-Co Memorialassubstantiallycorrect.Theprayerof the

edtoproceedseparatelyandcommencethecoinage oftwo

hori ed£ 10 000w asgrantedbyaSupplementa lA ct

I naddit ionitgavethemacondit iona lrighttotheremaining

irsifMoulddidnot" enterupontheC oinage o f this[ his

hateverMould spetit ion readthesamedayasthe

legedinrebutta l itw astoGoadsbyandCo thatpermissionw as

il lagreeably totheprayerof the irPetit ion. Mr. J onathan

illonthefollowingdayand becauseofthepossibilitythat

ctor initsspeedyadoptiontoomuch reliancecannotbe

re sactionasanansw ertotheq uestionastow hetherornot

R ahw ayestablishmentpriortohisNov . 20 1786 recourse

ndC o .

thavebeenbeforeNov.20th itseemscertainthatthe break

rtwotookplace atsometimepreviousthereto.Thus ifthe

hwayMintwasdeferreduntilaftertheSupplementalAct of

madeit lega ltoproceed Mouldwouldhavehadnopartinit. I n

l the" Memoria listshumblyconceive thatasyeLaw now

edtherebytoproceedinthe businessoftheCoinage...

escapablethattheyhad notyetdoneso.

uly1 1786 New J ersey Journa l publishedinE li abeth-Town

oncorrespondent states" Thecoppercoinagenowemitting

ntto atleasttenthousandpoundsa tenthpartofwhichis

Thispeculiarityo f the j ournalismof thatday w hereby loca l

era lapseoftimeandthenfrom a" foreign correspondent

nderstoodasa B ostonreactiontotheoriginalcoinage act

actua l" emitting o fco ins.

ecoinagewasnot starteduntilsometimeafterNovember22

sof thestateTreasurer J amesMott. TheJ une1stA ct

o" delivertotheTreasurer...oneTenthP artofthefull Sum

tfurtherre uiredthat" sa idTenthP artshallbepa idquarterly

ssemblyproceedingsandthe Actinfull.

annah w ifeofMatthiasO gdenandhadbeenelectedtotheA ssembly

ril 1787itw asf romhis" H ands thatthestatetreasurerrece iptedforthethird

ccountofGoadsbyandC o . A ppendi p.

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theTimetheyshallbeginto coinasaforesaidduringthe

d B usiness.... 8

dedMarch16 1787 asthedateuponw hichherece ivedthe

masGoadsbyandA lbionC o onaccountof theSumdue

theP rivilegeofestablishingaCoinageofCopper... 9by

gthe intentof the" q uarterly tohavebeenmadeontime

wouldre uirethatthestart ofcoinagewasnotearlierthan

r. With" tw osuff icientSureties boundin" theSumofTen

nditionedthat... thetermsofthec ontractandspecificallythe

heTreasurershouldallbe fullymet itseemsprobablethatno

takentolet morethanoneq uarterelapseafterthestart

ayment.

Mouldassistedinthe preparationsforthiscommencementof

therhe lpersw ereused. Oneof thesew asWill iamDudley

nJ anuaryof1788startedsuit aga instGoadsbyandCo to

theDeclaration12Dudleya llegedthatonJ anuary3 1787 the

dtohimatota lo f si typoundsfor" w ork beforethattime

279

09

B lack smith lateofE li abethTow nR ahw aynow ofD utchV aleyMorris

i abethD udleyonD ec. 22 1794 conveyedthe irR ahw ay farmtoHenry

l i a b et h T ow n R a h wa y . E s s e D e e d s A 2 p . 4 40

sadrespondendum datedJ an. 15 1788 returnedby theSheriff to theA pril

om.P leas" CepiCorpus forAlbionCo , " NonE st forThomasGoadsby.

ault" Writs. A latercapiasagainstGoadsby J une1788isreturned" C epi

A p . 2 12

3

um:Acommonlawwritcommandingthesherifftoarrestand

physicallyappearsin courttoanswertheplaintiff.Thewrit

rrestuntilsecurity forpla intif f scla im( suchasaba ilbond is

262. DG

nof acapiasadrespondendumaftersuccessfulserviceofthe

oesnotgiveba il butremainsincustody. B ouv ie f s vo l. I a t283.

r" nonestinventus sherif f sreturnofacapiasadrespondendum

dantisnottobefoundw ithinhisj urisdiction. B ouv ier s vo l. I I

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Stateof NewJ ersey

ndfor" meat drink andboardfortw oLaborersinthe

aidAlbionandThomas providedbeforethattimeattheir

uest. Thesuitreacheda j uryatNewark onJ an. 14 1789 and

udleyintheamountof£ 35:5with6dcosts.13

namesof threewitnessesfortheplaintiff.Thesethree

ammiltonR obertson andGilbertR andall sincehearsayev i-

thenas now cansafelybeassumedtohavehad personal

e" meat drink andboard oro fD udley s" w ork done&

erevidencedirectlyestablishesoneofthemas amint

esumptionmustbe recogni edforsomesimilarconnectionin

F utureresearch it istobehoped maydisclosethee act

tmayalsodiscoverthe presentlyunknownsourceor

ratusand morecompletelyfillinthedetails oftheevents

1sttoD ecember1786duringw hichDanie lMarsh s" Grist

sconvertedintotheR ahw ayMint.

13

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AT TH E R A H W A M NT

scriptionofthecoinagemethodsin useintheE nglandof

olographvolumetitled" AnE ssayonCoiningbySamuel

83. 1Mr.Thompson sdrawingsofthevariouspieces of

ere2reproducedsincethee uipmentenumeratedbyGoadsby

altothe legislatureseemstohavebeensimilar.

onsw ereasfo llows. F romthefurnace themoltencopperw asrun

rcooling theingotswerepressedorrolled intonarrow

tweenapairof heavyironrollers.Thesesheetswere

ng pressbywhichtheplanchetswerepunchedout oneat

t ofthecuttingpresswith sharpedgeswhichhadtobe

ngandtheoperationwas called" milling .Cleaningwas

ol.

handwrittenby thepersondraft ingande ecutingit. B lack s p.

mthe manuscript.Thompson svariouspiecesofcoining

producedanddiscussedinTheColonialNewsletter( SerialNumbers

p ri l 1 98 2 J u l y 19 8 2 a n d Ma r ch 1 9 83 r e sp e ct i ve l y i n a s tu d y by J a m es C .

erv iew ofEarlyA mericanC oinageTechno logy. GT

dedin themanuscriptatthispoint.I tappearsthatthistable was

glasintheconstructionofthe largertablethatfollows.Thistable

94

rency

m

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Stateof NewJ ersey

by" tumbling inabarrelcontainingscraps ofleatherora

planchetswerethenreadyfor thefinaloperationof

perandlowerdiesunderheavypressure appliedbythe

The finishedproductwaslawfulmoneyinthe stateof

tenderatf ifteentotheshil l ingandreceivable inpaymentof ta es

tate.

dtodiscoveranyof the" book s papersandvouchers

ts e penditures andreceipts o f theR ahw aymint. Sim ilarly

ds oftheoperatingcostsofthe othercontemporarycopper

ceptionofthee pendituresattheMassachusettsMint.

tedonthepublicpayroll mightbemisleadingifits unitcosts

lof thoseoftheprivatecontractors.Alsoof q uestionable

purpose arethevariousestimatesandproposalsmadeat

erananalyticalcomparisonofallofthem doesindicatea

ndencebetweenthecoststowarrantsomelimitedgener-

gtableshowsabreakdownofcostsfromsi sources.

mmoncostforcopperandforlaborwageratewef indasurprising

thecompletedcostsofthetwobidsand thetwobest

verheadanalysisincludingamorti ationofe uipment

dissuewouldindicatefortheR

the copper coinage of the state of new jersey : annotated manuscript of damon g. douglas / ed. by...

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