the copernican revolution. ptolemaic model was not seriously challenged until the 15th century...
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The Copernican Revolution
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Ptolemaic model was not seriously challenged until the 15th century during the Renaissance.
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Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) rediscovered the heliocentric model (Aristarchus).
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He found to his dismay that it better fit the observed facts than the geocentric model.
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Seven points of the Copernican system:
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1. The celestial spheres do not have one common center. The Earth is not at the center of everything.
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2. Earth is not the center of the universe, only the center of gravity and the lunar orbit. Only the Moon orbits Earth.
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3. All the spheres orbit the Sun. Spheres means the planets.
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4. Compared to the distance to the stars, the Earth to Sun distance is almost nonexistent. The stars are very much farther away than the Sun.
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5. The motion of the stars is due to the Earth rotating on its axis.
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6. The motion of the Sun is the result of the Earth’s motions. (rotation and revolution)
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7. The retrograde and forward motions of planets is caused by the Earth’s motion. It is caused by the fact that Earth’s orbit is a different length than the other planets.
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The Copernican model was not well accepted by scholars or the public. It violated the religious teaching of the time.
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Copernicus’ book De Revolutionibus was published in 1543 (the year Copernicus died).
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It included an anonymous preface that stated that the new model was merely an aid to calculation and suggested that Copernicus really did not believe it.
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian mathematician and philosopher. He performed experiments to test his ideas (a radical idea then). He is regarded as the father of experimental science.
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The telescope was invented in Holland early in the 17th century. Galileo heard about it and, although never having seen one, made his own in 1609.
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With it he saw the mountains, valleys, and craters of the Moon; spots on the Sun (which eventually blinded Galileo); the phases of Venus; and, perhaps most significant:
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he saw 4 moons orbiting Jupiter
(known as the Galilean moons).
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All these observations suggested that the Ptolemaic model was wrong and the Copernican model was correct.
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Galileo published his findings in Siderius Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) in 1610.
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This was a very risky action for Galileo. In 1600 Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake in Rome for (among other things) teaching that the Earth orbited the Sun.
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In 1616, Copernicus’ works were banned by the Roman Church and Galileo was told to stop researching and stating such nonsense.
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Galileo published a new book in 1632: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
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Three people debating the Ptolemaic and Copernican models. The Aristotelian wins, but his arguments are obviously inferior. His name? Simplicio.
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Also, this book was written in Italian, not Latin, so the common man could read this book. The church was not amused.
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The Inquisition forced Galileo, under threat of torture, to recant his claim that the Earth orbited the Sun.
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He was placed under house arrest in 1633 and remained imprisoned until his death in 1642.
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Galileo’s crimes were publicly forgiven by the Catholic Church in 1992.
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But, by this time the damage was done, and the Copernican model continued to gain acceptance as the years passed.
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Earth’s orbit of the Sun couldn’t be proven until the unmanned probes of the 1960’s, 70’s, and 80’s.
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The fact that the Earth moves at all was proven by parallax in the 19th century.
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From Aristarchus belief until actual proof took over 2000 years.
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Copernican principle - Earth is not special in a cosmological sense.
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