the copenhagen accord contents
DESCRIPTION
Delivered at a FAO informal meeting, this presentation highlights the opportunities and challenges in climate change mitigation, adaptation and finance for African and non-African countries.TRANSCRIPT
Valentino PianaRome, 23nd March 2010
The contents of the Copenhagen AccordThe contents of the Copenhagen Accord
on climate changeon climate change
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Contents
4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
5. Finance
1. The climate debate
2. The Copenhagen Accord: the components and the positive elements
3. Adaptation to climate change - the African NAPAs
6. Next steps
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1. The climate debate
Development
Climate change
Sustainability
World financial
architectureFood
security
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2. The Copenhagen Accord: the components
The Accord is constituted by:1. The list of countries that associate themselves with it2. Twelve articles about
* A shared vision of the future* Adaptation* Annex I countries commitments about reduction of greenhouse gases
emissions* Non-Annex I countries Nationally appropriate mitigation actions* Deforestation and forest degradation actions* Incentives to low emitting economies* New and additional, predictable and adequated funding with improved
access* A High Level Panel to study the sources of funds* The Copenhagen Green Climate Fund* A country-driven Technology Mechanism* The next steps, including the assessment of the implementation of the
Accord3. An appendix containing the commitments of Annex I countries4. An appendix containing the mitigation actions by non-Annex I countries5. A Registry of the mitigation actions seeking international support
107 until now, of which 28 African countries
Below +2o Degrees
Mostly deve-loped coun-tries (e.g. EU,
USA, Japan,
…)
Mostly developing countries
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2. The Copenhagen Accord: the positive elements
2. “Operational immediately”
3. 30 billion dollars committed by developed countries for the first three years (of which 2.4 billion euros committed by EU countries yearly 2010-2012) 4. A steep rising pathway of funding up to 100 US billions in 2020, where the sources will be studied by a High Level Panel (co-chairs and members already chosen)
1. All major GHG emitting countries involved, generating specific pledges from 73 countries that together account for more than 80 per cent of global emissions from energy use
5. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions by non-Annex I countries both unilateral and conditional on obtaining international support in terms of technology, funding and capacity-building (art. 5)6. Technology Mechanism selected, linked to NAMAs (art. 11)
The Accord will test the effectiveness of an approach focused on immediate actions and verification of commitments, through alternative moves from all countries (bottom-up approach). It can fail and under-deliver but it is worth trying. In particular, CA is characterized by the following elements:
7. Annex I Kyoto Protocol parties “further strengthen” their commitments (art. 4)
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Art. 3 of the Copenhagen Accord:“Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change and the
potential impacts of response measures is a challenge faced by all countries.
Enhanced action and international cooperation on adaptation is urgently required to ensure the implementation of the [UNFCCC] Convention by enabling and supporting the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building resilience in developing countries, especially in those that are particularly vulnerable, especially least developed countries, small island developing States and Africa.
We agree that developed countries shall provide adequate, predictable and sustainable financial resources, technology and capacity-building to support the implementation of adaptation action in developing countries.”
3. Adaptation to climate change - the African NAPAs
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Well in advance to Copenhagen conference, most Least Developed Countries prepared programs for adaptation, the so-called National Adaptation Programmes of Actions.
Their cumulative cost is about 1 .7 billion US dollars. 32 African countries have so far presented NAPAs, for a total of
about1.350 billion US dollars (about the 80% of the total).
The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) required long procedures to access the funds as well as large co-financing.
Until recently, GEF has disboursed only about 60 millions dollars.
3. Adaptation to climate change - the African NAPAs
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4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs): an overview
NAMAs are schematic texts submitted to UNFCCC Secretariat by national focal points, to be collected in Appendix II of CA and in a special Registry (if looking for support).
The 32 countries that have presented official NAMAs before 7th March 2010 have interpreted “Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions” in a wide range of ways:
* carbon-neutrality declaration;* economy-wide commitments of reducing
emissions in percentage with respect to a baseline of Business-as-Usual trajectory;
* absolute reductions of CO2-eq emissions; * sectoral preferential directions of
development; * specific goals and actions; * localized projects with specified technical
parametres.
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4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs): an overview
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
N. countries
Africa
Asia
Latin America
Europe
Oceania
The geographical distribution of NAMAs
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4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs): an overview
0
5
10
15
20
25
N. countries
Forestry
Transport
Renewableenergies
Agriculture
Waste
Building
The sectoral distribution of NAMAs
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4. NAMAs in national planning
UNFCCC, MEF/G8/G20
Low-emission development strategy (art.2 CA)
Climate Action Plans (BAP six pillars: Shared Vision, Mitigation, Adaptation,Technology, Finance, Capacity building), e.g. National
Adaptation StrategyNAMAs NAPAs
LocalAdaptationPlans
….
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4. The process of devising NAMAs and obtaining international support
Submission of NAMAs to UNFCCC
Submission of NAMAs to UNFCCC
Existing fundsExisting funds
Copenhagen Green Climate Fund
Copenhagen Green Climate Fund
Private investorsPrivate investors
Technology / Solution providersTechnology / Solution providers
Research centresResearch centres
NGOsNGOs
Matching mechanism,
dynamics and events
Matching mechanism,
dynamics and events
National stakeholders
National stakeholders
Local stakeholdersLocal stakeholders Localisation and implementationLocalisation and implementation
In the country International interface Abroad
Analysis of existing and forthcoming
laws and policies
Analysis of existing and forthcoming
laws and policies
Mitigation potential and international
best practices
Mitigation potential and international
best practices
Economic mechanisms of
activation
Economic mechanisms of
activationDetail design of measures
Detail design of measures
Inter-governmental organizations
Inter-governmental organizations
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4. An evaluation of the existing NAMAs
Wide varietyUsually reflecting the
national circumstances, existing laws and policies
Fairly aware of international best practices
Many sectors mentioned (e.g. energy, transport, building, agriculture, forestry, tourism,…)
Concise documentsBetter than CDM as for
broader transformational potential
Wide varietyUsually reflecting the
national circumstances, existing laws and policies
Fairly aware of international best practices
Many sectors mentioned (e.g. energy, transport, building, agriculture, forestry, tourism,…)
Concise documentsBetter than CDM as for
broader transformational potential
Positive features Not clear the kind and features of the international support looked for
No economic mechanism of activation
Not mobilizing the private investors
No legal guarantees for investors
No appeal to research centres and NGOs
Unexplored connection with the Technology Mechanism
Often lacking CO2 reduction quantification
Always lacking estimated costs, thus also the cost per avoided ton of CO2eq
Transformational effects (e.g. green jobs, competitiveness, tax revenue,...) not expressed
Not clear the kind and features of the international support looked for
No economic mechanism of activation
Not mobilizing the private investors
No legal guarantees for investors
No appeal to research centres and NGOs
Unexplored connection with the Technology Mechanism
Often lacking CO2 reduction quantification
Always lacking estimated costs, thus also the cost per avoided ton of CO2eq
Transformational effects (e.g. green jobs, competitiveness, tax revenue,...) not expressed
Negative features
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5. Finance
Who pays and by which source
How and who managethe funds
What to fund
How muchis raised
High level panel will make a proposal
10 billions a year in 2010-2012
up to 100 billions in 2020
Balanced allocation between adaptation
and mitigation(for the first 30
billions)
Existing institutions +Copenhagen Green
Climate Fund
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6. Next steps
High Level panel on finance -first meeting29th March
UNFCCCsession on 9th-11thApril (Bonn)
UNFCCCsession inMay-June(Bonn)
G8/G20 in Toronto - launch of the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund?
UNFCCCsession inSept/Oct ?
G8/G20 inKorea(November)
COP16in Cancún(Mexico)
Further NAMAs and NAPAs submissions, updated communications, matching
events
Raising the international support ofinter-governmental organizations, multilateral and bilateral donors,
research centres, NGOs, etc.
UNECA jointsession withfinance ministriesin Malawi