the continuity and change in mega- urbanization in jakarta metropolitan region: the challenge of...
TRANSCRIPT
The Continuity and The Continuity and Change in Mega-Change in Mega-
Urbanization in Jakarta Urbanization in Jakarta Metropolitan Region: Metropolitan Region:
The Challenge of The Challenge of Governance InstitutionGovernance Institution
The Continuity and The Continuity and Change in Mega-Change in Mega-
Urbanization in Jakarta Urbanization in Jakarta Metropolitan Region: Metropolitan Region:
The Challenge of The Challenge of Governance InstitutionGovernance Institution
Tommy FirmanTommy FirmanSchool of Architecture, Planning, and Policy DevelopmentSchool of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development
Institute of Technology, BandungInstitute of Technology, Bandung
Objectives of Presentation
1. To discuss the process of Mega-Urbanization in Asia, as a general background.
2. To examine the continuity and change in Mega-Urbanization in Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR).
3. To discuss the most recent development in JMR under the new Indonesia’s decentralization policies, and the need for metropolitan governance institution for JMR.
Mega-Urbanization in Asian Countries
1. Physical growth which extends beyond metropolitan and city boundaries, and radiates from city center in all directions. The area is called Mega-Urban Region (MUR).
2. Development of many different economic activities and land uses, including industrial estates, large-scale housing projects, and tourist resorts, interspersed with existing agricultural activities.
3. Large cities in Asia have been integrated into the global economy. Many big cities serve as a production site for finance and the other leading industries, and therefore play the role as center for control of global capital.
4. The globalization of finance, trade and production has spurred the development of mega-urban regions in Asia and has resulted in urban spatial restructuring.
Restructuring in Asian Mega-Urban Region (1)
1. Development of economic activities at a global scale.2. Division of function between the core and the
outskirts of the city.3. Changing from a single-core to multi-core urban
areas.4. Land-use change in the city center and farmland
conversion in the outskirts.5. Large scale urban infrastructure development.6. Great increase in space production.7. Considerable growth of commuters and increase in
commuting time.
Restructuring in Asian Mega-Urban Regions (2)
Reflected in the increasing flows of direct foreign investment, development of transportation and communication and the growing commercialization and diversification of agricultural activities.
Should be seen in the context of a nexus of local-global and rural-urban relationships for two fundamental reasons; (1) the urban physical expansion generally takes places into areas of intense rural activities, which is also called the peri-urban interface; (2) the globalization of economy has spurred the flows of capital, commodities, people and information which result in both the detachment of city core, in which it is sourcing the resources from a wider global market, and integration with its adjacent extended metropolitan region in terms of using needed resources, such as water and foods (McGee, 2005).
Mega-Urban Regions in Asia in many ways seem to be largely disconnected from local economic activities and produce a little in terms of impacts on development for local population, which in turn has resulted in regional disparities.
The Continuity and Change in Mega-Urbanization of Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR) (1)
1. The rate of urban population growth in the urban center of the region has substantially declined, whereas that in the fringe areas is much higher. This might reflect the rapid spillover of Jakarta City to the adjacent areas.
2. The urban transformation in JMR can also be identified in the changes in the number and percentage of urban localities in the region. The number of urban localities increased by almost 30%, that is, from 730 to 1035, over the period of 1999-2005.
3. During the past three decades, the development of economic activities in JMR has resulted in the extensive land conversion of prime agricultural land into non-agricultural land, especially by new towns, subdivisions and industrial estates in the fringe areas.
4. In the urban center many former residential areas have been converted into offices, condominiums, entertainment and business space.
The Continuity and Change in Mega-Urbanization of Jakarta Metropolitan
Region (2)5. A number of large-scale residential areas, high-rise
condominiums have been developed in JMR. It is basically reflected the situation of global capitalism, in which transnational capital flowed freely to many economic activities, including the property sector.
6. The large-scale residential area and new town developments in JMR have reinforced spatial segregation in the region in three respects: First, it has polarized upper and middle-income groups of JMR residents, creating a several pockets of exclusive new towns and residential areas. Second, it has enforced social segregation within the new town itself. Third, in several new towns in JMR, management of urban development is carried out by the private developers exclusively, instead by the city government.
7. Several industrial estates have been developed in JMR. The demand for industrial land in JMR has greatly increased due to development of direct foreign and domestic in the region.
The Physical Development of Jakarta
Metropolitan Region (JMR)
2000 0 2000 Meters
Peta Penutupan LahanDKI Jakarta Tahun 1972
690000
690000
695000
695000
700000
700000
705000
705000
710000
710000
715000
715000
929500
0
9295
000
930000
0
9300
000
930500
0
9305
000
931000
0
9310
000
931500
0
9315
000
932000
0
9320
000
932500
0
9325
000
KETERANGANDANAUFASILITAS UMUMLAHAN TERBUKAPERMUKIMANRAWA/TAMBAK/LAUTSAWAHVEGETASI
2000 0 2000 Meters
Peta Penutupan LahanDKI Jakarta Tahun 1983
690000
690000
695000
695000
700000
700000
705000
705000
710000
710000
715000
715000
929500
0
9295
000
930000
0
9300
000
930500
0
9305
000
931000
0
9310
000
931500
0
9315
000
932000
0
9320
000
932500
0
9325
000
KETERANGANDANAUFASILITAS UMUMLAHAN TERBUKARAWA/TAMBAK/LAUTSAWAHURBANVEGETASI
2000 0 2000 Meters
Peta Penutupan LahanDKI Jakarta Tahun 1993
690000
690000
695000
695000
700000
700000
705000
705000
710000
710000
715000
715000
92
95
000
92
950
00
93
00
000
93
000
00
93
05
000
93
050
00
93
10
000
93
100
00
93
15
000
93
150
00
93
20
000
93
200
00
93
25
000
93
250
00
KETERANGANAIR/SUNGAIFASILITAS UMUMLAHAN TERBUKAPERMUKIMANRAWA/TAMBAK/LAUTSAWAHVEGETASI
2000 0 2000 Meters
Peta Penutupan LahanDKI Jakarta Tahun 1998
690000
690000
695000
695000
700000
700000
705000
705000
710000
710000
715000
715000
92
95
000
92
950
00
93
00
000
93
000
00
93
05
000
93
050
00
93
10
000
93
100
00
93
15
000
93
150
00
93
20
000
93
200
00
93
25
000
93
250
00
KETERANGANAIR/SUNGAIFASILITAS UMUMLAHAN TERBUKAPERMUKIMANRAWA/TAMBAK/LAUTSAWAHVEGETASI
2000 0 2000 Meters
Peta Penutupan LahanDKI Jakarta Tahun 2002
690000
690000
695000
695000
700000
700000
705000
705000
710000
710000
715000
715000
929500
0
9295
000
930000
0
9300
000
930500
0
9305
000
931000
0
9310
000
931500
0
9315
000
932000
0
9320
000
932500
0
9325
000
KETERANGANAIR/SUNGAIFASILITAS UMUMLAHAN TERBUKAPERMUKIMANRAWA/TAMBAK/LAUTSAWAHVEGETASI
PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN
DI JAKARTA TAHUN 1972-2002DI JAKARTA TAHUN 1972-2002
PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN
DI JAKARTA TAHUN 1972-2002DI JAKARTA TAHUN 1972-2002
1972
1983
1993
1998
2002
Jakarta telah secara signifikan kehilangan daerah hijau, daerah resapan air, danau-danau kecil dan waduk, dan lain-lain akibat konversi guna lahan
1972
1983
1992
20002005
PERKEMBANGAN KAWASAN PERKOTAAN DI JABODETABEKJURPERKEMBANGAN KAWASAN PERKOTAAN DI JABODETABEKJURPERKEMBANGAN KAWASAN PERKOTAAN DI JABODETABEKJURPERKEMBANGAN KAWASAN PERKOTAAN DI JABODETABEKJUR
Early Reform and Decentralization Era (1)
1. There is a tendency that the local (Kabupaten and Kota) government in JMR try to exploit local resources, including water, land and other physical assets to maximize their own income (PAD).
2. The local government receive some financial benefits from development permits granted to the developers, but uncontrolled development in turn might bring negative environmental impacts for the downstream areas, notably Jakarta City, including floods in the rainy season.
3. Many local governments in JMR tend to have a negative parochialism attitude, resulting in a number of problems in service provision which need cross-border cooperation, including solid waste management and water supply.
4. The JMR is a compact urban region that should be managed as an inseparable region through an integrated spatial development plan (Rencana Tata Ruang) to ensure sustainable development of this region. The present situation shows that the JMR tend to be fragmented in terms of an integrated urban region.
Early Reform and Decentralization Era (2)
5. What is needed is a good collective leadership of local as well as central government. They need to have a shared vision how to develop the region through the cooperation of all stakeholders, and clear policies for the institutional development of the JMR.
6. The BKSP Jabodetabek has now become a forum of coordination among the provincial and local government in JMR. However, this institution does have any authority over the implementation of development in JMR.
7. The BKSP should be given the authority to plan and develop major physical infrastructure for the whole, i.e., transportation system, spatial development, watershed management, and solid waste management, while the provincial and local government need to cede their authority over those functions. However, the local governments should still retain their authority over the local government administration.