the constitution chapter 1.3. the young nation in the new united states of america, a republic was...

The ConstitutionThe Constitution

Chapter 1.3Chapter 1.3

The Young NationThe Young Nation

In the new United In the new United States of America, States of America, a a republic republic was was formed.formed.


In a republic power resides with a In a republic power resides with a body of citizens who have the body of citizens who have the right to vote.right to vote.

Elected leaders must govern Elected leaders must govern according to a constitution.according to a constitution.


Many states already had Many states already had constitutions that embodied ideas constitutions that embodied ideas such as separation of powers and such as separation of powers and a list of rights guaranteeing a list of rights guaranteeing freedoms.freedoms.


The The Virginia Statue of Virginia Statue of Religious FreedomReligious Freedom, , passed in 1786, passed in 1786, reflected the concern for reflected the concern for individual liberty.individual liberty.

It said that Virginia no It said that Virginia no longer had an official longer had an official church.church.


Voting and most other political Voting and most other political rights were extended to white rights were extended to white males only.males only.


After the Revolution, women After the Revolution, women made some advances.made some advances.

They could more easily obtain a They could more easily obtain a divorce.divorce.

They also gained greater access They also gained greater access to education.to education.


Thousands of enslaved African Thousands of enslaved African Americans obtained their freedom Americans obtained their freedom during and after the war.during and after the war.

Many American leaders felt that Many American leaders felt that enslaving people conflicted with enslaving people conflicted with the new views of liberty and the new views of liberty and equality.equality.


On March 2, 1781, American On March 2, 1781, American leaders created the leaders created the Articles of Articles of ConfederationConfederation which loosely which loosely organized the states under one organized the states under one governing body, the governing body, the Confederation CongressConfederation Congress..


Under the Articles of Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress could Confederation, Congress could negotiate with other nations, negotiate with other nations, raise armies, and declare war, but raise armies, and declare war, but could not regulate trade or could not regulate trade or impose taxes.impose taxes.


To raise money, Congress created To raise money, Congress created the the Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17871787, a plan for how states would , a plan for how states would be created in the lands west of be created in the lands west of the Appalachians and north of the the Appalachians and north of the Ohio River—the Northwest Ohio River—the Northwest Territory.Territory.


Because Congress lacked the power Because Congress lacked the power to regulate trade and to tax, the new to regulate trade and to tax, the new country fell into a country fell into a recessionrecession, or , or economic slowdown.economic slowdown.

Congress could not pay its expenses Congress could not pay its expenses or war debts, or stop the states from or war debts, or stop the states from issuing their own money, which issuing their own money, which further damaged the economy.further damaged the economy.


Poor farmers were hit Poor farmers were hit hard by the recession.hard by the recession.

In 1787 a bankrupt In 1787 a bankrupt Massachusetts farmer Massachusetts farmer named named Daniel ShaysDaniel Shays led 1,200 followers in led 1,200 followers in a protests of new a protests of new taxes.taxes.


Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion illustrated the illustrated the weaknesses of the weaknesses of the Confederation Confederation Congress.Congress.

People began to People began to argue for a stronger argue for a stronger central government. central government.


What did the Northwest What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 accomplish?Ordinance of 1787 accomplish?

The Northwest Ordinance created The Northwest Ordinance created a plan for selling and then a plan for selling and then governing the lands of the governing the lands of the Northwest Territory. It spelled out Northwest Territory. It spelled out how states would be created, and how states would be created, and it guaranteed rights including it guaranteed rights including freedom of religion and freedom freedom of religion and freedom from slavery.from slavery.

A New ConstitutionA New Constitution

At the At the Constitutional Constitutional Convention in 1787Convention in 1787, 55 , 55 delegates went to Philadelphia to delegates went to Philadelphia to revise the Articles of revise the Articles of Confederation.Confederation.


They threw them out and wrote a They threw them out and wrote a new framework of government.new framework of government.


The convention appointed a The convention appointed a special committee to resolve special committee to resolve differences between large and differences between large and small states.small states.

The committee worked out the The committee worked out the Great CompromiseGreat Compromise. (Virginia . (Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan)Plan and New Jersey Plan)


It proposed that in the House of It proposed that in the House of Representatives, the states would Representatives, the states would be represented according to the be represented according to the size of their populations.size of their populations.

The Senate would have equal The Senate would have equal representation.representation.


The voters in each The voters in each state would elect state would elect the House of the House of Representatives.Representatives.

The state The state legislatures would legislatures would choose the choose the senators. senators.


The The Three-Fifths CompromiseThree-Fifths Compromise was a plan for counting enslaved was a plan for counting enslaved people in a state.people in a state.


Every five enslaved people in a Every five enslaved people in a state would count as three free state would count as three free persons for determining both persons for determining both representation and taxes. representation and taxes.


The Constitution was based on The Constitution was based on the principle of the principle of popular popular sovereignty,sovereignty, or rule by the or rule by the people.people.

The Constitution created a The Constitution created a system of government called system of government called federalism.federalism.


This divided the government This divided the government between the federal, or national, between the federal, or national, government and the state government and the state governments. governments.


The The Constitution Constitution provided for a provided for a separation of separation of powerspowers among among three branches three branches of government.of government.


The The legislative branchlegislative branch makes the makes the laws.laws.

It is made up of the two houses of It is made up of the two houses of Congress. (Senate and House of Congress. (Senate and House of Representatives)Representatives)


The The executive executive branchbranch enforces the enforces the laws.laws.

It is headed by a It is headed by a president.president.


The The judicial branchjudicial branch interprets interprets federal laws.federal laws.

It is made up of a system of It is made up of a system of federal courts.federal courts.


The Constitution also provides for The Constitution also provides for a system of a system of checks and checks and balancesbalances to prevent any one of to prevent any one of the three branches from the three branches from becoming too powerful.becoming too powerful.


The powers of the president The powers of the president include proposing legislation, include proposing legislation, appointing judges, putting down appointing judges, putting down rebellions, and the ability to rebellions, and the ability to vetoveto, , or reject legislation.or reject legislation.


The Powers of the legislative branch The Powers of the legislative branch include the ability to override the include the ability to override the veto with a two-thirds vote in both veto with a two-thirds vote in both houses. houses.

The Senate approves or rejects The Senate approves or rejects presidential appointments.presidential appointments.


Congress can impeach, or formally Congress can impeach, or formally accuse of misconduct, and then accuse of misconduct, and then remove the president or any high remove the president or any high official in the executive or judicial official in the executive or judicial branch if convicted during trial.branch if convicted during trial.

The judicial branch would hear all The judicial branch would hear all cases arising under federal laws cases arising under federal laws and the Constitution.and the Constitution.


The Constitution has a system for The Constitution has a system for making making amendments,amendments, or or changes to the Constitution.changes to the Constitution.

There is a two-step process for There is a two-step process for amending the Constitution—amending the Constitution—proposal and ratification.proposal and ratification.


New amendments can be proposed New amendments can be proposed by a vote of two-thirds of the by a vote of two-thirds of the members of both houses of members of both houses of Congress, or two-thirds of the Congress, or two-thirds of the states could call a constitutional states could call a constitutional convention to propose new convention to propose new amendments.amendments.

A proposed amendment must be A proposed amendment must be ratified by three-fourths of the ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures or by conventions state legislatures or by conventions in three-fourths of the states.in three-fourths of the states.


How does the Constitution provide How does the Constitution provide for a separation of powers?for a separation of powers?

It provides for three branches of It provides for three branches of government. The legislative branch government. The legislative branch makes the laws. It is made up of two makes the laws. It is made up of two houses of Congress. The executive houses of Congress. The executive branch enforces the laws. It is headed branch enforces the laws. It is headed by the president. The judicial branch by the president. The judicial branch interprets federal laws. It is made up of interprets federal laws. It is made up of a system of federal courts. a system of federal courts.

The Fight for The Fight for RatificationRatification On September 28, On September 28,

1787, the 1787, the Confederation Confederation Congress submitted Congress submitted the Constitution to the Constitution to the states for the states for ratification,ratification, or or approval.approval.

Nine of the 13 states Nine of the 13 states had to approve it. had to approve it.

The Fight for The Fight for RatificationRatification People who supported the People who supported the

Constitution were Constitution were FederalistsFederalists.. Many Federalists were interested Many Federalists were interested

in protecting their property and in protecting their property and regulating trade.regulating trade.

The Fight for The Fight for RatificationRatification Constitution opponents were Constitution opponents were

called called Anti-federalistsAnti-federalists. . They wanted a national They wanted a national

government but were concerned government but were concerned about which would be supreme—about which would be supreme—the state governments or the the state governments or the national government.national government.

The Fight for The Fight for RatificationRatification Federalists organized their Federalists organized their

arguments in a collection of 85 arguments in a collection of 85 essays called essays called TheThe Federalists.Federalists.

The Fight for The Fight for RatificationRatification In order to get the Constitution In order to get the Constitution

ratified in Massachusetts, ratified in Massachusetts, Federalists promised to add a Federalists promised to add a bill of bill of rightsrights to the Constitution once it to the Constitution once it was ratified and to support an was ratified and to support an amendment that would reserve for amendment that would reserve for the states all powers not the states all powers not specifically granted to the federal specifically granted to the federal government.government.

The Fight for The Fight for RatificationRatification The Bill of Rights, or the first ten The Bill of Rights, or the first ten

amendments to the Constitution, amendments to the Constitution, guaranteed the freedoms of guaranteed the freedoms of speech, press, religion; protection speech, press, religion; protection from unreasonable searches and from unreasonable searches and seizures; and the right to a trial seizures; and the right to a trial by jury.by jury.

The Fight for The Fight for RatificationRatification In June of 1788, New In June of 1788, New

Hampshire became the Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the ninth state to ratify the Constitution.Constitution.

New York and Virginia New York and Virginia had not ratified it, and had not ratified it, and many feared the new many feared the new government would not government would not succeed without their succeed without their support.support.

Gradually, all 13 states Gradually, all 13 states ratified the ratified the Constitution. Constitution.

The Fight for The Fight for RatificationRatification George Washington was chosen George Washington was chosen

as the first president under the as the first president under the new Constitution.new Constitution.

The Fight for The Fight for RatificationRatification What finally convinced Virginia and What finally convinced Virginia and

New York to ratify the Constitution?New York to ratify the Constitution? Virginia ratified the Constitution when Virginia ratified the Constitution when

the Federalists agreed to add a bill of the Federalists agreed to add a bill of rights. New York agreed to ratify the rights. New York agreed to ratify the Constitution once it learned that Virginia Constitution once it learned that Virginia and New Hampshire had ratified it. New and New Hampshire had ratified it. New York did not want to operated York did not want to operated independently of all the surrounding independently of all the surrounding states. states.

the constitution chapter 1.3. the young nation in the new united states of america, a republic was...

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