the constitution
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Influences on the U.S. Constitution
JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)
• Believed that rights like life, liberty, and property could not be taken away
• To keep peace, people needed to create a contract with their gov’t
• Common people unfit to rule
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MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755)
• Believed that the best kind of gov’t had legislative, executive, and judicial powers that were all separate, equal, and kept each other in line
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JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1788)
• Believed the people’s contract with gov’t was a trick by rich people
• Common people needed to be sovereign to make laws for the public good
• The people were all the power in gov’t you needed (pro-direct democracy)
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Outline of the U.S. Constitution
• The Constitution is the instruction manual / rulebook for U.S. government = THE HIGHEST LAW OF THE LAND
• Preamble - introduction to the Constitution; describes what the goals of our gov’t are
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• The Constitution has 7 articles, or sections
• Article I - the Legislative branch
• Article II - the Executive branch
• Article III - the Judicial branch
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• Article IV - Relationships between states
• Article V - Amending the Constitution
• Article VI - National Law
• Article VII - Ratifying the Constitution
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Six Basic Principles
• 1.) Popular sovereignty - gov’t only exists because the people give it power to exist (people rule gov’t)
• 2.) Limited government - gov’t is not all-powerful
– Constitutionalism - the gov’t must be run according to the Constitution
– Rule of Law - gov’t has to obey the law just like everyone else
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• 3.) Separation of Powers - powers of gov’t are divided between 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial– Power spread out across gov’t instead of
all in one place (dangerous)
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Legislative Branch
• L is for LAW-MAKING
• This branch makes the laws for our country and can remove gov’t officials
• Made up by Congress
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Executive Branch
• E is for ENFORCE
• This branch enforces the laws
• Led by the president, who can sign bills into law, or veto (reject) them
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Judicial Branch
• J is for JUDGING
• This branch judges (and interprets) what the law means
• Makes sure gov’t actions follow the Constitution
• Led by the Supreme Court; includes court systems
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• 4.) Federalism - our gov’t is divided between one national gov’t and 50 state gov’ts– Ex: a house (U.S. gov’t) with 50 rooms
(each states gets their own room)
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• 5.) Judicial Review - the power of the courts to declare a law unconstitutional– Ex: Marbury v. Madison
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• 6.) checks and balances - the branches of gov’t each check up on each other– Makes sure no one branch is more
powerful than the other– All the branches of gov’t ARE EQUAL.
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Amending the Constitution
• The Constitution is a “living” document because we can change it
• Amendment - a change/edit to the Constitution– 27 amendments to the Constitution– First 10 amendments = the Bill of Rights
(1791)
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How to Amend the Constitution
MAIN WAY:
• Amendment suggested and passed by 2/3 of Congress then passed by 3/4 of the state legislatures (38 states)
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The Bill of Rights
• Your protections against the gov’t• 1.) Freedom of: speech, religion,
assembly, press, petition• 2.) right to bear arms• 3.) no quartering (housing) troops• 4.) right to privacy• 5.) due process, double jeopardy, self-
incrimination (remain silent)
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• 6.) right to fair and speedy trial, counsel (lawyer), trial by jury
• 7.) civil (non-criminal cases)• 8.) no cruel and unusual punishment• 9.) people have rights not in
Constitution• 10.) powers not given to federal gov’t
are reserved to the states
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Other Amendments
• 13th - abolished slavery
• 14th - applied due process (fairness) to state laws
• 19th - women got the right to vote
• 22nd - president has 2 term limits
• 26th - 18 years + to vote
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Explore the Constitution
• GO THROUGH ARTICLES 1-3 AND MAKE NOTES:– What makes up each branch– The qualifications to be in each branch– The powers of each branch– Principles of the Constitution
– PUT DOWN REFERENCES FOR EACH– EX: Congress declares war (Art. I Sec. 8 Cl. 11)
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Ch. 3 Quiz
• Legislative branch• Executive branch• Judicial branch• Popular sovereignty• Federalism• Judicial review
• Limited government• Separation of
powers• Checks and
balances• Rule of law
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