the complexity and organization of organisms accommodates the need for obtaining, transforming,...
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The complexity and organizationof organisms accommodates theneed for obtaining, transforming,transporting, releasing, andeliminating the matter and energyused to sustain the organism.
PASS Content Standard 5.1
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6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
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6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Photosynthesis - 5 min
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H2O O2 + ATP + NADPH2
Water is split - giving off oxygen.
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H2O O2 + ATP + NADPH2
This system depends on sunlight for activation energy.
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H2O O2 + ATP + NADPH2 Light is absorbed by chlorophyll a which "excites" electrons in the chlorophyll molecule.
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ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 C6H12O6
Carbon dioxide is split, providing carbon to make sugars.
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ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 C6H12O6
The ultimate product is glucose.
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ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 C6H12O6
While this system depends on the products from the light reactions, it does not directly require light energy.
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The sites of photosynthesisin plant cells.
Chlorophyll is only found in chloroplasts, never in cell cytoplasm.
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5 Factors Determining Rate of Photosynthesis:
1. Light intensityLight limited - Light saturated
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5 Factors Determining Rate of Photosynthesis:
2. Temperature Rate increases up to
25 oC (77 oF)
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5 Factors Determining Rate of Photosynthesis:
3. Length of day
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5 Factors Determining Rate of Photosynthesis:
4. Amount of CO2 available
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5 Factors Determining Rate of Photosynthesis:
5. Air Pollution
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The release of energy in cells
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
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Photosynthesisin chloroplasts
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Respirationin mitochondria
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Respiration - 2 min
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ATPATP is the is the energy molecule energy molecule of cellsof cells
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The first phosphateThe first phosphatebond is broken bybond is broken bycellular processes,cellular processes,releasing energyreleasing energyand producing ADPand producing ADP
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ATP - 3 min
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A two-stepA two-stepprocessprocess
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Glucose, a 6-carbon sugar,Glucose, a 6-carbon sugar,is split into twois split into two3-carbon sugars...3-carbon sugars...
StepStep11
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which are then which are then converted into converted into 2 pyruvic acid2 pyruvic acidmolecules.molecules.
StepStep22
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Each pyruvic Each pyruvic acid moleculeacid moleculeenters theenters thecycle.cycle.
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The Krebs Cycle can produceThe Krebs Cycle can produce30 ATP molecules from one30 ATP molecules from oneglucose molecule.glucose molecule.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in animal cells due to a lack of oxygen, causing muscle soreness as lactic acid builds up.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
While no ATP is produced, a carrier molecule allows glycolysis to continue.
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Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen) can only produce 2 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule.
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Aerobic Respiration(with oxygen) can produce 38 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule.
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What is it?
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Metabolism: ALL thechemical processesrelated to the use ofenergy in the body.
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Digestion: the two-part process that changes food into a formusable by body cells.
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Digestion - 8 min
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Physical Digestion
breaks large pieces into smaller ones.
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Adults have 32
8 Incisors4 Canines8 Premolars12 Molars
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Chemical Digestion
changes complex chemicals into simple ones.
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The average male will eat about
50 tons of food during his lifetime!
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TheDigestiveSystem
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Food generally takes
18 to 20 hours to pass through thealimentary canal
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The alimentary canal(food tube) is 8 1/2 meters long.
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Mouth - 15 centimeters
8 1/2 Meters
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Esophagus - 50 centimeters
8 1/2 Meters
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Stomach - 30 centimeters
8 1/2 Meters
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Small Intestine - 5.75 meters
8 1/2 Meters
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Large Intestine -1.65 meters,
165 centimeters
8 1/2 Meters
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Serving Size
AmountPer Serving
Required Nutrients
Vitamins A & C,Calcium and Iron
% Daily Values
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Reduced Fat - 2% MilkReduced Fat - 2% Milk Chocolate Non-Fat MilkChocolate Non-Fat Milk
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The “finger-test” is used with a food label to easily determine just how “nutritious” a food is.
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Your body Your body containscontainsaboutabout
5 liters5 liters of blood.of blood.
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Blood - 4 min
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Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"
Systolic pressure, the first and highest number...
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Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"
is the force the heart places on the walls of the arteries as it pumps with each heartbeat.
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Diastolic pressure, the secondand lowest number...
Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"
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is the pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats.
Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"
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Both measurements are important.
Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"
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A high systolic pressure indicates strain on the vessels when the heart contracts.
Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"
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A high diastolic pressure meansthe vessels have little chance to relax between heartbeats.
Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"
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Occasional high blood pressure is common.
Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"
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Anxiety, exercise, or nervousness can cause a high reading.
Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"
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A sustained pressure of 140 / 90 is considered unhealthy.
Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
Normal blood flowing through vessels does not make a sound.
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
Cuff pressure causes turbulent flow and vibrations that produce the “tapping” sounds...
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
known as the sounds of Korotkoff.
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
A cuff is inflated around the arm - stopping blood flow through the brachial artery.
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
Listening to blood flow below the cuff, the sound will stop when the ventricles are not producing enough pressure toforce blood past the pressure of the cuff.
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
Air pressure in the cuff is now slowly released.
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
The first sounds of blood passing through the artery means that the ventricles have pumped with just enough force...
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
to overcome thepressure exerted by the cuff.
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
This is the systolic pressure - the pressureof the blood when the ventricles contract.
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
Air pressure continues to bereleased from the cuff, listening for the disappearance of sound.
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
The sound stops when there isa steady flow of blood.
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MeasuringBlood Pressure
This is thediastolic pressure - the pressure of the blood when the ventricles relax.
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Pulse:
The pulse averages 70 - 76beats per minute in anormal resting person.
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Radial Pulse:
Rest your right arm in the palm ofyour left hand. Curl the fingers ofyour left hand up around the thumbside of your right wrist.
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Radial Pulse:
Place several fingers of your lefthand along and just to the outsideof the tendon that runs along your wrist.
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Radial Pulse:
With gentle pressure, you shouldbe able to feel your pulse.
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Blood pressure - 2 min
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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What Is This?
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Your lung Your lung surface area surface area
is aboutis about
1000 m1000 m22
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Your total Your total lunglung
capacity is capacity is
5 to 6 liters5 to 6 liters
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A normal A normal breathbreathmoves moves about about
11//2 2 literliter
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Breathing - 3 min
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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Inspiration
When air flows into the lungs
Tidal Volume - the amount of airmoved during normal breathing.Approximately 1/2 liter (1 pint).
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Inspiration
When air flows into the lungs
Inspiratory Reserve - the amount ofair that can be taken in forciblyover the tidal volume. About 3 1/2 Liters.
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Expiration
When air flows out of the lungs
Expiratory Reserve - the amount ofair that can be forcibly exhaledafter tidal expiration.About 1 1/2 Liters.
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Expiration
Residual Volume - the amount of airthat remains in the lungs evenafter the most strenuous expiration.About 1 1/2 Liters.
When air flows out of the lungs
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Take a deep breath, close theglottis, force air from the lungsagainst the glottis.
The glottis openssuddenly and a blast of air rushesupward. Cough
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A cough acts to clearthe lower respiratorypassageway.
Cough
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Similar to a cough, except thatexpelled air is directed throughnasal cavities instead of through the oral cavity.
Sneeze
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The uvula, a flap of tissuehanging from the soft palate,becomes depressed and closes the oral cavity off from the pharynx, routingthe air throughnasal cavities.
Sneeze
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Sudden inspirations resultingfrom spasms of the diaphragm - initiated by irritation of thediaphragm or phrenic nerves, which servethe diaphragm.
Hiccups
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The sound of a hiccupoccurs when inspiredair hits vocal foldsof the closed glottis.
Hiccups
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Very deep inspiration, takenwith jaws wide open.
Formerly believed triggered by a need to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood, this theory is now being questioned. Yawn
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A yawn ventilates allalveoli, which is notthe case in normal,quiet breathing.
Yawn
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Excretion is the removalExcretion is the removalof metabolic wastesof metabolic wastesfrom the bodyfrom the body
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The most commonmammalian metabolicwaste product is urea,
CH4N2O
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CO2
is also a metabolicwaste product,
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Excretion - 2 min
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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KidneysKidneysLungsLungsSkinSkin
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