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Page 1: The Common Independent Trucking Contractor Test, Key Cases ...€¦ · 22/8/2013  · Misclassification Increasing efforts to curb alleged independent contractor abuses Misclassification

The Common Independent Trucking Contractor Test, Key Cases and

Legislation

Attorney Gregory M. FearyManaging Partner

Scopelitis, Garvin, Light, Hanson & Feary

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About this 45 Minute Webinar

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GREGORY M. FEARY Managing Partner- Scopelitis, Garvin, Light, Hanson & Feary

Focuses on independent contractor issues and legislation and transportation insurance designs to reduce exposure.

Provides legislative support for many organizations and clients on independent contractor issues.

Counsels clients on alternative risk programs.

Designs independent contractor programs and defends independent contractor disputes.

Vice Chair of the ATA/NAFC Risk Management & Insurance Advisory Committee.

Member of the ATA Insurance Task Force & the Advisory Board of Purdue University's Center for Transportation Distribution Logistics

Recognized as a “Top Rated Lawyer in Transportation” by Martindale-Hubbell™, and Adjunct Professor of Law-Indiana University, Robert H. McKinney School of Law.

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The Legal FrameworkThe Legal Framework

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Common WorkerCommon WorkerClassification MisunderstandingsClassification Misunderstandings

IC Agreement + Payment via Form 1099 IC Agreement + Payment via Form 1099 ≠≠Automatic ICs Automatic ICs 

Also not a guarantee of IC status:Also not a guarantee of IC status: Signed IC Agreement

Formation of Corporation/LLC

Hiring employees

5

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Primary Areas of LawPrimary Areas of LawImpacted by IC ChallengesImpacted by IC Challenges

WorkersWorkers’’ compensationcompensation

Unemployment taxUnemployment tax

State and federal labor lawsState and federal labor laws

State and federal wage and hour lawsState and federal wage and hour laws

State and federal tax lawsState and federal tax laws

6

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Important Tests to KnowImportant Tests to Know

Right to ControlRight to Control

ABCABC

Relative Nature of the WorkRelative Nature of the Work

Economic RealitiesEconomic Realities

IRS IRS ““20 Factor20 Factor””/Restatement Agency /Restatement Agency TestTest

7

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Right to Control TestRight to Control Test

Examines a series of factors to determine Examines a series of factors to determine which party has the which party has the right to control the right to control the means and manner of performancemeans and manner of performance,, and not and not merely the end result to be performedmerely the end result to be performed

Highly fact specific Highly fact specific –– key is key is –– ““demonstrate demonstrate contractorcontractor’’s control of his environment!s control of his environment!””

[Paraphrased from Vermont Department of [Paraphrased from Vermont Department of Labor website]Labor website]

8

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ABC TestABC Test In order to be an IC:In order to be an IC:A. Worker is free from putative employer’s control;B.B. Services are not in the normal course, occupation, Services are not in the normal course, occupation, 

trade, business or profession of putative employertrade, business or profession of putative employer’’s s business; business; and

C. Workers are customarily engaged in independently established trade or profession

(see, e.g., Comm’r of Unemployment Div. v. Town Taxi of Cape Cod, Inc.)

9

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Relative Nature of the Work TestRelative Nature of the Work Test

Substantial economic dependence of the Substantial economic dependence of the worker on the putative employerworker on the putative employer Length of engagement Continuous or intermittent 

Functional integration of the partiesFunctional integration of the parties’’respective businesses respective businesses  Are the worker’s services a regular part of the 

cost of your service? Relationship of work performed to the 

employer’s business 

10

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Economic Realities TestEconomic Realities Test A factor test used to determine the A factor test used to determine the ““economic realityeconomic reality””

of the relationship (typically for purposes of FLSA and of the relationship (typically for purposes of FLSA and SSA).  As articulated by the Supreme Court, it SSA).  As articulated by the Supreme Court, it examines:examines: Degree of control; Relative investments of the parties; Degree to which opportunity for profit or loss is 

determined by the “employer”; Skill and initiative required; and Permanency of the relationship.

[United States v. Silk, 331 U.S. 704 (1947), as quoted on the Texas Workers’ Compensation website]

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Agency Factor TestsAgency Factor Tests IRS IRS ““20 Factor20 Factor”” TestTest Published by the IRS as a guideline to apply the Right to Published by the IRS as a guideline to apply the Right to 

Control TestControl Test Based on common law agency test  Analytical tool, not legal test Technically replaced by refined 11 factor test, but remains in 

common use Lists 20 factors falling in 3 basic categoriesLists 20 factors falling in 3 basic categories

Behavioral Control – e.g. instructions; training; sequence of services; reporting requirements

Financial Control – e.g. pay by the hour, week or month; tools; profit & loss

Type of Relationship – e.g. right to hire or fire

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Agency Factor TestsAgency Factor Tests Restatement (Second) of AgencyRestatement (Second) of Agency

10 Factor test similar to IRS 20 Factor test Used as an alternative common law test to right to control Weighs all elements with no one factor being decisive  Used in National Labor Relations Board decisions 

FedEx Home Delivery v. NLRB FedEx Home Delivery v. NLRB  Supports shift in emphasis away from “unwieldy control 

inquiry” in favor of “significant entrepreneurial opportunity for gain or loss”

Failure to exercise entrepreneurial opportunity does not mean there is no entrepreneurial potential

Constraints imposed by customer demands and government regulations do not determine the employment relationship

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Workers’ Compensation by State 

Favorable Statutory LawFavorable Case LawDifficult Statutory LawUnfavorable Case LawConflicting Case Law

WA

OR

CA

NV

ID

MT

WY

COUT

AZNM

ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX

MN

IA

MO

AR

LA

WI

IL

MI

MI

INOH

NY

ME

PA

WVVA

NH

NCKY

TN

MS ALGA

SC

FL

MD

CT

NJ

DE

RI

MA

VT

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Unemployment Compensation by State 

Favorable Statutory LawFavorable Case LawDifficult Statutory LawUnfavorable Case LawNo Case Law

WA

OR

CA

NV

ID

MT

WY

COUT

AZNM

ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX

MN

IA

MO

AR

LA

WI

IL

MI

MI

INOH

NY

ME

PA

WVVA

NH

NCKY

TN

MS ALGA

SC

FL

MD

CT

NJ

DE

RI

MA

VT

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Recent State IC CasesRecent State IC Cases OO Found to be ICOO Found to be IC Council v. FedEx Custom Critical, Inc. (La.) (Applying 

IC Exemption) (WC) Parsons v. Steelman (Mo.) (Applying IC Exemption to 

Leaseback) (WC) Davidson v. Mo. State Treas. (Mo.) (Applying IC 

Exemption) (WC) Choto v. Consol. Lumber Transp. (NY) (WC) Erhardt v. Chatlain Enters., Inc. (Ohio) (Leaseback) 

(WC) Petrovic v. DBG Express Tckg, LLC (Wis. ALJ) (WC)

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Recent State IC CasesRecent State IC Cases OO Found to be EmployeeOO Found to be Employee SZL v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office (Colo.) (Leaseback) 

(WC) Rader v. Werner Enterprises, Inc. (Mo.) (Applying old IC 

Exemption to Leaseback) (WC) Wirkijowski v. US Pack Courier Serv. Corp. (NJ) (Applied 

Relative Nature of Work Test) (WC) Leader Servs. Inc. (NY WCB) Metro. Transp. Co. (NY WCB) Sherman & Sons Transp. (NY WCB) KMB Trucking v. SC Dep’t of Emp’t & Workforce (SC ALJ)

(UET)

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Brought by private plaintiffs alleging violation of federal Brought by private plaintiffs alleging violation of federal and/or state employment lawsand/or state employment laws

Threshold question: does plaintiff have standing to allege Threshold question: does plaintiff have standing to allege violation of employment laws (i.e., is the plaintiff an violation of employment laws (i.e., is the plaintiff an employee or an IC)?employee or an IC)? E.g., Craig v. FedEx Ground Package Syst., Inc. (MDL)(found to 

be IC); Dillon v. NICA (found to be employee)  Often brought on a classOften brought on a class‐‐wide basis (under federal or state wide basis (under federal or state 

classclass‐‐action rules) or on a collective basis (under FLSA)action rules) or on a collective basis (under FLSA) AttorneysAttorneys’’ fees may be recovered (depending on laws at fees may be recovered (depending on laws at 

issue) and may drive litigationissue) and may drive litigation E.g., a violation of the Mass. IC Law may give rise to a Wage 

and Hour violation, therefore authorizing attorneys’ fees

Reclassification LawsuitsReclassification Lawsuits

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FedEx Ground FedEx Ground MDL (7th Cir.)MDL (7th Cir.) –– Qs certified to KS Sup. Ct. on Qs certified to KS Sup. Ct. on 7/12/127/12/12

Ruiz v. Affinity Logistics Ruiz v. Affinity Logistics (S.D. Cal.)(S.D. Cal.) –– Finding of IC status Finding of IC status under CA law on 8/27/12; appeal filed.under CA law on 8/27/12; appeal filed.

Narayan v. EGLNarayan v. EGL (N.D. Cal.)(N.D. Cal.) –– On remand/class cert. denied On remand/class cert. denied 9/7/129/7/12

Mass. Delivery AssMass. Delivery Ass’’n v. Coakleyn v. Coakley (1st Cir.)(1st Cir.) –– Suit seeking fed. Suit seeking fed. preemption of IC law held valid 1/20/12preemption of IC law held valid 1/20/12

Anfinson v. FedEx GroundAnfinson v. FedEx Ground (WA Sup. Ct.)(WA Sup. Ct.) –– Reversed and Reversed and remanded for new trial on 7/19/12remanded for new trial on 7/19/12

Browning v. CEVA Browning v. CEVA (E.D.N.Y.)(E.D.N.Y.) –– Ct. grants SJ in favor of Ct. grants SJ in favor of carrier on IC status on 8/11/12carrier on IC status on 8/11/12

Reclassification Lawsuits to WatchReclassification Lawsuits to Watch

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FAAAA/Massachusetts IC Law FAAAA/Massachusetts IC Law SplitSplit

Conflicting opinions in 2 recent casesConflicting opinions in 2 recent cases

Does Federal Aviation Administration Does Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (Authorization Act of 1994 (““FAAAAFAAAA””) preempt ) preempt Mass. IC Law?Mass. IC Law?

Each case assumes drivers will be employees Each case assumes drivers will be employees under under §§ 148B 148B –– reach different conclusions as reach different conclusions as to effectto effect

20

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Sanchez v. Lasership, Inc.Sanchez v. Lasership, Inc.(E.D. Vir. 2013)(E.D. Vir. 2013)

April 4 summary judgment issued holding Mass. Gen. April 4 summary judgment issued holding Mass. Gen. Laws 149 Laws 149 §§ 148B is preempted by FAAAA148B is preempted by FAAAA

§§ 148B relates to or has a connection with carriers148B relates to or has a connection with carriers’’prices, routes, and services because:prices, routes, and services because:

Dictates employee v. IC relationship Significantly increases costs and therefore prices, 

routes, & services Materially alters common law IC test & creates legal 

patchwork On Demand courier work significant to favorable 

decision 

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Martins v. 3PD, Inc. Martins v. 3PD, Inc. (D. Mass. 2013)(D. Mass. 2013)

March 28 summary judgment holding FAAAA March 28 summary judgment holding FAAAA does not preempt does not preempt §§ 148B148B

Assumption that drivers are employees Assumption that drivers are employees makes makes §§ 148B, in essence, a wage statute and 148B, in essence, a wage statute and outside scope of preemption argumentoutside scope of preemption argument

Very little analysis of FAAAAVery little analysis of FAAAA

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Legislative OutlookLegislative Outlook

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Continued Focus on Section 530Continued Focus on Section 530 Federal Safe Harbor provisionFederal Safe Harbor provision Prohibits reclassifying independent contractors as 

employees for purposes of federal income tax withholding where certain conditions met

Vulnerable to Vulnerable to ““tax loopholetax loophole”” arguments in arguments in spending negotiationsspending negotiations

3 prongs must be met3 prongs must be met1. Reporting consistency (1099s)2. Substantive consistency (no similar employees)3. Reasonable basis

24

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USDOL Misclassification InitiativeUSDOL Misclassification Initiative

Intended to Intended to ““prevent, detect, and remedyprevent, detect, and remedy””misclassificationmisclassification

Budget appropriations in support of initiative Budget appropriations in support of initiative are likelyare likely

MOUs with IRS and 14 states to share MOUs with IRS and 14 states to share information and resourcesinformation and resources

Planned survey of worker knowledge of Planned survey of worker knowledge of classification issuesclassification issues

25

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USDOL Misclassification InitiativeUSDOL Misclassification InitiativeDOL Budget Request EvolutionDOL Budget Request Evolution 2010: Requested $25 million for initiative 2011: Stated emphasis on investigating 

misclassification in transportation, construction, and healthcare industries

2013: Requested $12 million, 90 new investigators Expand enforcement Target industries where misclassification most likely 

to lead to violations of the law

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Efforts to Attack Alleged Efforts to Attack Alleged MisclassificationMisclassification

Increasing efforts to curb alleged independent Increasing efforts to curb alleged independent contractor abusescontractor abuses

Misclassification Acts are one tool usedMisclassification Acts are one tool used Common elements:Common elements: Expansion of ABC Test Civil & criminal penalties Collective and private causes of action Stop work orders Administrative compliance

27

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Current State Misclassification LawsCurrent State Misclassification Laws

Arkansas Kentucky <New Jersey>

California Massachusetts <New York>

<Colorado> <Maryland> Rhode Island

Delaware* Michigan <Tennessee*>

<Illinois> <Nebraska> <Texas*>

<Kansas> Nevada Vermont

<Washington>

<Wisconsin*>

*Construction and/or public works contracts only< > OO exemption   Gray = Introduced and Failed in 2013  Red = Pending Bold = Transportation

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New JerseyNew Jersey Truck Operator Independent Contractor ActTruck Operator Independent Contractor Act Misclassification Act applied to drayage and parcel Misclassification Act applied to drayage and parcel 

delivery driversdelivery drivers Prevailing wage, unemployment compensation, Prevailing wage, unemployment compensation, 

temporary disability benefits, income tax, and wage temporary disability benefits, income tax, and wage and hourand hour

Uses ABC Test to effectively make drivers employeesUses ABC Test to effectively make drivers employees Excludes drayage and parcel delivery from UET 

exemption Passed May 30Passed May 30 Awaiting Governor Christie signature or vetoAwaiting Governor Christie signature or veto

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New YorkNew York

NY State Commercial Goods Transportation Industry Fair NY State Commercial Goods Transportation Industry Fair Play Act Play Act 

Misclassification Act targeted at commercial goods Misclassification Act targeted at commercial goods transportation services transportation services –– including including transportation of transportation of goods for compensation by a commercial vehicle driver goods for compensation by a commercial vehicle driver who possesses a statewho possesses a state‐‐issued driverissued driver’’s license and s license and transports goods in the State of NYtransports goods in the State of NY

22‐‐phase test phase test  11‐factor test that is reasonable to meet If fail factor test – revert to ABC Test

NY DOL drafting rules to interpret Act NY DOL drafting rules to interpret Act  Enrolled June 21 Enrolled June 21 –– waiting on Gov. Cuomowaiting on Gov. Cuomo’’s signatures signature

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OwnerOwner‐‐Operator ExemptionsOperator Exemptions

Favorable exemptions introduced in:Favorable exemptions introduced in:

Arkansas (WC) – Enacted April 12, 2013

Connecticut (UET) – Enacted June 24, 2013

Illinois (WC, UET)

Massachusetts (IC Law)

North Carolina (WC) – Adversely amended

Ohio (uniform definition) – Anticipated 

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10 Reasons Why the Settlement 10 Reasons Why the Settlement Carrier Model Passes the ABC TestCarrier Model Passes the ABC Test

(SC = Settlement Carrier; PB = Property Broker/ Incumbent Motor Carrier)

1.Possession of a license and operating authority by SC2.Satisfies different trade, occupation, or profession prong

a) SC:  For hire motor carrierb) PB:  Property broker

3.Satisfies exclusive work relationship pronga) SC is for hire carrier that may haul without legal 

limitation

4.Compliance with federal motor carrier law no longer creates control

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10 Reasons Why the Settlement 10 Reasons Why the Settlement Carrier Model Passes the ABC TestCarrier Model Passes the ABC Test

(SC = Settlement Carrier; PB = Property Broker/ Incumbent Motor Carrier)

5.PB requirements more easily identified as customer requirements6.Less legal and historical precedent for finding motor carriers the employees of brokers/ freight forwarders7.Expense of becoming a motor carrier creates favorable fact of investment in tools of trade8.SC must make independent business decisions regarding motor carrier compliance9.Placards identifying SC as the motor carrier equate to holding out as independent business10.Easily misapplied Federal Leasing Regulations no longer relevant

33

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Financial Assistance toFinancial Assistance to

OwnerOwner‐‐Operators:Operators:

How Much is Too Much?How Much is Too Much?

34

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Purchase/Leaseback Arrangements =Purchase/Leaseback Arrangements =Impermissible Financial Assistance?Impermissible Financial Assistance?

35

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DoDo’’s and Dons and Don’’ts of Purchase/ts of Purchase/Leaseback ArrangementsLeaseback Arrangements

36

DODO1. Proceed with caution2. Review state owner‐operator exemptions to ensure not 

prohibited3. Monitor new exemptions for prohibition4. Require substantial investment5. Think “bona fide” lease6. Make arm’s‐length transaction7. Ensure commercially reasonable terms8. Use fair market value9. Promote portability

DODO ‐ continued

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DoDo’’s and Dons and Don’’ts of Purchase/ts of Purchase/Leaseback ArrangementsLeaseback Arrangements

37

DODO10. Permit equity11. Use fixed payment period12. Hold owner‐operator liable for payment/default13. Document transaction14. Where permissible, use affiliate rather than motor carrier 

for transaction15. Comply with leasing regulations where motor carrier or 

affiliate is lessor 16. If feasible, avoid motor carrier guaranty in 3rd‐party 

transaction

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DoDo’’s and Dons and Don’’ts of Purchase/ts of Purchase/Leaseback ArrangementsLeaseback Arrangements

38

DONDON’’TT1. Exert control over equipment in lieu of control over 

owner‐operator2. Treat equipment like your own3. Use in states that don’t recognize leases as 

“ownership” of vehicle4. Lease for a term of less than 1 year5. Resolve prohibited transaction using a related 

entity leaseDONDON’’TT ‐ continued

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DoDo’’s and Dons and Don’’ts of Purchase/ts of Purchase/Leaseback ArrangementsLeaseback Arrangements

39

DONDON’’TT6. Pay for maintenance or operating costs of equipment

7. Require purchase/lease from motor carrier or affiliate

8. Subsidize owner‐operator via use of unreasonably favorable terms

9. Protect owner‐operator from risk of damage or destruction to equipment

10. Undercut relationship with unreasonable terms, provisions or supporting documents

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Other Forms of Financial AssistanceOther Forms of Financial Assistance

Touchstone Touchstone –– Potential to Realize Potential to Realize Profit or LossProfit or Loss

40

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Probably OKProbably OK

Administrative services agreement at Administrative services agreement at commercially reasonably costcommercially reasonably cost

Paying for tolls, permits, fees, etc. that are Paying for tolls, permits, fees, etc. that are passed through to customerpassed through to customer

41

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Not OKNot OK

Personal loans/advancesPersonal loans/advances

Administrative support services at no chargeAdministrative support services at no charge

Free uniformsFree uniforms

Paying fines caused by contractorPaying fines caused by contractor

Paying licensing fees, maintenance costs, or Paying licensing fees, maintenance costs, or other contractor operating costsother contractor operating costs

““SweetheartSweetheart”” deals to contractor not available deals to contractor not available outside of relationship with motor carrieroutside of relationship with motor carrier

42

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PROCEED WITH CAUTIONPROCEED WITH CAUTION

Use motor carrierUse motor carrier’’s creditworthiness to lower s creditworthiness to lower contractorscontractors’’ costscosts

Commercially reasonable purchase/leaseback Commercially reasonable purchase/leaseback arrangementsarrangements

Business loans on commercially reasonable Business loans on commercially reasonable termsterms

43

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Cline Wood University has arrived! The Cline Wood Agency is proud to announce our

new and innovative webinar program called Cline Wood University.

The Cline Wood Agency will be providing one webinar each month, covering a variety of topics to keep you in the know and better prepared for all aspects of the trucking and insurance world.

Look for more details about our next webinar within the next two weeks - and make sure you white list our email: [email protected]

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Contact Cline Wood for a copy of the slides or for additional information:

[email protected]

(913) 451-3900 or (866) 707-3479

And thank you to our guest speaker

Attorney Gregory M. Feary - Scopelitis, Garvin, Light, Hanson & Feary

Q & A - Contact Information & Poll