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The Colonies In Detail

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English Empire= Ireland English began to invade and control Ireland in the early 1400s. They found that it was not possible to pacify the Irish readily and created a pattern that was repeated in the New World. Plantation- different than a large farm- really a system of planting settlers in a hostile territory in an effort to hold the land. Pattern: First try to negotiate for land and allegiance Expel the natives Move in population Parallels to North American Indians and Irish were clear

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Joint-Stock Company Private investors bought shares in trading companies and sponsored colonies in America Business Run Colony= reduced royal control These companies contracted with the crown example: The Virginia Company of London (Southern land) 1606 sent 3 ships, 144 (104 survived the crossing) men established Jamestown- Chesapeake area. The Virginia Company of Plymouth (Northern Land Grant)

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Jamestown: First permanent English settlement in America Named after King James I Settlement was in bad location, low, swampy land, malaria was common Captain John Smith was one early officer of the colony- helped bring order to the colony by creating strict rules to live by.

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Jamestown: Social Early period, mostly males, get rich quick single, 4-5 males to 1 female Few women, few families, hunting for gold Life was difficult, starvation common early The Starving Time 1609-1610 only 60 of 500 left. Population was lured to Jamestown through Indentured Servitude, passage to new world in exchange for working the land for a specific period of time. The hope was that after the period of servitude land would be obtained. Very individualistic Headright- system, in an effort to encourage immigration to Virginia, land-grant of 50 acres

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Jamestown: Relationship with Indians At first the Indians tolerated the colonists and even helped provide food, and agriculture techniques (John Smith- was captured and released) Later hostilities break out, open and periodic warfare Indians and Anglo societies do not mix from the beginning. Issues of land ownership, land use cause conflict

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Jamestown: Economic First years were subsistence agriculture, learning from Indians what crops to grow to live Later Tobacco (the stinking weed) economy develops as a cash crop for very lucrative trade. As labor demands increase, African slaves begin to be imported in 1619

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Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

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Virginia House of Burgesses In 1619, Virginia colonists created a legislative assembly to create local taxes & oversee finances The Virginia House of Burgesses became the 1 st legislative assembly in America

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How Many Slaves? In 1619, the 1 st African slaves arrived in Jamestown In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves arrived in the New World per year Through the 18th century, 5.5 million arrived in America By 1860, 11 million slaves were brought to the New World Before 1831, more African slaves came to America than Europeans

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Corruption and Reform In 1624, James I dissolved the Virginia Company & made Virginia a royal colony But colonists continued to meet in the House of Burgesses VA was divided into 8 counties each with a county court Very little changed; Jamestown colonists still focused on tobacco & continued to lack unity

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Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as a refuge for English Catholics In 1632, Charles I granted a charter for Maryland (Charles wifes name was Maria) To recruit laborers, Lord Baltimore required toleration among Catholics & Protestants 1649, Act of Toleration or Act Concerning Religion the Calverts persuaded the Assembly to adopt a law of religious toleration- but only for Christians Wealthy Catholics proved unwilling to relocate to America so Maryland became populated largely by poor Protestant farmers & indentured servants: Maryland had few large tobacco plantations Farmers (mostly poor tobacco planters) lived in scattered riverfront settlements

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Two Types of Puritans: Separatists Held irreconcilable differences with the Church of England; they thought the church was corrupt and that they must distance themselves from it Were persecuted under various monarchies in England First fled from England to Holland Later, came to found the Plymouth Colony in America in 1620 Non-Separatists Held less extreme views of the Church of England Believed in church reform rather than an overthrow of the church Came to America in 1630 and founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Mayflower Compact Before Pilgrims stepped ashore in America they created a covenant or contract- to abide by the laws of the community and to create a government- (this was not a constitution) Their purpose was to organize the society to accomplish their goal of creating an idyllic religious community based upon their radical Puritan ideology

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Plymouth Social Traveled in families- tight community Very religious- intolerant of differences Small population, grows to 300 after 10 years Some cooperation with Indians at first later conflicts occur Literacy important Economic No large plantations Small landholdings Traded fur, fish, lumber Strong work ethic Political Male dominated coverture Only saints could vote Election of governor- William Bradford- served for 30 years Participatory Town Hall Meetings

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Massachusetts Bay The Second colony to be founded in the North Charter from King Charles I King tightened control over Church, Puritans felt they could no longer influence Anglican reform Share holders elected John Winthrop as Governor 1630- 1000 settlers came- no control by owners in England Boston area and Eastern Massachusetts

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Massachusetts Bay Colony Very religious community/Puritans Predestination Winthrop wanted to create the a holy model of purity- City upon a hill as an example to all John Cotton- was a prominent clergyman/community leader urged religious piety All adult freemen, part of a Puritan congregation (church members) could vote Complicated process to become freeman Had to give testimony of salvation Town hall meetings used to discuss and vote on local matters

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A City upon a Hill Winthrop emphasized a common spiritual goal: to create a city upon a hill as beacon of righteousness New England experienced unique demographic & social trends: Settlers usually came as families NE was a generally healthy place to live Settlers sacrificed self-interest for the good of the community As Mass Bay colony grew beyond Boston, towns began to develop their own unique personalities: Each town was independently governed by local church members (Congregationalism) Allowed voting by all adult male church members (women & blacks joined but could not vote) Officials were responsible to God, not their constituents

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A City upon a Hill NE town govts were autonomous & most people participated due to common religious values Massachusetts Bay was more peaceful than other colonies: Passed a legal code called the Lawes and Liberties in 1648 to protect rights & order Created civil courts to maintain order & mediate differences

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New England: Mixed Economy Individual farmers No large cash crop Traded: lumber, ships stores, ship building, sawmills, fish, livestock, participated in slave trade- to the West Indies (Caribbean)

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Protestant Work Ethic Puritans believed that you must have a conversion experience in order to be accepted by God (the elect). Gods grace was given to the chosen, and this grace was demonstrated through ones behavior. Puritans would, therefore, reflect upon themselves (self- examination) for signs of this grace. Through hard work one could obtain material and social success. Material and social success a sign one was a member of the elect.

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