the cold war ww ii casualties: europe each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater...
TRANSCRIPT
THE COLD WAR
WW II Casualties: Europe
WW II Casualties: Europe
Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the
appropriate theater of operations
WW II Casualties: AsiaWW II Casualties: Asia
Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the
appropriate theater of operations
WW II Casualtie
s
WW II Casualtie
s
Country Country Men in war Men in war Battle deaths Battle deaths WoundedWounded
Australia Australia 1,000,000 1,000,000 26,976 26,976 180,864180,864
Austria Austria 800,000 800,000 280,000 280,000 350,117350,117
Belgium Belgium 625,000 625,000 8,460 8,460 55,51355,51311
BrazilBrazil22 40,334 40,334 943 943 4,2224,222
Bulgaria Bulgaria 339,760 339,760 6,671 6,671 21,87821,878
Canada Canada 1,086,3431,086,34377 42,04242,04277 53,14553,145
ChinaChina33 17,250,5217,250,521 1
1,324,516 1,324,516 1,762,0061,762,006
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia — — 6,6836,68344 8,0178,017
Denmark Denmark — — 4,339 4,339 ——
Finland Finland 500,000 500,000 79,047 79,047 50,00050,000
France France — — 201,568 201,568 400,000400,000
Germany Germany 20,000,0020,000,000 0
3,250,0003,250,00044 7,250,0007,250,000
Greece Greece — — 17,024 17,024 47,29047,290
Hungary Hungary — — 147,435 147,435 89,31389,313
India India 2,393,891 2,393,891 32,121 32,121 64,35464,354
Italy Italy 3,100,000 3,100,000 149,496149,49644 66,71666,716
Japan Japan 9,700,000 9,700,000 1,270,000 1,270,000 140,000140,000
Netherlands Netherlands 280,000 280,000 6,500 6,500 2,8602,860
New Zealand New Zealand 194,000 194,000 11,62511,62544 17,00017,000
Norway Norway 75,000 75,000 2,000 2,000 ——
Poland Poland — — 664,000 664,000 530,000530,000
Romania Romania 650,000650,00055 350,000350,00066 ——
South Africa South Africa 410,056 410,056 2,473 2,473 ——
U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. — — 6,115,0006,115,00044 14,012,0014,012,0000
United Kingdom United Kingdom 5,896,000 5,896,000 357,116357,11644 369,267369,267
United States United States 16,112,5616,112,566 6
291,557 291,557 670,846670,846
Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 3,741,000 3,741,000 305,000 305,000 425,000425,000
1. Civilians only.2. Army and navy figures.3. Figures cover period
July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps.
4. Deaths from all causes.5. Against Soviet Russia;
385,847 against Nazi Germany.
6. Against Soviet Russia; 169,822against Nazi Germany.
7. National Defense Ctr., CanadianForces Hq., Director of History.
WWII PEACE?Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones
Poland reconstituted – Soviet satalite
Finland and Austria – Independent – Russia yoke of influence
Baltic States – absorbed into USSR
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria - USSR
Yugoslavia, Albania – Communist – resistant to USSR rule
Italy abolished monarchy – unstable democracy
The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990
The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990
GERMANY DIVIDED
WWII PEACE?Greece – bloody civil war
France – 4th Republic – Unstable
Britain – empire evaporated
Japan – imposed democracy, rapid economic recovery = power status
China liberated from Japanese rule – civil war = Mao Zedong (1949)
League of Nations replaced by the United Nations
US and USSR superpowers = bi-polar world
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two
Superpowers of the later 20c
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two
Superpowers of the later 20c
What is the Cold War?
• The tension and rivalry between the USA and the USSR was described as the Cold War (1945-1990).
• There was never a real war between the two sides between 1945 and 1990, but they were often very close to war (Hotspots). Both sides got involved in other conflicts in the world to either stop the spread of communism (USA) or help the spread (USSR).
WEAPONSPropaganda
Diplomatic Moves
Scientific Competition
Economic Competition
Espionage
Subversion
THE EARLY COLD WAR
YALTA
1945
BIG THREE
Issues?- What to do with Germany’s leaders after the war- What would happen to the occupied countries after liberation, especially those of Eastern Europe- How to build a lasting peace.
Intentions, suspicions
YALTA (in the USSR)YALTA (in the USSR)Date: Feb 1945Date: Feb 1945
Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and StalinRoosevelt and Stalin
POTSDAM (Germany)POTSDAM (Germany)Date: July 1945Date: July 1945
Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Truman and StalinTruman and Stalin
• At the Yalta Conference it was decided that Germany and Austria would be divided into four zones controlled by the US, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.
• At Yalta Stalin promised free elections. • At the Potsdam Conference all of the powers agreed decisions
should be made among a council and should be unanimous.
WHAT TO DO WITH EASTERN
EUROPEAN NATIONS?
STALIN INSTALLS PUPPET GOVERNMENTS
• Stalin installed “satellite” communist governments in the Eastern European countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and East Germany
• This after promising “free elections” for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference
In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and capitalism were incompatible – and another war
was inevitable
• In 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an “iron curtain” in Eastern Europe.
Winston Churchill giving the “Iron Curtain” address at Westminster College on March 5, 1946
Winston Churchill - “The Sinews of Peace”March 5, 1946 - Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow….Whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts - and facts they are - this is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent peace….
U.S. ESTABLISHES A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT
• Faced with the Soviet threat, Truman decided it was time to “stop babying the Soviets”
• In February 1946, George Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of containment
• Containment meant the U.S. would prevent any further extension of communist rule
CONTAINMENT THEORY
1947
George F. Kennan
“The main element of any United States policy toward Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.”
The Domino Effect• The USSR had a lot of influence over many of the
new communist countries (especially those in Europe).
• The USA was very worried that the USSR’s influence over these countries was making the USSR and communism more powerful.
• The USA did not want communism to spread any further – they were worried about the domino effect (one country becomes communist, then another, then another etc)
Domino Theory
Communism spreads like a disease
Truman Doctrine
• March 12, 1947• Greece and Turkey in danger of falling to
communist insurgents• Truman requested $400 million from Congress in
aid to both countries.• The U. S. should support free peoples throughout The U. S. should support free peoples throughout
the world who were resisting takeovers by armed the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own waytheir own way
• Successful effort
Marshall Plan• On June 5, U.S. Secretary of
State George Marshall – proposes a massive aid
program to rebuild Europe from the ravages of World War II.
• Nearly $13 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe from 1948 to 1952. – The Soviet Union and
communist Eastern Europe decline U.S. aid, citing "dollar enslavement."
Marshall Plan aid sent to European
countries
Marshall Aid
cartoon, 1947
• In 1946, reparation agreements broke down between the Soviet and Western zones. Response of the West was to merge French, British, and American zones in 1947.
• The West wanted to revive the German economy and combine the three western zones into one area. Soviet Union feared this union because it gave the one combined zone more power than its zone.
• On June 23, 1948, the western powers introduced a new form of currency into the western zones, which caused the Soviet Union to impose the Berlin Blockade one day later.
THE BERLIN AIRLIFT
June 1948 – May 1949
West Berlin – 2.5 million population
2.3 million tons of supplies
After 276,926 flights Soviet Union lifts blockade
NATO1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Brussels, Belgium
Defensive Military Alliance
12 Nations originally
Today 28 members
United StatesUnited States
BelgiumBelgium
BritainBritain
CanadaCanada
DenmarkDenmark
FranceFrance
IcelandIceland
ItalyItaly
LuxemburgLuxemburg
NetherlandsNetherlands
NorwayNorway
PortugalPortugal
1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey
1955: West Germany1955: West Germany
1983: Spain1983: Spain
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RumaniaRumania
WARSAW PACT
UNITED NATIONS
1945 – 51 founding nations
Goals: International Peace and Security, Friendly Relations, Cooperation in International problems, Human Rights
Today 192 Nations
KOREA
1950-1953
“The Forgotten War”
38th Parallel
North Korea –Kim Il-Sung
HUNGARIAN UPRISING
1956
Imre Nagy
Prime Minister
Krushschev “Secret Speech” – De-Stalinization
Withdrawal – Warsaw Pact
End Communism in Hungary?
Executed 1958
Stalin Dies• 1953 Stalin Dies---- Nikita Khrushchev takes over
• Condemns Stalin’s reaign
• " Stalin acted not through persuasion, explanation and patient co-operation with people, but by imposing his concepts and demanding absolute submission to his opinion. Whoever opposed this concept or tried to prove his viewpoint, and the correctness of his position, was doomed to removal from the leading collective and to subsequent moral and physical annihilation. This was especially true during the period following the 17th Party Congress, when many prominent Party leaders and rank-and-file Party workers, honest and dedicated to the cause of communism, fell victim to Stalin's despotism."
SUEZ CRISIS
1956-1957
British/French Control – military base 80,000 troops
Symbol of the overseas power
“jugular vein of the empire”
Abdel Nassar – President of Egypt
Egyptian Nationalization
The Space Race Competition
• Khrushchev keen to compete
• Show Communist technology to be superior
• Increase Soviet prestige
• Sputnik launched in 1957
• USA failed to launch their satellite until 1958
• Race would continue until 1980’s
SPUTNIK
1957
Russia – 1st man-made satellite
US – NASA
“Space Race”
The serious side was….• That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also
launch a nuclear warhead at a target.• So space developments led to rapid advances in
nuclear weapons.• By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to
destroy the earth• In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the
first man to orbit the earth – the Soviets had the lead. For Khrushchev it was a triumph for communism
U2 Incident
1960
Soviets - Krushchev
US – Eisenhower
Col. Francis Gary Powers
US Spy Plane shot down in Russia