the cold war heats up the space race, the arms race, espionage, and the cuban missile crisis
TRANSCRIPT
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THE COLD WAR
HEATS UPThe Space Race, the Arms Race, Espionage, and the
Cuban Missile Crisis
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Essential Question:How did the arms race and space race escalate the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union?
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From 1945 to 1991, the USA and USSR used a variety of strategies to win the Cold War
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In the early years of the Cold War (1945-1949), the USA used a containment policy to successfully
stop the spread of communism in Europe
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Truman Doctrine
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Marshall Plan
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NATO
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Berlin Airlift
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When communism spread to China in 1949, the USA feared the “domino effect” and became
more aggressive in its efforts to stop communism
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The USA went to war in Korea to
defend South Korea from
communism
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The Soviet Union supplied weapons to the communists in North Korea during the war
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The type of indirect fighting between the USA and USSR
is called a “proxy war”
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From 1949 to 1970, the Cold War escalated as a result of a nuclear arms
race, space race, and espionage
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The U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons ended in 1949 when the USSR
successfully tested an atomic bomb
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The Soviet development of the atomic bomb led to a nuclear arms race
between the USA and USSR
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In 1952, the USA tested the first hydrogen bomb, which is 1000 times more powerful
than the atomic bomb
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The Soviet Union responded by detonating its own hydrogen bomb in 1953
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By 1959, both the USA and
USSR developed rockets called
intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs) that could deliver
nuclear warheads to
distant targets U.S. Titan ICMB from the 1960s
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Soviet ICMBs from 1960-1975
By 1959, both the USA and
USSR developed rockets called
intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs) that could deliver
nuclear warheads to
distant targets
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Soviet Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL)
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U.S. Polaris Submarine
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Unlike bomber planes carrying atomic bombs, these rockets
were impossible to
intercept
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In the 1950s, President
Eisenhower escalated the
Cold War by using brinkmanship: threatening to
use nuclear weapons and
willingness to go to the brink of
war
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If the USSR attacked a
NATO member, the U.S.
would use massive
retaliation: attack
every major Soviet city
and military target
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As a result, the USA and USSR began stockpiling nuclear weapons and
building up their militaries
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With the USA and USSR in possession of large nuclear stockpiles, each side could destroy each other:
this was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
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Throughout the Cold War, the USA and USSR looked for ways to gain first strike capability
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In 1957, the USSR used its first ICBM to launch Sputnik, the first satellite into space
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Sputnik shocked Americans, who feared the U.S. had fallen behind the
USSR in science and technology
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As a result of Sputnik, the Cold War escalated into a space race, with Americans and Soviets
trying to assert their dominance
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In 1958, the USA created National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) to catch up to the USSR
U.S. schools promoted
math, science, and technology
NASA’s original seven NASA Mercury astronauts
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The USSR repeatedly beat the US in space by launching the first man into orbit and orbiting the moon
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In 1962, President John Kennedy committed the USA to beating the Soviet Union in the race to the moon
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In 1969, Apollo 11 landed U.S. astronauts on the moon
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During the Cold War, the USA and USSR created intelligence agencies, the CIA and KGB, in order to spy and carry out covert operations (spying,
espionage, sabotage, assassinations)
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Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (Committee for State Security) and
Central Intelligence Agency
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The USA and USSR used spies to gather
intelligence
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, convicted of selling nuclear
weapon secrets to the USSR
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U.S. and Soviet spy
planes also gathered
information
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The Cold War escalated as the threat of communism spread into the Middle
East, Africa, and Latin America
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The CIA overthrew the governments of Iran and Guatemala and intervened in Egypt, Bolivia, Chile, and Cuba in attempts to prevent communism
from taking hold in those countries
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Cold War tensions were at an all-time high when the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the US and the USSR to
the very brink of a full nuclear war
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Cuba, which is 90 miles off the coast of Florida, had a communist revolution, led by Fidel Castro
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The U.S. failed in a covert operation to overthrow Castro and was humiliated
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Because of this failure, Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev thought the U.S. would not stop communist
expansion in Latin America
Cuba became allies with the Soviet Union
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In July 1962, the Soviets secretly began to build missile sites in Cuba and ship warheads there to
counter the U.S. having missile sites in European nations close to the Soviet Union
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These missiles gave the USSR the ability to strike first in a nuclear
war with the U.S.
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An American spy plane flew over Cuba in October 1962 and discovered that the Soviets were building
the missile sites and directing them at the U.S.
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An American spy plane flew over Cuba in October 1962 and discovered that the Soviets were building
the missile sites and directing them at the U.S.
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U.S. President
John F. Kennedy
declared that missiles so close to the American mainland
were a threat that could
not be ignored
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Kennedy demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles and announced a naval blockade to prevent
the USSR from shipping in any more missiles
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Kennedy promised that the U.S. Navy would sink any Soviet ship that tried to get to Cuba
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This brinkmanship by Kennedy and Khrushchev would bring the world closer to
nuclear war than ever before
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Tensions nearly exploded into war when a U.S. spy plane was shot down over Cuba on October 27th and
Kennedy set the military at full battle readiness
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Fortunately, cooler heads prevailed; Khrushchev sent a message to Kennedy,
promising removal of the missiles from Cuba if the U.S. would make promises in return
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Khrushchev announced he would remove the missiles if
the U.S. promised never to invade Cuba or try to overthrow
Castro again
Kennedy agreed and both forces began to
stand down from battle readiness
A secret part of the deal is that the U.S. agreed to remove
missiles from Turkey the next year
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This was the closest the world has gotten to nuclear war
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Revamped and redone by
Christopher Jaskowiak
Thanks to Brooks Baggett for several of the slides