the cold war at home: the second red scare. 1949: anxiety over communism 3/49: soviet union...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Cold War at Home:The Second Red Scare
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1949: Anxiety over Communism
• 3/49: Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb
• China: had been locked in a civil war since the 1920s – Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek– Communists led by Mao Zedong
• U.S. tried to back the Nationalists, but were unsuccessful– Communists claimed victory
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Soviet Domination in Eastern Europe and the Communist
takeover in China shocked the American public and fueled a fear
that communism would spread around the world
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It didn’t help that during WWII, as many as 80,000 Americans
belonged to the Communist Party!
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What was done to prevent the spread of Communism at home?
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Loyalty Review Board
• Anti-Communist Republicans began accusing Truman of being “soft” on communism…so…
• Executive Order 9835: created the Federal Employee Loyalty Program– investigated gov’t employees and dismissed
those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S.
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Results of Review Board
• 91 organizations were investigated because of their suspicious views (KKK, Nazi Party, etc)
• 3.2 million employees were investigated (’47-’51)
• 212 people dismissed
• 2,900 resigned (violation of rights!)
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HUAC
• 1938: investigated loyalty before WWII
• House Un-American Activities Committee– Investigated possible
communist influence– Gov’t and movie industry
• HUAC claimed that Communists were sneaking propaganda into films
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Why the Movies?
• Many Hollywood personalities were or had been members of the Communist party or supported ideas similar to communism
• Movies were thought to have a tremendous power to influence the public
• Hollywood had made movies favorable to the Soviet Union during the war (with encouragement from the gov’t!)
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Hollywood 10
• “Friendly” witnesses (actors, directors, producers) supported accusations that Communists had infiltrated the film industry
• 10 “unfriendly” witnesses were called to testify but refused– Became known as the Hollywood 10– Said the hearings were unconstitutional– Sent to prison!
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Hollywood 10
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Result: Blacklisted!
• Hollywood executives instituted a blacklist, a list of people whom they condemned for having a Communist background (actors, writers, producers, and directors) – careers were ruined
• What effect did this have on the film industry?
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Spy Cases
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Alger Hiss
• Former Communistspy Whittaker Chambers,accused Alger Hiss (former high-ranking State Dept official)of spying for the Soviet Union in the 1930s• Chambers produced microfilms of documentssupposedly typed on Hiss’s typewriter
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Alger Hiss (cont)
• Couldn’t be accused of
espionage because too
much time had passed
• Convicted for perjury
and sent to jail
• Hiss claimed his
Innocence
However, probably was guilty
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The Rosenbergs
• March 1949: Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb
• 1950: Klaus Fuchs admitted he gave Soviet Union information about America’s atomic bomb
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The Rosenbergs (cont)
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (minor activists in the American Communist Party) were connected to the case and tried and found guilty of espionage – Executed!– Evidence later showed that Julius
was guilty; Ethel’s role was probably minor
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McCarthyism• Joseph McCarthy – Republican Senator
from Wisconsin
• Election time was near and McCarthy needed something…
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McCarthyism (cont)
• McCarthy charged that Communists were taking over the government
• Made one unsupported accusation after another
• Claimed to have 205 names (then 81) of Communists in the State Department
• Blamed Democrats for allowing Communists to infiltrate the government
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Reaction
• At first his fellow Republicans did little to stop him
• 1954: McCarthy claims the US Army is full of Communists
• Resulted in a televised investigation– McCarthy bullied witnesses and alienated the
audience– Senate condemned him
• Died 3 years later
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