The Cold War

Democracy v. Communism

1945-1989

Back in the USSRor

California Girls?

Roots of Cold War

• U.S. wouldn’t recognize the Soviet Union until 1933

• WWII disagreements– Non-aggression pact– Nuremberg Trails– Allies not invading Europe sooner

Roots of Cold War

• U.S. point of view:• Stalin seemed intent on creating "spheres" of

influence in Eastern Europe• Broke pledges at Yalta; refused to allow

reunification of Germany• Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech in 1946 alerted

Americans to a future conflict • U.S. wanted democracy spread throughout the

world with a strong international organization to maintain global peace

Roots of Cold War

• Soviet point of view:• Democracies traditionally hostile towards communism and the

USSR– e.g., Archangel expedition during WWI; non-recognition by

U.S. until 1933• US & Britain did not open western front in Europe early enough;

millions of Soviet soldiers were dying fighting the brunt of Nazi armies alone until mid-1944.

• The US and Britain froze Russia out of the atomic bomb project. • US terminated lend-lease to Moscow in May 1945 but gave

Britain aid until 1946.• Wanted "buffer zone" for the Soviet western border esp. in

Poland

Tensions

• Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)– The “Big 3”: FDR, Churchill, Stalin

• Future of Germany and Poland– Divides Germany into 4 zones– Stalin pledges to allow democratic elections in

East– Stalin demands $20 b from Germany; G.B. &

U.S. refuse– U.S.S.R. wants Poland as a buffer state

Tensions

• Yalta Conference cont...– U.N (April 1945)

• 50 nations to write a charter in S.F. with 11 nations on the Security Council (U.S., G.B., Fr., U.S.S.R., China)

• Potsdam Conference (July 1945)– Rehashed the Yalta Conf

– 2 major differences, you now have Truman instead of FDR, and Atlee instead of Churchill

• Both Truman and Atlee distrust Stalin and are not shy about letting him know

Post-war Goals

• U.S.- Rebuild Europe

• U.S.S.R. – Protection (satellite nations)– Gain political control over Albania, Bulgaria,

Czech., Hungary, Romania, Finland, Yugoslavia by 1949

– Put up the “Iron Curtain”

Post-War Goals

• Containment– George Kennan (1946)– Contain communism to

the areas it is in– Don’t let it expand to

other countries

• Domino Theory• Truman Doctrine

– Oppose communism and support anti-communist movements

Marshall Plan

• 1947: Massive aid package to help war-torn Europe recover from the war

• Purpose: prevent communism from spreading into economically devastated regions

• Result: Western and Central Europe recovered economically -- the "economic miracle"

• Soviets refused to allow U.S. aid to countries in eastern Europe

Berlin Crisis (1948-49)

• Soviets attempted to remove Allies from Berlin by cutting off access

• One of high tension points of the Cold War; World War III?

• U.S. instituted a massive airlift; Soviets lifted blockade in 1949 (Berlin Airlift)

More Containment

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)– Collective security organization consisting of

democracies in Europe, U.S. & Canada to prevent against Soviet expansion in Europe.

• Warsaw Pact– USSR’s version of NATO

Communism Advances

• Soviets test the A-Bomb 1949

• 1952 U.S. tests the H-Bomb

• U.S.S.R. has it by 1953

• Bomb shelters, air raid drills, but how effective were they? (pg. 531)

Communism Advances

• China falls to communism (1949)– Fighting between Mao

and Chaing

– Chaing and Gov’t exiled to Taiwan

Cold War at Home

“Make Mine Freedom”

“Your Town: A Story of America”

Red Scare

• Loyalty Program– Gov’t employee

background checks

• HUAC (pg. 536)– Probe of Hollywood for

communists– Hollywood 10

• Poorly treated, not allowed their constitutional rights

• Jailed 6-12 months• Blacklisted• No longer made films on

the social problems

Red Scare

• Soviet spies (suspected)– Alger Hiss 4 years in

prison

– Julius & Ethel Rosenberg, both executed

– Not much evidence at the time but later against Alger & Julius

Red Scare

• McCarthyism 1950-54– Accusations of communists (ba

seless)

– In 1954 he accused the Army• Democrats demand it be

televised

• People saw him for what he was & he lost support

• Condemned by Senate so he accused them but had no power

• Murrow v. McCarthy

• Edward R. Murrow of CBS talks about freedom of information

The Korean War

Korean War

1950-19531950-1953

The 1The 1stst Test of Containment Test of Containment

Korean War

• When WWII ended USSR accepted the surrender north of the 38th

• America accepted it south of the 38th

• Both create governments sympathetic to their own

Korean War

• In ’48 & ’49 we both withdraw giving each respective country their independence

• North and South Korea remain split and keep the governments that were set up by their occupying force

Korean War

• In June 1950, N. Korea invades S. Korea to try to unify the country– We thought it was

supported by USSR

– UN becomes involved• 16 nations sent troops

• U.S. made up 80% of the forces

Korean War

• Macarthur chosen to lead UN troops– Sent troops to defend

Pusan & launched attack an Inchon

– N. Koreans flee north to Chinese border

– As we approach China warns us not to cross the Yalu River

Korean War

• In Nov. 1950 we get to close to the Yalu and on the 24th the Chinese troops cross and engage the U.S troops with more than 1 million men

• MacArthur wants to “nuke” China and get it over with

Korean War

• U.S. troops pushed back into S Korea

• A stalemate develops• Wake Island

– Truman v MacArthur

– MacArthur criticizes Truman

– Truman fires Macarthur on 4/11/1951

– Truman wants to keep the conflict a “limited war”

• Stalemate stays for 2 years

Korean War

• Armistice signed July 27, 1953 splitting N. & S. Korea along the 38th parallel

• What did we fight for?– No gain– 53,000 U.S. killed 103,000

wounded– Largest standing army– DMZ– technically we are still at

war w/ N. Korea

Inside North Korea

The Arms and Space Race

Arms Race• Build up of nuclear

weapons– between ’54 and ’58

U.S. had 19 H-bomb tests, 1 more than 750x A-Bomb

– Brinkmanship– ICBM’s– U-2 incident & guided

missiles– MAD (Mutually

Assured Destruction) Dr. Stranglove

U.S.

“Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed.

This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. The cost of one modern heavy bomber is this: a modern brick school in more than 30 cities. It is two electric power plants, each serving a town of 60,000 population. It is two fine, fully equipped hospitals. It is some fifty miles of concrete pavement. We pay for a single fighter plane with a half million bushels of wheat. We pay for a single destroyer with new homes that could have housed more than 8,000 people.

This is, I repeat, the best way of life to be found on the road the world has been taking. This is not a way of life at all, in any true sense. Under the cloud of threatening war, it is humanity hanging from a cross of iron. […] Is there no other way the world may live? “

Dwight David Eisenhower, “The Chance for Peace,” speech given to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Apr. 16, 1953

In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.

We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.

Akin to, and largely responsible for the sweeping changes in our industrial-military posture, has been the technological revolution during recent decades.

In this revolution, research has become central; it also becomes more formalized, complex, and costly. A steadily increasing share is conducted for, by, or at the direction of, the Federal government.

Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address, 1961

Arms Race

• Atomic Testing– Bikini Atoll

• Fallout

• CD PSA (1965)

• Operation Cue (1955)

• Nevada Test cite

Space Race

• Oct. 1957 - Sputnik (USSR)

• Nov. 1957 - First Animal in orbit (dog) (USSR)

• Jan. 1958 – First US sat.

• June 1959 – US Recon sat.

• April 1961 – First human orbit (USSR)

Space Race• Dec. 1968 – Manned lunar orbit

(US)

• July 1969 – Human on the moon (US)

• April 1971 – Space Station (USSR)

• Nov. 1971 – Mars satellite orbit (US)

• July 1975 – Joint US/USSR Mission

Quiz

1. Name one reason USSR didn’t like us.2. Name one reason we didn’t like them.3. Name the “Big 3”4. What was the main point of the Yalta Conference?5. What is a satellite nation?6. What was the U.S. policy in regards to Communism?7. What was the Marshall Plan?8. What was USSR’s response to NATO?9. What made Americans think there were Soviet spies?10. Who was the leader of Communist China?11. What does HUAC stand for and what did they do?12. What happened to those who were accused of being communist?13. Name one of the people convicted of being a Soviet spy.14. Who was the senator that fed on the peoples paranoia of

communists?15. Who did he accuse that ruined his career and ended the prosecution

of suspected communists?

16. Why was Korea split following WWII?

17. Why did North Korea invade South Korea?

18. Why did the UN get involved?

19. Who led the UN troops in South Korea?

20. What major mistake did he make?

21. What was the result of this mistake?

22. What did he want to do to end the war?

23. Why did Truman fire Macarthur?

24. What happened for the last two years of the war?

25. What were the results of the war?

26. What is Brinkmanship?

27. What kind of bombs did we test between 1954-1958?

28. What are ICBM’s?

29. What was sputnik, who launched it, and what race did it start?

30. What was the U-2 incident?