The Cold WarThe Cold War

1945—A critical year1945—A critical year

--Roosevelt believed at this --Roosevelt believed at this point he could handle Stalin.point he could handle Stalin.

--Churchill attempted to --Churchill attempted to convince him otherwise.convince him otherwise.

--US harbored some --US harbored some resentment from the Soviet resentment from the Soviet Union.Union.

--The wartime cooperation --The wartime cooperation between the two was between the two was merely temporary.merely temporary.

--As war ended tensions --As war ended tensions between Soviets and US/GB between Soviets and US/GB began increasing.began increasing.

Differences at YaltaDifferences at Yalta

--1945 Big Three met in Yalta.--1945 Big Three met in Yalta.

--agree to split Germany into --agree to split Germany into four occupied zones four occupied zones (GB,US,SU,French)(GB,US,SU,French)

--Disputes over the Pacific and --Disputes over the Pacific and most importantly—POLAND.most importantly—POLAND.

The United NationsThe United Nations

--Leaders did agree on --Leaders did agree on creation of the UN.creation of the UN.

--purpose was to prevent all --purpose was to prevent all wars from starting, and end wars from starting, and end those that did break out.those that did break out.

Truman takes CommandTruman takes Command

--2 weeks before UN’s 1--2 weeks before UN’s 1stst meeting Roosevelt dies.meeting Roosevelt dies.

--Truman was ill prepared to --Truman was ill prepared to be president of the US in be president of the US in this volatile time period.this volatile time period.

The Potsdam ConferenceThe Potsdam Conference--July 45 Truman has 1--July 45 Truman has 1stst meeting w/ world leaders.meeting w/ world leaders.

--Churchill is also gone --Churchill is also gone having lost the election in having lost the election in GB.GB.

--Stalin insisted on war --Stalin insisted on war payments by Germany—payments by Germany—Truman wanted Polish Truman wanted Polish elections.elections.

Conflicting Postwar GoalsConflicting Postwar Goals

American View-- US entered American View-- US entered the war to bring democracy the war to bring democracy and economic opp. to and economic opp. to Europe and Asia.Europe and Asia.

The Soviet ViewThe Soviet View

--Lost 17million people in the --Lost 17million people in the war and suffered widespread war and suffered widespread destruction.destruction.

--Looked to rebuild in ways to --Looked to rebuild in ways to protect their own interests.protect their own interests.

--Wanted to develop satellite --Wanted to develop satellite nations to buffer from nations to buffer from attacks.attacks.

Soviets Tighten Their HoldSoviets Tighten Their Hold

--Soviets quickly gain control --Soviets quickly gain control over nations that they had over nations that they had freed from Nazi control.freed from Nazi control.

--exs. Albania, Bulgaria, --exs. Albania, Bulgaria, Czech, Hungary, Romania, Czech, Hungary, Romania, and East Germany.and East Germany.

The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain--Churchill coined the phrase --Churchill coined the phrase “Iron Curtain” in 1946.“Iron Curtain” in 1946.

--Claiming the US must --Claiming the US must prevent the Soviets from prevent the Soviets from enclosing any more countries enclosing any more countries behind its Iron Curtain.behind its Iron Curtain.

--Stalin the same year --Stalin the same year proposed to extend proposed to extend communist rule.communist rule.

--These two speeches set the --These two speeches set the tone for the Cold Wartone for the Cold War

Def: the competition that Def: the competition that developed between the SU developed between the SU and the US for power and and the US for power and influence in the world.influence in the world.

--characterized by economic --characterized by economic and military tensions.and military tensions.

ContainmentContainment

--1946 George Kennan, top --1946 George Kennan, top US diplomat to Moscow US diplomat to Moscow warns US of Soviet warns US of Soviet intentions.intentions.

--he saw no real possiblity of --he saw no real possiblity of co-existing of Communist co-existing of Communist and Capitalist worlds.and Capitalist worlds.

--Kennan claimed our policy --Kennan claimed our policy towards SU should be one towards SU should be one of containment.of containment.

--Containment became the --Containment became the cornerstone of US foreign cornerstone of US foreign policy.policy.

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

--Since 1945 the Soviets had --Since 1945 the Soviets had been attempting to install been attempting to install communist regimes in communist regimes in Greece and Turkey.Greece and Turkey.

--1947—GB claims they can --1947—GB claims they can no longer aid Greece and no longer aid Greece and Turkey.Turkey.

--March of 1947 Truman speaks --March of 1947 Truman speaks to congress in what becomes to congress in what becomes known as the Truman known as the Truman Doctrine.Doctrine.

--Responding to Truman, --Responding to Truman, congress approves congress approves $400million in aid. $400million in aid.

--Containment and TD lead to --Containment and TD lead to many conflicts in years ahead.many conflicts in years ahead.

The Cold War Heats UpThe Cold War Heats Up

--End of WWII brought a --End of WWII brought a change to the way change to the way everyone viewed war.everyone viewed war.

--Atomic weapons instilled --Atomic weapons instilled fear in countries both in the fear in countries both in the East and the West. East and the West.

--Anxiety about a nuclear --Anxiety about a nuclear war became the backdrop war became the backdrop to the Cold War policies of to the Cold War policies of the US and SU.the US and SU.

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

--American policy makers --American policy makers were determined not to were determined not to make the same mistakes as make the same mistakes as post WWI.post WWI.

--US would help restore war --US would help restore war torn nations so they may torn nations so they may become stable become stable democracies.democracies.

--WWII brought devastation --WWII brought devastation to Europe.to Europe.

--21million homeless--21million homeless

--Marshall Plan called for --Marshall Plan called for nations of Europe to draw nations of Europe to draw up a plan for recovery.up a plan for recovery.

--US would then finance the --US would then finance the plan w/ $$$.plan w/ $$$.

--Plan was unveiled by Sec. --Plan was unveiled by Sec. of State George Marshall in of State George Marshall in 1947.1947.

--Plan hoped to stop --Plan hoped to stop communist regimes from communist regimes from springing up and promote springing up and promote democracy.democracy.

--SU referred to the plan as --SU referred to the plan as US buying its way into US buying its way into European affairs.European affairs.

--1948 Congress approves --1948 Congress approves officially called European officially called European Recovery Program.Recovery Program.

--17 European Nations join --17 European Nations join the plan. the plan.

--Over the next 4 years US --Over the next 4 years US allocated $13 billion in allocated $13 billion in loans to Western Europe.loans to Western Europe.

The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift--By 1948 US, GB, and FR --By 1948 US, GB, and FR leaders were convinced leaders were convinced that Stalin was not going to that Stalin was not going to allow Germany to reunite.allow Germany to reunite.

--Therefore they prepared to --Therefore they prepared to unite the 3 Western zones unite the 3 Western zones as a new nation. (Fed. Rep. as a new nation. (Fed. Rep. of Germany)of Germany)

--The Western portion of --The Western portion of Berlin would be part of West Berlin would be part of West Germany.Germany.

--Soviets responded by --Soviets responded by creating Communist East creating Communist East Germany (German Germany (German Democratic Republic)Democratic Republic)

--E and W Berlin becomes --E and W Berlin becomes symbol of Cold War standoffsymbol of Cold War standoff

--Many in Communist --Many in Communist dominated nations fled to dominated nations fled to E. Berlin and cross into E. Berlin and cross into West Berlin.West Berlin.

--From there they book a --From there they book a flight to US, Canada, or W. flight to US, Canada, or W. Europe.Europe.

--Stalin bans all shipments --Stalin bans all shipments into W. Berlin.into W. Berlin.

--Leads to Truman’s decision --Leads to Truman’s decision to launch the Berlin Airlift to launch the Berlin Airlift to avoid military dispute.to avoid military dispute.

--In next 15 months 200,000 --In next 15 months 200,000 flights deliver supplies.flights deliver supplies.

--Soviets give up blockade in --Soviets give up blockade in May 1949. Berlin remains a May 1949. Berlin remains a point of conflict.point of conflict.

NATO—NATO—

--April 1949—United states --April 1949—United states and Canada join 11 W. and Canada join 11 W. European countries to form European countries to form NATO.NATO.

--an armed attack on one is --an armed attack on one is considered an attack on considered an attack on them all.them all.

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

--Development of NATO --Development of NATO leads soviet union to need leads soviet union to need alliances.alliances.

--SU creates the Warsaw --SU creates the Warsaw Pact, an alliance with Pact, an alliance with satellite nations of E. satellite nations of E. Europe.Europe.

Soviet Atomic ThreatSoviet Atomic Threat

--September 1949 successful --September 1949 successful nuclear bomb tested by SU.nuclear bomb tested by SU.

--Now US is in danger of --Now US is in danger of suffering a nuclear attack.suffering a nuclear attack.

--leads to the development --leads to the development of Civil Defense Adm.of Civil Defense Adm.

China Falls to CommunistsChina Falls to Communists

--Struggle in China had been --Struggle in China had been going on since the 1920’s.going on since the 1920’s.

--Early 1949 Mao ZeDong --Early 1949 Mao ZeDong establishes China as a establishes China as a Communist country (The Communist country (The People’s Republic of China).People’s Republic of China).

The Cold War At HomeThe Cold War At Home

--During GD many Americans --During GD many Americans had joined the Communist had joined the Communist party.party.

--After WWII many quit the --After WWII many quit the party b/c of better party b/c of better economy.economy.

--Fears of communism in --Fears of communism in the US leads to the Red the US leads to the Red Scare.Scare.

The Loyalty ProgramThe Loyalty Program

--Gov’t launched program to --Gov’t launched program to root out communism in the root out communism in the US.US.

--Any suspicious people were --Any suspicious people were put before the Loyalty put before the Loyalty Review Board.Review Board.

--Growing climate of --Growing climate of suspicion takes hold in the suspicion takes hold in the nation.nation.

HUACHUAC

--Began to specifically probe --Began to specifically probe the Hollywood movie the Hollywood movie industry.industry.

--Many in Hollywood had --Many in Hollywood had various ties to the various ties to the communist party. communist party.

(House Un-American (House Un-American Activities Committee)Activities Committee)

The Hollywood TenThe Hollywood Ten

--1947 Hollywood writers, --1947 Hollywood writers, producers, actors were producers, actors were called in front of HUAC.called in front of HUAC.

--ten of the accused refused --ten of the accused refused to answer the committees to answer the committees questions.questions.

--Leads to the blacklist in --Leads to the blacklist in Hollywood.Hollywood.

--paranoid studios circulate a --paranoid studios circulate a list of those who should not list of those who should not be hired.be hired.

McCarren-Walter ActMcCarren-Walter Act

--Re-affirmed the quota --Re-affirmed the quota system for immigration.system for immigration.

--discriminated against --discriminated against immigrants from immigrants from communist dominated communist dominated regions of the world.regions of the world.

Spy CasesSpy Cases

--Alger Hiss a once high --Alger Hiss a once high ranking State Dep’t official ranking State Dep’t official convicted of being a Soviet convicted of being a Soviet spy.spy.

--Julius and Ethel Rosenberg --Julius and Ethel Rosenberg convicted of espionage and convicted of espionage and put to death. (atomic put to death. (atomic secrets)secrets)

The McCarthy EraThe McCarthy Era

--Wisc. Senator Joseph --Wisc. Senator Joseph McCarthy declared to have McCarthy declared to have names of 205 communists names of 205 communists working in the state dep’t.working in the state dep’t.

--Atmosphere of 50’s led to --Atmosphere of 50’s led to his accusations gaining his accusations gaining support.support.

--List actually turned out to --List actually turned out to be people investigated by be people investigated by Truman’s Loyalty Program.Truman’s Loyalty Program.

--Pressed for details list slims --Pressed for details list slims from 205 to 57.from 205 to 57.

--McCarthy’s accusations --McCarthy’s accusations spark anti-communist spark anti-communist hysteria.hysteria.

--McCarthy needed an issue --McCarthy needed an issue to arouse public support.to arouse public support.

--found that issue in --found that issue in communism.communism.

--Led to McCarthy becoming --Led to McCarthy becoming head of investigations sub-head of investigations sub-committee.committee.

McCarthy’s FallMcCarthy’s Fall

--Early 1954 McCarthy --Early 1954 McCarthy charged that the Army was charged that the Army was full of communists.full of communists.

--Army-McCarthy hearings --Army-McCarthy hearings began in April of 1954, began in April of 1954, Democrats asked that they Democrats asked that they be televised.be televised.

--By the time hearings ended --By the time hearings ended in June McCarthy had lost in June McCarthy had lost even his biggest even his biggest supporters.supporters.

--Eventually this 2--Eventually this 2ndnd Red Red Scare came to an end.Scare came to an end.

--Damaged the nations free --Damaged the nations free speech and honest debatespeech and honest debate

The Cold War in the 1950’sThe Cold War in the 1950’s

--Eisenhower became --Eisenhower became president in 1953.president in 1953.

--His Sec. of State John --His Sec. of State John Foster Dulles wanted a Foster Dulles wanted a more aggressive approach more aggressive approach to Communism.to Communism.

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

--July 1953 Korean War ends.--July 1953 Korean War ends.

--Death of Stalin leads to rise --Death of Stalin leads to rise of more moderate Soviet of more moderate Soviet leaders.leaders.

--US begins to support --US begins to support France through military aid France through military aid in Vietnam.in Vietnam.

The Arms RaceThe Arms Race

--Throughout 1950’s US and --Throughout 1950’s US and SU struggled to gain SU struggled to gain weapons superiority.weapons superiority.

--Policy of deterrence by --Policy of deterrence by Eisenhower in his Eisenhower in his presidency.presidency.

BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship

--Bringing the country to the --Bringing the country to the brink of war without brink of war without actually going to war.actually going to war.

--Many believed this theory --Many believed this theory was very dangerous.was very dangerous.

Cold War in the SkiesCold War in the Skies

--US developed Hydrogen --US developed Hydrogen bomb.bomb.

--While SU mastered ICBM’s.--While SU mastered ICBM’s.

--US lagged behind in --US lagged behind in development in missiles.development in missiles.

--Tech gap became apparent --Tech gap became apparent in 1957, SU launches in 1957, SU launches Sputnik.Sputnik.

--U-2 incident in May 1960 --U-2 incident in May 1960 also shattered US also shattered US confidence in their confidence in their technology.technology.

--U-2 spy plane was shot --U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.down over Soviet airspace.

--US thought they were --US thought they were invulnerable to attack.invulnerable to attack.

--Upon leaving office in 61 --Upon leaving office in 61 Eisenhower warns of MICEisenhower warns of MIC

--Military Industrial Complex--Military Industrial Complex

--employed millions of --employed millions of Americans and would lead Americans and would lead to US have a financial stake to US have a financial stake in war-making.in war-making.