the cold earthlasp.colorado.edu/home/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/bakermans_div… · the cold earth...
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The Cold Earth
• 4/5ths of thesurface atT<5°C all thetime
• Most of theocean (90-95%) is atT<2°C all thetime
• Lowestrecorded Temp-90°C Vostok,Antarctica
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Deming and Huston, 2000
Low-Temperature Environments
• True psychrophiles morecommonly isolated fromstable thermalenvironments
• Psychrotolerant microbes(psychrotrophs) isolatedfrom less stable(fluctuating) thermalenvironments
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Tree of Life
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Arctic and Antarctic
• Seawater– Diverse Bacteria
• CFB dominant in surface waters
• Ammonia-oxidizers present
– Euryarchaeota
• Marine Sediments– Diverse Bacteria
• Suflate reducers
• CFB
– Low numbers and diversity ofArchaea
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Antarctica
• Ice-covered lakes
– Mats: diverse Bacteria, limited Archaea
• Rocks
– endoliths
• Dry Valleys
• Ice shelves
• Glaciers
• SnowTaylor Valley and Glacier w/ Lake Fryxell
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Sea Ice
• T= -2 to -35°C
• 13% of Earths’surface (max)
• Diverse Bacteria(some commonto both poles),No Archaea
• Activitydemonstrated to-20°C
Colin Monteith
Junge et al, 2001
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Permafrost
• T= 0 to -14°C
• 20% of land surface
• Activity to -15°C
• Diverse Bacteria
• No psychrophiles
isolated,
psychrotolerant
microbes only
Catherine Copass
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Deep Sea
• T = -1 to 4°C
• 90% of ocean floor
• >95% of oceanvolume
• Archaea dominant(especiallyCrenarchaeota)
• Halomonas,haloarchaea
• Deep Antarcticseawaters:– Diverse Bacteria,
-proteobacteriadominant
– OnlyEuryarchaeota
Paul Yancey
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Other Environments
• Glaciers
– T= 0 to -40°C
– 10% of land surface
• Alpine Regions
• Seasonally Ice and
Snow Covered
– 3% of Earth’s surface
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Summary
• Low-temperature environments are not
just frozen storage—growth is possible!
• Many places to continue exploring
• More diversity to uncover