the cognitive science of consciousnessmasked priming role of consciousness in masked priming...
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THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
THE CHALLENGE OF CONSCIOUSNESS: LEIBNIZ’S MILL
CONSCIOUSNESS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING: THE KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
INFORMATION PROCESSING WITHOUT CONSCIOUS AWARENESS: SOME BASIC
DATA
SO WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS FOR?
TWO TYPES OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE HARD PROBLEM
THE GLOBAL WORKSPACE THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
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THE CHALLENGE OF CONSCIOUSNESS: LEIBNIZ’S MILL
Cognitive agent: the third-person perspective
Trying to explain publicly observable phenomena
Cognitive agent: the first-person perspective
We can give a compelling account of how information about the environment is extracted from electrical impulses. However, we will never find anything to explain a perception
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CONSCIOUSNESS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING: THE
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
Frank Jackson’s
Knowledge Argument
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CONSCIOUSNESS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING: THE
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
Knowledge argument can be used to argue that information-processing models of the mind are
inadequate.
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Daniel Dennett “The illusion of consciousness”
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INFORMATION PROCESSING WITHOUT CONSCIOUS
AWARENESS: SOME BASIC DATA
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PRIMING EXPERIMENTS
▪ Issues in priming experiments
▪ Is it really non-visible and non-
consicious?
▪ Adjustment of threshold using
stimulus duration and mask duration
▪ After much consideration, the majority
view now is that priming effects do occur
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SEMANTIC PRIMING
Task: lexical decision task
Works on bilingual subjects testing with very different scripts (Chinese vs. English)
Priming effect occurs when the prime is in the dominant language and the target is in the second language
Modular processing has been thought to take place below the threshold of consciousness (phonological processes)
Semantic processes has been considered as non-modular processing. However, semantic priming can happen subconsciously.
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BLINDSIGHT AND UNILATERAL NEGLECT (HEMINEGLECT)
Neglect in memory
Neglect in action (shave only half of face, etc)
Blindsight: scotoma
Focal lesion in primary visual cortex
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BLINDSIGHT AND UNILATERAL NEGLECT (HEMINEGLECT)
Patients appear to have remarkable residual visual functioning
Ex) Frost and Held 1973: Asked a patient to direct his eyes to a target in his blindsight – he carried o
ut the request even if he denied any awareness of the target
Non-verbal forced choice test: tell if a target in the blindsight is moving or not, vertical bar or horizo
ntal bar (He keeps saying he is guessing, but the performance was significantly higher than chance lev
el)
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BLINDSIGHT AND UNILATERAL NEGLECT (HEMINEGLECT)
Patient D. B. (blindsight patient)
Presentation of 2% contrast line drawings in his blind field, asking which animal is presented
89% correct response
Marshall and Halligan: Patient P. S. (hemineglect patient)
Asking which house she would prefer to live
Picked upper house 9 times out of 11
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BLINDSIGHT AND UNILATERAL NEGLECT (HEMINEGLECT)
Marshall and Halligan study indicate the neglect patients are capable of relatively high-level processing in their blind field
Berti and Rizzolati (1992)
Tested semantic priming.
Presents priming words on the patients’ neglect field and asked to categorize objects presented in the normal field.
Congruent: easier and quicker categorization
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SO WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS FOR?
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NORMAL SUBJECTS VS. PATIENTS
Non-conscious information can influence decision making and bias the decision
Blindsight, neglect patients were never willing to do any voluntary behavior on target
in the blind field, even if the residual abilities were good
Non-conscious information can guide motor behavior, but only conscious informatio
n allows subjects to identify targets and to plan actions towards them.
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VISION FOR ACTION AND VISION FOR PERCEPTION
‘What’ vs. ‘Where’ pathways: Object identification vs. locating objects in space
Milner and Goodale (2008)
Vision for action is conscious: conscious awareness is restricted to the ventral pathway
Dorsal stream governs the visual control of movement non-consciously
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THE TWO VISUAL SYSTEM HYPOTHESIS
Ungerleider and Mishikin, “Two cortical visual systems” (1982)
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PATIENT D.F.
Milner and Goodale, 1998: patient D.F.
Carbon monoxide inhalation induced visual form agnosia: substantial impairment in visual perception of
shape and orientation
Dissociation between visuomotor skills and conscious awareness of shape and orientation
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EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION
Aglioti, DeSouza, and Goodale, 1995
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BRAIN IMAGING SUPPORT FOR THE DISSOCIATION
Fang and He, 2005
Ventral stream activity is correlated with consciousness, while activity in the dorsal stream is not.
Interocular suppression
Fang and He, 2005
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BRAIN IMAGING SUPPORT FOR THE DISSOCIATION
Fang and He, 2005
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MASKED PRIMING
Role of consciousness in masked priming experiments
The retention of information is very impaired in the absence of consciousness
Greenwald et al., 1996
Subliminal vs. supraliminal priming by changing exposure time
Varying the time between prime and trial (Stimulus Onset Asynchrony, SOA, between 67 ms and 400 ms)
Priming effect was gone on > 100 ms of SOA in subliminal priming condition, but existed robustly in supraliminal priming condition.
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TWO TYPES OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE HARD
PROBLEM
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TWO TYPES OF CONSCIOUSNESS (NED BLOCK)
Phenomenal consciousness
Experiential properties of sensations, feelings, and perceptions
Access consciousness
Free use in reasoning and for direct “rational” control of action and speech
Recall experiment: presented with a matrix containing three rows of four letters
Free recall condition: freely recall what they have seen – 35% recall
Cued recall condition: different tones of sound indicating a row for recall were given – 75% recall
What subjects are phenomenally conscious of remains constnt, but what is available to access consciousness varies as the models of access are varied (by switching from free recall to cued recall)
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TWO TYPES OF CONSCIOUSNESS (NED BLOCK)
P-consciousness: a subjective experience
A-consciousness: conscious information processing vs. non-conscious information pr
ocessing – a matter of information processing!
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EASY PROBLEMS AND HARD PROBLEMS
David Chalmers “The conscious mind”
Easy problems
-> problem of A-consciousness: how an organism accesses and deploys information.
-> problem that can be defined in cognitive science and scientific psychology.
Hard problem: subjective experience
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HARD PROBLEM: BLINDSIGHT PATIENT CASE
Masked priming experiments or the difference between normal subjects and blindsig
ht patients can only tell us about the easy problems of consciousness (Chalmers)
They are all about conscious and non-conscious information processing. Differences in acc
ess to information.
The hard problem of consciousness is in principle intractable to cognitive science.
Double dissociation between access consciousness and phenomenal consciousness
Understanding one of them cannot be all that there is to understanding the other
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ACCESS CONSCIOUSNESS WITHOUT PHENOMENAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
Super-blindsight
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ACCESS CONSCIOUSNESS WITHOUT PHENOMENAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
The thought experiment for zombie twin: Zombie has all the
components for making it identical to you except for experience
1. Zombies are logically possible
2. If zombies are logically possible, it is possible to have access consciousness without phenomenal
consciousness
3. If it is possible to have access consciousness without phenomenal consciousness then we cannot
explain phenomenal consciousness through explaining access consciousness
4. The tools and techniques of cognitive science can only explain access consciousness
5. The tools and techniques of cognitive science cannot explain phenomenal consciouness
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THE GLOBAL WORKSPACE THEORY OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
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DEHAENE AND NACCACHE: THE GLOBAL WORKSPACE THEORY
The role of consciousness
1. The intentional control of action
2. Durable and explicit information maintenance
3. The ability to plan new tasks through combining mental operations in novel ways
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ANOTHER EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING THE ROLE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
RED
GREEN
BLUE
YELLOW
BLACK
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ANOTHER EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING THE ROLE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
RED
GREEN
BLUE
YELLOW
BLACK
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ANOTHER EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING THE ROLE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
RED
GREEN
BLUE
YELLOW
BLACK
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
YELLOW
BLUE
RED
BLACK
GREEN
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ANOTHER EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING THE ROLE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Merikle et al. 1995
➢ Priming version of stroop task: priming with ‘congruent’ or ‘incongruent’
➢ Congruent: RED, GREEN, BLUE
➢ Incongruent: BLUE, YELLOW
BLUE
targetpriming maskmask
Reversed stroop effect only appears when the
prime is above the threshold of awareness
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TWO BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF GLOBAL WORKSPACE THEORY
Architecture of a mind
Domain-specific specialized processors (Modular processes –domain specific, informationally encapsulated)
Domain-general global workspace (Non-modular processes)
➢ Consciousness is restricted to information within the global workspace (non-conscious mind maps onto modular processes)
▪ How information becomes available to the global workspace
➢ Attention functions as a gatekeeper, allowing the results of modular information processing to enter the global workspace
➢ Similar structure with Broadbent working memory model: attention is thought of both as a filter and as an amplifier.
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ATTENTION MODEL
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THE GLOBAL NEURONAL WORKSPACE THEORY
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THE GLOBAL NEURONAL WORKSPACE THEORY
Dehaene and collaborators hypothesize that networks of pyramidal neurons connect specialized modular
processes and allow their outputs to be broadcast across the brain