the cnidaria - faridmuzaki.files.wordpress.com · characters (2) ehibit lt ti f l l id d l d id...
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Farid K. Muzaki, S.Si., M.Si
Jurusan BIOLOGIFMIPA – ITS Surabaya
THE CNIDARIATaxonomy of Animalia – SB091321
Characters (1)
Di l bl ti M t with t d d t d t d b Diploblastic Metazoa with ectoderm and entoderm separated by a (primarily) ectodermally derived acellular mesoglea or partly cellular mesenchymePossess primary radial symmetry, often modified as biradial, quadriradial, or other form; the primary body axis is oral–aboralP i i i dh i ll d id h Possess unique stinging or adhesive structures called cnidae; each cnida resides in and is produced by one cell, a cnidocyte. The most common cnidae are called nematocystsMusculature formed largely of myoepithelial cells (= epitheliomuscular cells), derived from ectoderm and entoderm ( d lt id i d t d i )(adult epidermis and gastrodermis)
Cnidarian bauplanp
Cnidarian bauplanp
Derivative symmetry on Cnidaria:
A. Quadridarial
B. Radial
C BiradialC. Biradial
D. Biadial
Cnidarian bauplan
A hydrozoan polyp column wall (cross section) section) illustrates the basic cnidarian cell and tissue types
Characters (2)
E hibit lt ti f l l id d l d id Exhibit alternation of asexual polypoid and sexual medusoid generations; but there are many variations on this basic themeThe entodermally derived gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron) is the y g y ( )only “body cavity.” The coelenteron is saclike, partitioned, or branched, but has only a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anusmouth and anusWithout a head, centralized nervous system, or discrete gas exchange, excretory, or circulatory structuresNervous system is a simple nerve net(s), composed of naked and largely nonpolar neuronsTypically have planula larvae (ciliated, motile, gastrula larvae)
Class 1: HYDROZOA
Alternation of generations occurs in most genera (typically asexual benthic polyps alternate with sexual planktonic medusae), although one or the other generation may be suppressed or lackingg y pp gpolyps usually colonial, with interconnected coelenteronsExoskeleton usually of chitin or occasionally calcium carbonate (hydrocorals)coelenteron of polyps and medusae lacks a pharynx and mesenteriesmesenteriesmesoglea acellular; tentacles solid or hollow; cnidae occur only in epidermis
Hydrozoan bauplany p
Hydra, a solitary Hydrozoan
Hydra: life cycley y
Life cycle of Hydra:
Sperm produced by the male polyp (a) fertilizes the eggs of the female polyp (b). During cleavage, the eggs secrete a chitinous theca about themselves. After hatching, the embryos (c) grow into polyps that reproduce that reproduce asexually by budding (d), until environmental conditions again trigger
l d tisexual reproduction
Colonial Hydrozoa
A. A thecate hydroid colony. The blastostyles blastostyles produce either sporosacs or medusae
B. A typical leptomedusa
Life cycle of Obelia, a colonial Hydrozoa
Hydrozoa: Taxonomy & Classificationy
O. HydroidayS.O Anthomedusae, ex: Hydra, HydractiniaS.O Leptomedusae, ex: Obelia, Sertularia
O. Trachylina, ex: Rhopalonema, PolypodiumO Si h h A l i Ph liO. Siphonophora, ex: Apolemia, PhysaliaO. Chondrophora, ex: Porpita, VelellaO. Actinulida, ex: Halammohydra, Otohydra
Physalia physalis (Portuguese man of war)
Class 2: SCYPHOZOA
Medusoid stage predominates; polypoid individuals (scyphistomae) are small and inconspicuous but often long-livedpolyps produce medusae by asexual budding (strobilation)coelenteron divided by four longitudinal (oral–aboral) mesenterie
d d t (with t l ) t i ll with thi k medusae acraspedote (without a velum), typically with a thick mesogleal (or collenchymal) layer, distinct pigmentation, filiform or capitate tentacles, and marginal notches producing lappetsmouth may or may not be on a manubrium; usually without a ring canal
SCYPHOZOAN bauplan
Life cycle of Aurelia. The fertilized egg (b) The fertilized egg (b) is released to develop into a planula larva (c), which settles to grow into a polyp, the g p yp,scyphistoma (d). The scyphistoma either buds off new polyps (e) or produces ( ) pephyrae by strobilation (f); ephyra (g) grows into an adult medusae
Some of Scyphozoayp
A. Chrysaora
B. Rhopilema
C. Aurelia
D. Mastigias
Scyphozoa: Taxonomy & Classification
Stauromedusae, ex: Halyclistis
Coronatae, ex: ,Atolla
Semaeostomeae, ex: Cyaneaex: Cyanea
Rhizostomeae, ex: Cassiopea
Class 3: Cubozoa
l h d i l d b l t polyps each produce a single medusa by complete metamorphosis (strobilation does not occur)medusa bell nearly square in cross sectiony qhollow interradial tentacle(s) hang from bladelike pedalia, one at each corner of umbrellaunfrilled bell margin drawn inward to form a velum-like structure (the velarium) into which diverticula of the gut extend
Comparison between a cubomedusae (A) and scyphomedusae (B)
Some of Cubozoa
Chiropsalmus
Carybdea
Fact sheet
Chironex fleckerii has been described as described as "the most lethal jellyfish in the world", with at least 63 known deaths in Australia from us a a o 1884 to 1996
Class 4: ANTHOZOA
solitary or colonial; without a medusoid stageCoelenteron divided by longitudinal (oral–aboral) mesenteries, the free edges of which form thick, cordlike mesenterial filamentstentacles usually number 8 or occur in multiples of 6 and contain extensions of the coelenteronextensions of the coelenteronpolyps may reproduce both sexually and asexually
Anthozoan bauplanp
Anatomy of a soft coral polyp
Anthozoan bauplan
Anatomy of a hard coral polyp
Anthozoan life cycley
A l A typical anthozoansexual life cycle: the adult polyp releases p ypgametes which fuse externally, or fertilized eggs are released and released, and zygotes develop into a planulalarvae; the l ttl larvae settle and transform directly into young polyps
Anthozoa: Taxonomy & Classification
Subclass Octocorallia (Alcyonaria)
Order Alcyonacea; Alcyonium, Anthomastus
Order Gastraxonacea; Pseudogorgia
O d G C lli E i E i llOrder Gorgonacea; Corallium, Eugorgia, Eunicella
Order Helioporacea; Heliopora, Epiphaxum
Order Pennatulacea; Anthoptilum, Balticina
Order Protoalcyonacea; Haimea, Hartea
Order Stolonifera; Tubipora, Clavularia
O d T l C l i P t l tOrder Telestacea; Coelogorgia, Paratelesto
Subclass Hexacorallia (Zoantharia)
Subclass Ceriantipatharia
Anthozoa: Taxonomy & Classification
Subclass Hexacorallia (Zoantharia)Subclass Hexacorallia (Zoantharia)Order Actiniaria; Actinia, Stichodactyla, Aiptasia
Order Scleractinia; Acropora Porites OculinaOrder Scleractinia; Acropora, Porites, Oculina
Order Zoanthidea; Palythoa, Epizoanthus, Zoanthus
O d C lli h iOrder Corallimorpharia; Amplexidiscus, Rhodactis
Subclass CeriantipathariaOrder Antipatharia; Antipathes
Order Ceriantharia; Cerianthus, Arachnanthus
Terms in identifying hard coral (1)y g
Corallum entire skeleton of a scleractinian coral, regardless of , gwhether the animal is solitary or colonial
Corallite the skeleton of a single polypCalyx concave depression that houses the polyp (pl: calices)Theca outer wall of the coralliteSeptum skeletal plates that radiate into the calyx from the wall (sometimes called scleroseptum); which project inward and support the mesenteries of the polyp (pl: septa)p yp (p p )
Coenosteum skeletal material between walls of adjacent corallites
Costa extensions of the septa outside the wall of the corallite (pl: costae)
Terms in identifying hard coral (2)y g
Columella central structure of the calyx formed by fusion of the lower elements of the septap
Tuberculae larger-than-polyp bumps occurring in the coenosteumVerrucae larger-than-polyp bumps composed of several corallites
Papillae smaller-than-polyp, nipple-like bumps on the surface of the skeletonthe skeleton
Skeleton of hard coral (Scleractinia)
A general anatomy of skeleton of hard coralhard coral
The arrangement of corallite (1)
Solitary Solitary Cerioid Phacelloid Phacelloid Hydnophorid Pl id Plocoid Dendroid Meandroid Flabello-meandroid
The arrangement of corallite (2)
Phaceloid koralit memanjangmembentuk tabung dan juga mempunyaikoralit dengan dinding masing-masingEx. Galaxea fascicularis
SolitarySolitaryEx. Fungia horrida
The arrangement of corallite (3)
Cerioid apabila dinding koralit saling menyatu dan membentuk permukaan yang datarEx. Leptastrea purpurea
Plocoid tiap koralit memiliki Plocoid tiap koralit memiliki dindingnya masing-masing yang terhubung oleh coenosteumEx.
The arrangement of corallite (4)
Dendroid koloni hampir menyerupai pohon yang dijumpai cabang-cabang dan di ujung cabang biasanya dijumpai calix utamaEx. Tubastrea micrantha
Meandroid koloni mempunyai koralitMeandroid koloni mempunyai koralityang membentuk lembah dan koralit disatukan oleh dinding-dinding yang saling menyatu dan membentuk alur-alur seperti sungaiEx. Pavona varians
The arrangement of corallite (5)
Hydnophorid koralit terbentuk seperti bukit tersebar pada seluruh permukaan sehingga sangat mudah untuk dikenalEx. Hydnophora rigiday p g
Flabello Meandroid seperti Flabello-Meandroid seperti meandroid, membentuk lembah-lembah memanjang, namun koralit tidak memiliki dinding bersamaEx. Symphillia
T i K ihTerima Kasih