the cloud, aerosol, and complex terrain interactions ... › meetings › stm › 2017 › ... ·...

TheCloud,Aerosol,andComplexTerrainInteractions(CACTI)ARMFieldCampaign

Outline

• Overview• ExperimentRationale• ScienceQuestions• MeasurementStrategy• PotentialResearch

Investigators

PrincipalInvestigatorAdamVarble,UniversityofUtah

Co-InvestigatorsStephenNesbitt,UniversityofIllinois

PaolaSalio,UniversidaddeBuenosAiresEdwardZipser,UniversityofUtah

SusanvandenHeever,ColoradoStateUniversityGregMcFarquhar,UniversityofIllinoisPaulDeMott,ColoradoStateUniversity

SoniaKreidenweis,ColoradoStateUniversityRobertHouze,Jr.,UniversityofWashington

KristenRasmussen,NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchMichaelJensen,BrookhavenNationalLaboratory

Pavlos Kollias,McGillUniversityRubyLeung,PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory

DavidRomps,LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryDavidGochis,NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch

Eldo Avíla,UniversidadNacional deCórdobaChristopherWilliams,UniversityofColorado-Boulder/NOAA

OverviewTiming:15August2018– 30April2019

Location:VillaYacanto,Argentina(32.1°S,64.75°W)

SecuredResources:AMF-1(reconfigured),C-SAPR2,INPandstereocamerameasurements

PotentialResources:G-1aircraft,OtherPIinstrumentation

IOPiscoincidentwithRELAMPAGO(NSF)fieldprogram(1November– 15December2018)

CourtesyNASA

ExperimentRationale– RepeatedOrographicCumulus

FigurescourtesyofNASA

FigurescourtesyofU.Wyoming

ExperimentRationale–VariableAerosolandLandSurfaceProperties


ExperimentRationale–RepeatedDeepConvectiveInitiation


FigurescourtesyofU.Wyoming

ExperimentRationale–RepeatedCumulusand

DeepConvectiveInitiation

WebcamtimelapsevideosviewingSWtowardAMF1site:

https://www.wunderground.com/webcams/ClaudioLU9HOA/4/show.html

CourtesyWunderground

ExperimentRationale– “Extreme”Convection

ThesenumbersarefortheareaobservablebytheAMF-1(<25kmaway)fromoneseasonestimatedfromMODISimages.

Themost“extreme”stormobservedbyTRMMoccurreddownstreamofourproposedlocation.Ithada40dBZ echoreaching18.8km,a85-GHzPCTdownto44K,a37-GHzPCTdownto68K,anda

minimumIRTb of-111.6C.

MostExtremeLightningFlashRates(Zipser etal.2006)

SevereHailFrequencyEstimatedfromAMSR-E(CecilandBlankenship2012)

ExperimentRationale– MesoscaleOrganizationSolman etal.(2013)

FigurecourtesyofSteveNesbitt

ExperimentRationale– ”Extreme”Organization

Systemrainfall>300,000m3/s

VidalandSalio (2014)

ExperimentRationale– VariableEnvironmentalConditionsandForcings

RasmussenandHouze,2016

Jetstream

ColdFront

OrographicFlowsandGravityWaves

LowLevelJet

ScienceQuestion#1

Howarethepropertiesandlifecyclesoforographically generatedboundarylayerclouds,includingcumulushumulis,mediocris,congestus,andstratocumulus,affectedbyenvironmentalkinematics,thermodynamics,aerosols,andsurfaceproperties?Howdothesecloudstypesalterthelowerfreetropospherethrough

detrainment?

- Measurethescalesandvelocitiesofindividualcloudupdraftanddowndraftsincludinghowtheyevolveintime,andrelatethesetomeasurementsofcloudmicrophysicalandmacrophysical features.

- Investigatethewaysinwhichaerosolpropertiesandclouddynamicsimpactprecipitationandiceinitiationinagrowingcongestus cloudincludingthewaysthattheseinitiationsimpactsubsequentcloudandprecipitationevolution.

- Explorethepredictabilityofcloudcoverage,depth,andradiativepropertiesgivenlarge-scaleenvironmentalconditions

- Investigatetheimpactsofmesoscalecirculationsandlandsurfaceinteractionsonlocalenvironmentalconditionsandcloudlifecycles.

- Quantifycloudeffectsontheenvironment.

ScienceQuestion#2

Howdoenvironmentalkinematics,thermodynamics,andaerosolsimpactdeepconvectiveinitiation,upscalegrowth,mesoscale organization,andsystemlifetime?

Howaresoilmoisture,surfacefluxes,andaerosolpropertiesalteredbydeepconvectiveprecipitationeventsandseasonalaccumulationofprecipitation?

- Quantifythemechanismsthattransitioncongestus todeepconvectionwhilerelatingdeepconvectivedynamicalmotionstomicrophysicalsignaturesandmacrophysical characteristicsofthecloudsandprecipitation.

- Investigatethepredictabilityofdeepconvectivecloudandprecipitationpropertiesincludingmesoscale organizationgivenknowledgeoflarge-scaleenvironmentalconditions,anddeterminethemechanismsmostimportantforcontinuedgrowthand/ororganizationofdeepconvection.Thisincludesthewaysinwhichcoldpoolpropertiesdependonenvironmentalandprecipitationcharacteristics.

- Investigatetheimpactofdeepconvectiveprecipitationonboundarylayeraerosolandcloudpropertiesthroughalterationofsurfaceconditionsacrossarangeoftimescalesfromhourlytoseasonally.

AMF-1/MAOS/C-SAPR2/GuestInstrumentation

LandSurface/PBLSoundings,SurfaceMet,ECOR,SEBS,AERI,DopplerLidar,SODARFreeTroposphereSoundings,MicrowaveRadiometers,RWPAerosolsMPL,DopplerLidar,MFRSR,SunPhotometer,SizeDistribution(UHSAS,SMPS,APS?),CCN,UCPC,CPC,INPFilterCollections,Extinction(PSAP,Aethelometer,AmbientNepholometer),Growth(HDTMA),composition(ACSM),CO/N2O/H2O/O3Notincluded: Wet/DryNepholometer,SP2,PTRMS,NOx/NOy/SO2Clouds/PrecipitationX/Ka-SACR,C-SAPR2,KAZR,RWP,ACDC,Ceilometer,TSI,MicrowaveRadiometers,LaserDisdrometer,TippingBucketandOpticalRainGauges,WACR?RadiationMicrowaveRadiometers,AERI,MFRSR,Ground/SkyRadiometers

WehopetohavetheG-1aircraftparticipateforanIOPinNovember-Decemberaswellsothatinsitucloudandfreetroposphericaerosolpropertiescanbeobtainedandextendedusingremotesensing.IOPrequestsforadditionalinstrumentationmayalsobeintheworks.

ProposedCACTIAMF-1SiteandLogistics

ProposedCACTIAMF-1SiteandLogistics

Lookingsoutheasttowardproposedsite

Lookingnorthatproposedsite

Lookingsouthatproposedsite

Roadtoridgetop

Lookingbacktositefrom~2000-melevation

Siting

View:https://www.google.com/maps/@-31.9069276,-64.7725012,636m/data=!3m1!1e3!5m1!1e4

25km

46km

37km

16km

43km

C-SAPR2?1420m

C-SAPR2?1140m

AMF11140m

SoundingSite2560m

MeasurementStrategy

CombinedCACTI-RELAMPAGOResourcesFigurecourtesyofSteveNesbitt

MeasurementStrategy– Environment

Strategyistomeasureinteractionsbetweenalllocalenvironmentalvariables withcloudsandprecipitation

Measuretheinflowtocloudbasewithinsitu/radarcloudmeasurementsanddetrainedairintothefreetroposphereoverthesite

Operationswillbelimitedtodaytimewith1.5-3hourlyAMFsitesoundingsdependingonthesituation,and3-6hourlyupstreamsoundings

G-1MeasurementStrategy

OpenQuestions

• IOPRequests(UAS,met.stations,raingauges/disdrometers?)• APSDeployment? WACRDeployment?• UUandUIPre-CACTIResearch• ObservingStrategies– Especiallysoundingsandscanning

radars

• PreliminarySciencePlantobereleased

ExtraSlides

ResearchusingCACTImeasurements

• INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENT– LandSurfaceProperties– BoundaryLayerCirculations– FreeTroposphericInteractions– AerosolEffects– ModelValidationandImprovement

• DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATION– TransitionfromCongestus toCumulonimbus– Dynamical,Microphysical,andMacrophysical Relationships– FactorsControllingMesoscale Organization– ImpactsonAerosolsandLandSurfaceProperties

INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENT

LandSurfaceProperties

• Howdosurfaceconditionssuchassoilmoistureandvegetation,aswellasatmosphericconditionssuchasatmosphericrelativehumidityandwindspeed,impacttheBowenratio?

• HowdoestheBowenratioimpacttheevolutionofboundarylayertemperature,relativehumidity,depth,andturbulence?

• Howdoesthecouplingbetweensurfaceconditionsandboundarylayerstructureimpactboundarylayeraerosolandcloudproperties?

• CansinglecolumnandLESmodelsreproduceobservedsensitivitiesofboundarylayerevolutiontosurfaceconditions?Ifnot,whatcausesdifferences?


BoundaryLayerCirculations

• Howistheevolutionofupslopeflowaffectedbysurfacefluxesandthehorizontalandverticaldistributionsofatmospherictemperature,humidity,andwinds?

• Howdobackgroundmesoscale circulations,suchastheSALLJoracoldfront,interactwiththetopographyandalterthermalupslopeflows?

• Howdoboundarylayercirculationsandthermodynamicsimpactcloudlocationanddepthasafunctionoftime?

• Howwelldomulti-scalemodelsreproduceboundarylayercirculationsandobservedsensitivitiesofboundarylayergrowthandcloudformationtothesecirculations?Whataresourcesformodelbiases?


FreeTroposphericInteractions

• Howdoestheentrainmentratevaryasafunctionofenvironment,andwhatimpactdoesithaveoncumulusdynamics,microphysics,andmacrophysics?

• Howdoesclouddetrainmentmodifythelowerfreetropospherichumidityandstability?

• Howdoorographic,lowleveljet,andsynopticcirculationsmodifythefreetropospherichumidityandstability,andwhataretherelativetimescalesofthesemodifications?

• Howdoimpactsofcirculationsandcloudsontheenvironmentfeedbacktothecirculationandcloudevolution?

• Howwelldomulti-scalemodelsreproducetheinteractionsbetweencloudlifecycleandfreetroposphericevolution?Whendomodelsperformwellandwhendotheynotperformwell?Whataresourcesofmodelbiases?

INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENTAerosolEffects

• Asafunctionofmeteorology,howdoesthelowlevelCCNconcentrationimpactcloudmicrophysics,dynamics,macrophysics,andradiative forcing?

• HowdoesCCNcorrelatewithCNandAODfordifferentmeteorologicalconditionsandasafunctionofthediurnalcycle?

• Howdoout-of-cloud,in-cloud,andcloud-processedaerosolpropertiesrelatetooneanother?

• Howwelldosurfaceaerosolmeasurementspredictin-cloudaerosolandclouddropletproperties?

• Howwelldohigh-resolutionsimulationswithstateoftheartaerosolandmicrophysicsschemesreproduceobservedsensitivitiesofcloudstoaerosolproperties,particularlytheaerosolsizedistributionandCCNnumberconcentration?


ModelValidationandImprovement

• Howwelldodifferentcombinationsofsurface,boundarylayer,freetroposphere,andaerosolvariablespredictcloudmacrophysical,microphysical,anddynamicalpropertiesasafunctionoftimeinobservationsandmodels?

• CanidealizedandnestedLESsimulationsusinganensembleofphysicsschemesreproducerelationshipsbetweensurfaceconditions,boundarylayerstructure,aerosolproperties,andcloudpropertieswhengiventherangeofconditionsthatwereobserved?Whataretheprimarycausesfordifferencesbetweensimulationsandobservations?

• CanGCMandNWPsimulationsreproducecloudmacrophysical,dynamical,andmicrophysicalcharacteristicsasafunctionofenvironmentanddifferenttimescales(diurnalandseasonal)?Whataretheprimarycausesofmodelbiases?

ResearchusingCACTImeasurements

• INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENT– LandSurfaceProperties– BoundaryLayerCirculations– FreeTroposphericInteractions– AerosolEffects– ModelValidationandImprovement

• DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATION– TransitionfromCongestus toCumulonimbus– Dynamical,Microphysical,andMacrophysical Relationships– FactorsControllingMesoscale Organization– ImpactsonAerosolsandLandSurfaceProperties

DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATIONTransitionfromCongestus toCumulonimbus

• Howpredictableisthetransitionfromcongestus tocumulonimbus,andwhichcombinationsofenvironmentalvariablesarethebestpredictorsofthistransition?

• Doeswarmrainformincongestus clouds,andifso,whatenvironmentalconditionssupportwarmrainformation,andhowdoeswarmrainimpactsubsequentcloudandprecipitationevolution?

• Whenandwhereincongestus cloudsdoesiceinitiate,howdoesiceinitiationdependonINPpropertiesandotherenvironmentalconditions,andhowdoesiceinitiationimpactsubsequentcloudandprecipitationevolution?

• Howdomodelswithdifferentgridspacingandphysicsparameterizationsperforminpredictingdeepconvectiveinitiation?Whatmodelaspectsproducethebestandworstpredictability?Areenvironmentalpredictorsofinitiationthesameinmodelsandobservations?Ifnot,whynot?

DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATIONDynamical,Microphysical,andMacrophysical Relationships

• Whatsizeandstrengthareconvectiveupdraftsanddowndraftsincongestusandcumulonimbusclouds,andhowdodraftpropertiesdependonenvironmentalconditions(boundarylayerdepth,convectiveavailablepotentialenergy,verticalwindshear,andfreetropospherichumidity)?

• Howdosub-cloudscalemicrophysicalfeatures(e.g.,regionsoflargeprecipitationrate,supercooled water,orspecificiceproperties)relatetocloudupdraftsanddowndrafts?

• Howdoclouddynamicalandmicrophysicalfeaturesco-evolveintime,andwhatimpactsdotheyhaveoncloudmacrophysical evolution?

• HowdoCCNandINPpropertiesindirectlyimpactdeepconvectivedynamicsandicemicrophysicsthroughloftingofsupercooled waterandiceinitiation,andhowdoesthisaffectcloudtopheight,anvilexpanse/thickness,andrainfall?

• Howdorelationshipsbetweensimulateddeepconvectivecloudmacrophysics,microphysics,anddynamicscomparetoobservedrelationshipsasafunctionoftheconvectivelifecycle?Howdocomparisonschangewithmodelsetup(gridspacing,physicsschemes,etc.)andwhataspectsofparameterizationscausedifferencesbetweensimulationsandobservations?

DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATIONFactorsControllingMesoscale Organization

• Howpredictableistheupscalegrowthandmesoscale organizationofdeepconvection,andwhichcombinationsofenvironmentalvariablesarethebestpredictorsoftheseprocesses?

• Whichcombinationsofcoldpoolstrength/depthandambientenvironmentalconditionspromoteupscalegrowthandorganizationofconvectiontotheeastofthemountainsandwhichdonot?HowimportantaretheSALLJandgravitywaves?

• Whichenvironmentalpropertiesbestpredictconvectivemode?• Whatimpactsdoaerosolshaveonmesoscale convectivepropertiessuch

ascoldpoolstrength,andhowdoesorganizeddeepconvectionalterthedistributionofaerosols?

• Aremulti-scalemodelsabletopredictwhendeepconvectionorganizesordoesn’torganize?Whichmodelsperformbestandwhy?Howcanmesoscale convectiveorganizationberepresentedinGCMs?

DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATIONImpactsonAerosolsandLandSurfaceProperties

• Howdoesdeepconvectiverainfallimpactsoilmoistureandvegetationondailyandseasonaltimescales?

• HowdoconvectivedowndraftsfeedingcoldpoolsandprecipitationalterCCNandINPpropertiesatthesurfaceandintheboundarylayer?

• Howdosurfaceconditionsthatchangeasaresultofprecipitationfeedbacktoboundarylayercloudpropertiesandprobabilityoffurtherprecipitation(e.g.,throughthealteredprobabilityofconvectiveinitiation)?

• Doaerosolandsurfaceschemesinmodelsaccuratelyreproduceobservedchangesinsurfaceconditionsandaerosolsthatresultfromprecipitationondailyandseasonaltimescales?

the cloud, aerosol, and complex terrain interactions ... › meetings › stm › 2017 › ... ·...

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