the clothing industry where did the clothing industry first develop? what were the important new...
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The Clothing Industry
• Where did the clothing industry first develop?
• What were the important new clothing-producing countries in the early 21st-century?
• What is the hourly wage for apparel workers in the U.S. at the time the article was published? How does it compare with other areas?
• How does high-end apparel production differ from cheap leisure wear?
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“Why Do Industries Have Different Distributions?”
Industrialization
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It’s All About THE MONEY!
• Industry seeks to maximize profits by minimizing production cost
• Geographers try to explain why one location may provide more profit than another
• Two geographical costs:– Situation:
transporting materials– Site: land, labor, and
capital
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Situation Factors
• Definition – transporting materials to and from the factory
• Objective – minimize the costs• For some companies, this is the most
important factor in choosing a location
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If you were building a car manufacturing plant in the U.S., where would you locate it?
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Proximity to Inputs• Every industry needs either resources
from the physical environment or parts/materials made by another company
• Weight of the material is a factor for choosing location
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Example: Copper Industry
• First Step: Mining the copper ore• Bulk-reducing Industry• Concentration mills must be near
mines• Purified copper is then treated at
refineries• Source of energy
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Example 2: Steel Industry• Also a bulk-reducing industry• Choose location to minimize the cost of
transporting inputs• Steel is an alloy of iron that is produced
by removing impurities in iron
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Origin of Steel Industry• Productions was small
until the Industrial Revolution
• The constant heating and cooling of steel required strength, skill and a lot of time
• The Watt Steam Engine
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More advances in the steel industry
• Henry Cort– Puddling – reheating iron until
pasty, then stirring it with iron rods until impurities are burned off
– Rolling – passing iron between rollers to remove remaining scum
• Abraham Darby – produced high quality iron smelted with purified carbon made from coal, known as coke– Result – the iron industry
needed to be near coalfields
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U.S. Steel Industry
• In the mid 19th Century – the U.S. steel industry was concentrated around Pittsburgh
• In the first half of the 20th Century – steel mills were built near the coast– Baltimore, L.A., Trenton
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Changing U.S. Steel Industry
• Recently, many steel plants have closed
• Survivors – southern Lake Michigan, East Coast
• Successful steel mills are located close to markets
• Mini-mills
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Proximity to Markets
• Transporting goods to consumers is an important locational factor for three industries:
1. Bulk-gaining2. Single market3. Perishable
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Bulk Gaining Industries
• Gain weight during production• Example: soft drink bottling• Coca-Cola has bottling plants all over
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Fabricated Metals and Machinery
• This is a prominent example of a bulk gaining industry
• A fabricated-metals factory brings together parts to make a more complex product
• Examples: TVs, refrigerators, air conditioners, and cars
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Location of Car Manufacturing
• Historically – near large markets• Recently – assembly plants focus on
producing a single model rather than locating near all large markets
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The Ford Plant in ATL (#6) has closed
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Single Market Manufacturers• Products are sold primarily in one
location, so they cluster near the market
• Example: the manufacturers of automobile parts only sell to a couple of customers (GM, Toyota)
• Parts makers ship their products directly to assembly plants
• “auto alley”Average Percentage of
State GDP in Automotive Manufacturing, 1998 to
2008
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Perishable Products
• Products must be delivered to consumers ASAP!
• Milkshed• Technology’s impact?
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Ship, Rail, Truck, or Air• Trucks – used for short
distance• Trains – longer distances• Water – if available, is
attractive for long distances
• Air – the most expensive, but more firms are using the air for speedy delivery
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Break-of-Bulk Points• Cost rises each time inputs are
transferred from one mode to another
• Sometimes – the cost for one mode is lower for inputs and expensive for products, so companies locate at a “break-of-bulk” point where transfer among transportation modes is possible– Seaport, airport
St. Louis is a break of bulk point and you can see the multiple
transportation modes intersect here
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Site Factors• Definition = the unique
characteristics of a location• Land, labor, and capital are the
three traditional production factors that vary among locations
• The most important site factor on a global scale = labor
• Minimizing labor cost in VERY important for some industries
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Labor• Labor-intensive industry – one in which
labor is a high percentage of expense• Some need highly skilled, expensive
labor• Labor intensive is not the same is “high-
wage”• Textile and clothing industries – require
less skilled, low cost workers– 3 steps: spinning, weaving, and
cutting/sewing– All are labor intensive, but not equally
so resulting in global distributions that are not identical
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Textile and Apparel Spinning• Because it is labor
intensive, it is located in low-wage countries (PINGs)
• PINGs account for ¾ of the world’s spinning production
• Located where cotton is grown
• The U.S. is the only PED that is a major thread producer
• Synthetic fibers – ½ is made in PINGs
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Textile and Apparel Weaving
• Labor is even more intensive
• Especially highly concentrated in low-wage countries: 86% of the world’s woven cotton is produced in PINGs
• China accounts for ½ of production
• India accounts for ¼ of production
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Textile and Apparel Assembly• Textiles are assembled into
four main types of products1. Garments2. Carpets3. Home products4. Industrial uses
• Most of the 80 billion articles of clothing sold worldwide are made in Asia– 3/4 of shirts– ½ of dresses and suits– Most of the world’s
underwear and lingerie• Europeans and North
Americans produce woolens
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Land
• Most efficient form of factory is a one story building = more land needed to build these
• Land is cheaper in suburban or rural areas than in the city
• Industries are attracted to energy sources, low electrical rates, and amenities at the site
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Capital
• Manufacturers typically borrow funds to establish new factories or expand existing ones
• Silicon Valley – capital
• Financial incentives• The ability to
borrow money in PINGs