the closing of the western...
TRANSCRIPT
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Key Tensions
Native Americans
Buffalo HuntersRailroadsU. S. Government
Cattlemen Sheep Herders
Ranchers Farmers
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Key Tensions
EthnicMinorities
Nativists
EnvironmentalistsBig Business Interests
[mining, timber]Local Govt. OfficialsFarmersBuffalo Hunters
Lawlessness of the Frontier
“Civilizing” Forces
[The “Romance” of the West]
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Pacific Railroad Act 1862
• Settlers moving west via trails and railroads.
• Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads
received 20 million acres of federal land
• Federal loans worth $60 million
• Purpose – to build a transcontinental railroad.
• Opens up the Western Plains, leading to more
conflict with Native Americans.
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Promontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)
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Demand for Beef
• Need for beef in cities grew and cattle drives
multiplied.
• Chisholm Trail – From San Antonio to Kansas
• Cowboys – Non-stop work on the long drive.
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The
Cattle
Trails
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Barbed Wire
Joseph Glidden
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Homestead Act – 1862
• Land in West drew many settlers
• 160 acres - The land was yours at the end of five
years if you had built a house on it, dug a well,
broken (plowed) 10 acres, fenced a specified
amount, and actually lived there.
• Turned over vast amounts of the public domain to
private citizens. 270 millions acres, or 10% of the
area of the United States was claimed and settled
under this act.
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Homesteads From Public Lands
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The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD
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Life on the Plains for Settlers
• Extreme Hardships –
– Droughts, floods, fires, indians, loneliness
• Lived in Sod Homes due to lack of trees.
• Morrill Act of 1862 provided agricultural education and set up colleges.
– New technology – reapers, steel windmills
• Debt major problem for farmers
– High railroad costs.
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Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889
• Thousands came to last government offering of land in
West
• Last major section of the west settled - April 22, 1889
• 2 million acres claimed by settlers.
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Frederick Jackson Turner
• 1890 census declared that the frontier was closed
– no more unknown lands.
• Frontier was critical development of American
democracy
• and nature of
American culture were fostered by the frontier.
Hard work will make you rich.
Self-reliance independent
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The Struggle of the Plains Indians
• Over 200,000 Indians lived in the Great Plains
following the Civil War.
• Depended on horses and the buffalo.
• Native Americans lived in extended families.
• No such thing as property ownership.
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Conflicts with Native Americans
• Chivington's Raid - November 29th, 1864.
(Massacre at Sand Creek) 150 Arapaho and
Cheyenne men, women, and children killed in
Colorado Territory.
• Conflicts with Sioux led to the Treaty of Fort
Laramie in 1868. Sitting Bull, a chief, never
signed the treaty.
• Gold rush in Black Hills of South
DakotaTerritory creates more tension.
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Capt. William J. Fetterman
During the Plains Indian War (Red Cloud and Crazy Horse) on the
Bozemen Trail, near Fort Phil Kearney, - 81 soldiers ambushed and massacred
December 21, 1866
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Conflicts between Indians and U.S.
Army • Little Big Horn - June, 1876. General George
Custer and 264 troops killed by Sioux Indians
in Montana Territory.
• Joseph and Nez Perce captured by army after
1300 mile chase
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Dawes Act (1887) • Sought to Americanize Native Americans
– Emphasize farming and private property.
• Reservations divided among families in 160 acre segments. Rest of land to be sold by government with profits going to Native Americans.
• Tribal loyalties - renounced to get citizenship.
• Disastrous for Native Americans
– Between 1887 and 1934, they lost over 2/3’s of their reservation lands to whites.
– Native Americans received no money from cash sales.
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Buffalo
• Most significant blow to tribal life, the destruction
of buffalo by tourists and fur traders.
• 1800 - 65 million roamed plains
• 1890 – fewer than a thousand remain
• 1900 – last wild herd kept in Yellowstone Park