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8/30/2016 1 The Clinical Paradigms in the “Journey” to Integration Psychosomatic Biopsychosocial Integrated Collaborative Comorbid Linear Thinking (Reductionistic Causal Connections) Know who your patient is… What they have Disorder And Psychosocial Medical/Psychiatric COST is an Issue The Focus is NOW Upon “Populations” Screening for those “at risk” The role of the Psychiatrist; Psychologist is changing? Why are we changing now??? $ £ ¥ Cost of Depression (in 2011)

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Page 1: The Clinical Paradigms Integration - psychiatry.org Library/Psychiatrists/Meetings/IPS... · The Clinical Paradigms in the “Journey” to Integration Psychosomatic Biopsychosocial

8/30/2016

1

The Clinical Paradigms in the “Journey” to Integration

Psychosomatic

Biopsychosocial

IntegratedCollaborativeComorbid

Linear Thinking (Reductionistic Causal Connections)

Know who your patient is…

What they haveDisorder

And PsychosocialMedical/PsychiatricCOST is an Issue

The Focus is NOW Upon“Populations”

Screening for those “at risk”

The role of the Psychiatrist; Psychologist is changing?

Why are we changing now???

€ $      £       ¥

Cost of Depression (in 2011)

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Physical + Psychiatric = Costs

Sartorius N et al Key Issues in Mental Health 179:23,2015

Traditional Approaches‐Did They Work? 

Wait until they want usWe will teach them

Recognition Rates of Psychiatric Disorder in Medical Settings (mostly outpatient Primary Care)

Category Accurate Detection Rate (%)

ScreeningInventory orInterview

Reference

Depression 47.3 CIDI;SCID Mitchell AJLancet,2009

Distress 48.4 GHQ;SCL90 Mitchell AJ Affect Ds,2011

Mild Depression

33.8 HADS‐DBDI

Mitchell AJ Affect Ds,2011

Older patientsWith Depression

47.3 DIS;GHQ;HADS‐D;GDS

Mitchell AJPsychother,Psychosom2010

Anxiety(PD;GAD  PTSD;Soc Anx)

63% GAD‐7 Kroenke KAnn Internal Med,2007

Delirium(RN detection)

Sensitivity.35  Specificity.98

CAM Spronk PEIntensive Care Medicine,2009

Delirium(MD detection)

Sensitivity .28 Specificity1.0

CAM Spronk PEIntensive Care Medicine,2009

Change is Not EasyFrom Biopsychosocial Perspectives

To Co‐morbid Management

(an arguable dialectic)

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London Times in 1834 re:  Laȅnnec’s Stethoscope

Disruptive TechnologiesProducts and services not as good as currently availablebut simpler , more convenient, and/ or cheaper

Sustaining Services

Targets  demanding,high‐end Customers with better performancethan was previously available

Before you dismiss this as an impossible fantasy or something no 

one will accept

Patients Will Never Tolerate These  Formats!!!

Then Timeline Now

Who would have guessed this???

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Problem of Cohorts and Generations

Empirical versus Romantic Views

Tools for Population Health/Collaborative Care

Screening Electronic Heatlh Record

Is talking to a patient passé??

Electronic Medical Record 

• Adds time to evaluation or follow up

• Looses narrative

• Bad data in keeps on in the record

• Templates often foster overload

• Doctor often talking while looking at computer—communication???

Telepsychiatry Not Just the Consulting Room

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Case Registers: Mandate not to let cases “fall through the 

cracks”

Case Identification for DepressionFrom Tools (EHR;Tele)

to Models

Models:Location/Workflow/Payments?

•Hospital Settings• Higher risk settings• General wards

•Primary Care Settings• Co‐location• Stepped care with case management (UW model)

• Screen

• Assess + PHQ individuals

• Case managers review

• Case registry

• Psychiatrist is consultant to those that don’t remit

• Use of Problem Solving Therapy‐short term

• Pay for screening and referral (DIAMOND)

• Hybrids of above• Other models to be developed

The Development of an “Active” Consultation Approach

• One psychiatrist rounding on a medical unit• Increased consults; How do the consultee’s react?

• When reported Cost not a big factor for inpatient care on medical services (1990)

• Behavioral Intervention Team• Now Cost is clearly an issue (LOS all understand)

• Nurse screens all admissions then discusses them with social worker and psychiatrist‐‐‐those in need have formal consultation (medical team must agree)

Torem,1999;Sledge (in press);Desan ,2011

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The Ambulatory Arena

• Most Primary Care Practices are in small groups• Can be part of a larger organization or independent

• Types of patients greatly differ• Some high in Medicaid/medicare/rural vs. urban vs suburban

• Availability of specialists/hospitals varies

• Mental health services vary• Types of MH professionals

• Number

• Payor mix

• Patients are not in a confined setting (like a hospital) thus control far less

• Do physicians follow patients or group does so?

• Use of mid levels‐‐‐NPs or Pas??

• EMR‐connects with who??

Examples of Integration of Psychiatry with Primary Care

•Common themes•Screening via inventories•Stepped care•Attempt to keep patient in primary care setting

•Short term therapies if needed • Provided by nonMDs or PhDs

Integration with Primary Care‐Challenge of Psychosomatic Approach in General Medicine

Group Rx next to PrimaryCare Clinic in Rural India

Stepped Care(what it is) PHQ-9 Screen Integration inDeveloping Countries

What the PatientNot Who

Types of Therapy in Most of These Models

Pez Dispenser:Meds Primarily

http://pstnetwork.ucsf.edu/Problem Solving Therapy

Psychoanalytic Treatment 

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Seems to be the focus of current models of integration

Fee for ServiceCash

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Treat to Target:Key Concept

• Sy

Symptom to be treatedIs it Remitting???

Co‐Location: The Maine Project

Rural;Large Geography;Many Poor and Isolated

Co‐Location (A Psychiatric SW or LPC)

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INOVA and IMG (INOVA MEDICAL GROUP

• Multispecialty Group Practice• 400 physicians including 29 Primary Care Offices

• Medical Home Requires Depression Screening

• PHQ‐9 in EPIC

• Large ambulatory campus plus 1000 bed hospital

• Still hospital‐centric‐???

MetricsProposed metrics for evaluation

• Phase 1• Depression screening (PHQ)• HgbA1c, BP• Time to referral (by severity, chronicity)• Time to appointment

• Phase 2 • Utilization

• Pharmacy fills• PCP, ED, IP usage• Total cost per patient by depression severity

• Phase 3• Quality of life

33

Depression Management in Primary CareZones for managing depression

34

< 5

Minimal

5 – 9

Mild

10 – 19

Moderate

20 – 27

Severe

SI/HI/Psychotic

Reevaluate at next appointment

1. Patient Education

2. Psychotherapy if needed

3. FU 6 weeks -PHQ-9

1. Antidepressant &/or Psychotherapy

2. Patient Education

3. FU 6 weeks - PHQ-9

1. Antidepressant

2. Refer to IBH

Healthy Lifestyle

FU as needed

Transportation to ER

N/A

Elective

30 days

Urgent

7 days

Emergent

72 hours

ER

Immediately

Provider Activities

Refer to ER

Immediately

Patient ActivitiesPHQ‐9 Score BH Appointment

1. Behavioral Activation

2. Psychotherapy if needed

3. Keep FU Appt

1. Take medications as prescribed

2. Call if questions/side effects

3. Keep FU Appt

1. Start medication

2. FU with IBH

Where are We Going??

Indigent

Medicaid

Medicare Insured

Narrow NetworkHMO PPO

Self Pay

Will we(or are we now)

Boutique Psychiatrists*

1974 Edition