the client side of networking understanding the tcp/ip protocol suite file and print clients on...

The Client Side of Networking

Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

File and Print Clients on Private Networks

Connecting to the Internet

Internet Clients

Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems

Chapter

10

2

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives

Apply basic TCP/IP knowledge and skills Use a file and print client to connect to shares List methods for connecting to the Internet Identify and configure common Internet clients Troubleshoot common client connection

problems

3



TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that work together to allow similar and dissimilar systems to communicate

The two core protocols are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)

TCP/IP protocol is automatically installed in Windows when a network card is present

4



Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Responsible for the accurate delivery of messages Verifies and resends pieces that fail to reach the

destination TCP has several sub-protocols

5



Internet Protocol (IP) Packages communications in chunks, called packets Allows a computer to be identified by a logical

address called an IP address Each packet is given a header that contains

information including the source address (local host address) and the destination address

Special routing protocols can use a destination IP address to choose the best route for a packet to take

6


Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued)

IP has several sub-protocols IP addresses are very important A computer cannot communicate on a

TCP/IP network without a valid IP address

7



Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Addressing Fundamentals

An IP address is assigned to a network adapter When a modem and LAN adapter are present, each

connects a computer to a different network A desktop computer usually has only a single network

device connecting it to a specific network, so that is the only address by which the computer is known on that network

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Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Addressing Fundamentals (continued)

An IP address has four parts in dotted decimal format

Example: 192.168.100.48 Four sets of base-10 numbers (decimal) Each number is within 0 to 255 Rules determine how these numbers are used

9



Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Addressing Fundamentals (continued)

4.3 billion possible IP addresses Allocation methods have reduced the usable number Current version IP Protocol 4 (IPv4)

10



Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) Which addresses can be used?

Public Addresses Assigned to hosts on the Internet A host is any computer or device that has an IP address Source address must be unique on the entire Internet Destination address must be unique on the entire Internet

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Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) Which addresses can be used? (continued)

Public Addresses (continued)

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) allocates numbers to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)

RIRs allocate numbers to ISPs ISPs allocate numbers to customers

12



Which addresses can be used? (continued) Private Addresses

They are not to be used on the Internet Used in private IP networks No permissions required An address from one of three ranges of IP addresses

10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

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Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) Which addresses can be used? (continued)

Private Addresses (continued)

To connect to the Internet, each data packet with a private source address must be intercepted, repackaged, and given a public IP address as its source address before being sent out onto the Internet

If there is a response, each packet will be repackaged and returned to the private address

An Internet router substitutes (or translates) a private IP address to a unique Internet IP address

14



Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) How Does a Host Get an IP Address?

Static Address Assignment Manually configured for a host In most organizations, static IP addressing is done

only on servers, network printers, and network devices Network administrator will provide on a LAN ISP will provide for an Internet connection (if needed) Enter in TCP/IP properties for the network connection

15



Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) How Does a Host Get an IP Address? (continued)

Automatic Address Assignment (DHCP and APIPA) Methods by which a computer can be assigned an IP

address, and all the additional configuration settings, automatically.

Most organizations do Automatic IP addressing via Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server

If no DHCP server responds, a DHCP client may self-assign via Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

16



IP Configuration Settings Subnet Mask

As critical as the address itself Divides IP address into two parts: Host ID and Net ID Example:

IP address 192.168.100.48 Mask of 255.255.255.0 Host ID = 48 Net ID = 192.168.100

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IP Configuration Settings (continued) How masking works in binary math

IP address of 192.168.100.2 In binary = 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000010 Mask of 255.255.255.0 In binary = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Masking results in

Net ID of 192.168.100 Host ID of 2

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Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Configuration Settings (continued)

Default Gateway IP address of the router on the LAN Net ID of the default gateway address should

be identical to that of the IP address Router directs traffic beyond the local network Without this, traffic will not travel beyond local network Example: router connects network 192.168.100 to other

networks Any packet for other networks is sent to default gateway

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Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Configuration Settings

DNS Servers Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed online

database Names mapped to IP addresses Thousands of name servers maintain this distributed

database DNS client queries a DNS server to determine the IP

address of a web site A query of "mcgraw-hill.com" returns 198.45.18.151

20




DNS Servers (continued)

Two DNS Server addresses in Windows IP configuration Preferred DNS server is contacted with queries Alternate DNS server is contacted ONLY after

no response from Preferred server

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Advanced TCP/IP Settings DNS

Add more than two DNS servers Change the order in which the DNS servers are used Allows the DNS client to request a name search for a

domain name when an incomplete name is entered WINS

Enter WINS servers WINS resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses

22




Advanced TCP/IP Settings (continued)

WINS NetBIOS over TCP/IP automatically installed with

TCP/IP NetBIOS used in Microsoft workgroups, NT domains,

and Active Directory domains with a mixture of new and old.

23



IP Configuration Settings (continued) Viewing an IP Configuration with IPCONFIG

A command line command Displays the IP configuration of network interfaces Displays information on static or DHCP clients Available in all versions of Windows but Windows 95 In Windows 95 use WINIPCFG IPCONFIG /all displays all IP configurations for all

network interfaces

24


File and Print Clients on Private Networks File and print client for each file sharing

protocol Microsoft's Server Message Block (SMB) Novell's NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) Common Internet File System (CIFS) Network File System (NFS)

25



Client for Microsoft Networks Automatically installed and enabled in Windows Can see computers with file and printer sharing

turned on SMB and CIFS View servers and shares in My Computer | My

Network Places Connecting to shares depends on permissions

26



Novell Clients Microsoft’s Client Service for NetWare

Not automatically installed on a Windows computer One comes with each version of Windows Can be installed optionally, if needed After installation complete Select NetWare Logon dialog

box Select a NetWare server or an NDS tree and context Microsoft client for Novell is less capable than Novell’s Used when just a few Novell file and printer servers

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Step-by-Step 10.01

Install the Client Service for NetWare

Page 489

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Novell Clients Novell Client by Novell for Windows

Available for free from Novell Preferred in a Novell network Better tools for use by Novell administrators Separate Novell clients for Windows versions and other

OSs Download from www.novell.com

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Connecting Client to Shares Connecting to a file share

Browse to a share using My Computer or Windows Explorer

Use a Universal Naming Convention (UNC) name in Internet Explorer or Windows Explorer

Search for it in an AD domain UNC name is used on Microsoft networks

Syntax: \\servername\sharename Example: \\wickenburg\data

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Connecting Client to Shares (continued) Connecting to a file share (continued)

Mapping assigns local unused drive letter to a network share

Select Tools | Map Network Drive

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Step-by-Step 10.02

Connecting to a Share

Page 492

32


File and Print Clients on Private Networks Connecting Client to Shares (continued)

Connecting Clients to Shared Printers Connecting to printers using UNC names Connecting to printers using IPP Adding a standard TCP/IP printer

33



Step-by-Step 10.03

Connecting to a Shared Printer

Page 494

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Internet Service Providers Provide Internet access to individuals or companies May offer other Internet-related services Examples:

Ground Control (www.groundcontrol.com) satellite Internet service

T-Mobile (www.tmobile.com) cellular Internet service Local telephone companies provide ISP services for

dial-up and DSL customers Comcast (www.comcast.com) cable Internet service

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Computer-to-Internet vs. LAN-to-Internet Computer may have a direct Internet connection Computer may connect to the Internet through a LAN

Wired Connectivity Technologies Dial-up Connections

Use traditional phone system Inexpensive WAN option 56Kbps Need ISP service Cannot use voice and data on same line

36



Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) Dial-up Connections (continued)

Installing a Modem Verify modem works Connect external modem to computer and power Internal modem is turned on with computer Install from Phone and Modem Options applet in

Control Panel

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Step-by-Step 10.04

Installing a Modem in Windows

Page 499

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Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) Dial-up Connections (continued)

Creating a Dial-up Connection New Connection Wizard in Windows XP AOL or CompuServe have separate installation programs Initiate a dial-up session using the connection applet Internet browsers and e-mail clients can be configured

to open connection when the application is started

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Step-by-Step 10.05

Configuring a Dial-up Client

Page 502

40



Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) High-Speed Connections

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Digital phone service Special modem and phone service Up to 128Kbps Slightly higher cost than modem dial-up Rarely used in homes in the U.S. Simultaneously supports data, voice and fax machine Dropping out of favor due to better alternatives

41



Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) High Speed Connections (continued)

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Uses advanced digital signal processing over telephone

network Requires changes in components on telephone network Simultaneously supports data, voice and fax machine Dedicated circuit from home or office to central office Several xDSL versions available:

ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, VDSL

42




T-Carrier System T-1

24 individual channels transmitting 64 Kbps each Combined throughput of 1.544Mbps

Fractional T-1 One or more individual T-1 channels Cheaper alternative to T-1

T-3 672 channels with combined throughput of 44.736Mbps Most expensive

43




Cable Cable modem service Cable television networks sell a portion of bandwidth

for data Faster than common telephone lines Simultaneously supports data, audio, and video Signal is shared

Increase in number of users decreases bandwidth to each user

44



Wireless Connectivity Technologies Wireless WAN (WWAN) Connections

Covers a large geographical area Accessible to mobile users Fully bidirectional Basic WWAN services offers 1 to 10Mb Speeds over 100 Mbps with dedicated equipment Requires antenna tuned to proper radio frequency

45



Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) Satellite

For areas without a wired network that can support broadband

Used for a significant percentage of all worldwide ISP links to the Internet backbone and to customers

Estimated 10% of worldwide broadband traffic in 2003 involved satellite communications

Used for mobile communications by the armed forces, businesses, and individuals

Faster downstream than upstream

46



Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) Satellite (continued)

Requires an earth-based communications station consisting of a Transceiver (satellite dish) and a Modem-like device

Satellite dish pointed at a data satellite Modem connected to the dish and computer or LAN Mobile installation more expensive than stationary Satellite links to a land-based operations center which

routes signals to the Internet

47



Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) WLAN Connections

802.11a Speeds up to 54 Mb Most public access to WLANs do not use this

standard Uses the 5-GHz band

802.11b Speeds up to 11Mbps Compatible with most WLAN access points Uses the 2.4-GHz band

48



Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) WLAN Connections (continued)

802.11g Speeds up to 54Mbps Sustained throughput of 25Mbps Uses the 2.4-GHz bank Downward compatible with 802.11b

49



Sharing an Internet Connection Sharing a Dial-up Connection

Share with other computers on a LAN or WLAN Windows 98 SE, Windows Me, Windows 2000, and

Windows XP have connection features Sharing a Broadband Connection

Share from a single computer Share through a broadband router

50



Using a Virtual Private Network Makes connections to a private network over the

Internet more secure Remote access VPN over dial-up connections Site-to-site VPN connects two networks Creates a “tunnel” between endpoints Additional security with data encrypting and

authentication of endpoints

51


Internet Clients

Web Browsers Simplify navigation of the Web Translate plain text language into rich, colorful pages Netscape Navigator Internet Explorer Others

Firefox from Mozilla Opera

52


Internet Clients

Web Browsers (continued) Browser Configuration Options

In Netscape Navigator select Edit | Preferences | Navigator

In Internet Explorer select Tools | Internet Options General Security

Privacy Content

Connections Programs

Advanced

53


Internet Clients

E-Mail Clients Scope of Internet e-mail exploded in two decades Mail client may be specific to the mail server Mail client may be capable of accessing a variety

of servers Mail client retrieves messages and displays list of

all messages User selects, responds, saves, creates new, adds

attachments to outgoing, and sends messages

54


Internet Clients

E-Mail Clients (continued) Outlook

Separate product or included with Microsoft Office Client to Exchange and other mail services Core e-mail features Additional productivity features

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Internet Clients

E-Mail Clients (continued) Outlook Express

Bundled with Windows E-mail client and news reader Lacks features of Outlook Internet e-mail accounts only Multiple e-mail accounts

56


Internet Clients

E-Mail Clients (continued) Configuring and Using an E-Mail Client

Information needed Type of mail server (POP3, IMAP, or HTTP) Account name and password DNS name of incoming mail server Name of outgoing mail server

Obtain information from: ISP for Internet mail service Network administrator for internal mail service

57


Internet Clients

Step-by-Step 10.06

Configure an E-Mail Client

Page 518

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Internet Clients

FTP Clients FTP transfers files between FTP servers and clients Simple and fast file transfer over TCP/IP Pre-WWW FTP clients character-based Now a variety of GUI FTP clients Dedicated FTP clients have more features Anonymous FTP

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Internet Clients

FTP Clients (continued) Anonymous FTP

User name and password not required Users connect using Anonymous account Users have permissions assigned to Anonymous

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Internet Clients

FTP Clients (continued) Configuring an FTP client

Information needed Host name of the FTP server User ID and password (if applicable) Account (if applicable) Passive mode and/SSL connections (if applicable)

61


Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems Testing IP Configurations and Connectivity

Verifying IP Configuration with IPCONFIG Troubleshooting connection Errors with PING

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Step-by-Step 10.07

Testing an IP Configuration

Page 522

63


Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems Troubleshooting Connection Problems with

TRACERT Discover why a connection to a web site is slow Traces the route taken by packets Pings each of the intervening routers Shows time of response from each router Reveals bottlenecks

64


Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems Troubleshooting DNS Errors by Using PING,

NETSTAT, and NSLOOKUP “Cannot find server or DNS Error?”

Name resolution? Connectivity problem?

PING IP address PING domain name Use another computer to connect to web site Use NETSTAT to discover IP address Troubleshoot DNS with NSLOOKUP

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Troubleshooting Logon Problems 60-80% of help desk calls involve forgotten

password Avoid problems by memorizing passwords After a logon failure

Ensure that Caps Lock is not on, and carefully reenter If correct user name and password were used and failed,

treat it like a connectivity problem If no connectivity problem, call network admin or ISP

the client side of networking understanding the tcp/ip protocol suite file and print clients on...

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