the classical empires unit 2: classical period 600 bce – 600 ce which society creates the largest...
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THE CLASSICAL EMPIRES Unit 2: Classical Period
600 BCE – 600 CE
WHICH SOCIETY CREATES THE LARGEST EMPIRE IN WORLD HISTORY?
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Learning Targets/Key Themes
Students will be able to: Define an empire and explain why empires
rise and fall Describe the basic features of the earliest
empires Analyze the key interactions between
Classical Empires
These themes, along with the key vocabulary (See handout) will be the basis for your test at the end of this unit
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Answer the following questions in your notebook:
How would you define the term “empire”?
What are the reasons an empire is created?
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What is an Empire?
A state with political control of people and regions with different cultural and ethnic backgrounds
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Why Are Empires Created?
Strong sense of Patriotism Extreme pride in one’s country
Expansion To benefit the regions being conquered To eliminate threats Economic gain To create a buffer zone (protection) To spread religious beliefs To gain political power
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Characteristics of an Empire
Diverse population (multiethnic) Strong government (usually centralized) Strong military (or standing military) Strong diplomacy
Peaceful negotiations between two countries or regions
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The Classical Period (600 BCE – 600 CE)
Main Characteristics: Growth of
Empires Growth of Trade Cultural
Diffusion Spreading of
cultural ideas and traditions from one region to another
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Review:
What is an empire? Why are empires created? What is cultural diffusion? Give one ancient example of cultural
diffusion & give one modern example of cultural diffusion.
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Major Classical Civilizations
Persia China (Zhou, Qin, Han dynasties) India (Gupta dynasty) Greece Rome Mayans (Americas)
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The Persian Empire (558-332 BCE)
Founded by Cyrus the Great
Darius I (521-486 BCE) Balanced central
government and local leaders
Divided government into 3 districts to make it easier to control
Built Royal Road Fought in many wars
that lead to the decline of the empire
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Persian Empire
Persian Society Women worked in textile
manufacturing Government used slaves
to complete public works projects
Persian Economy Government coined money Traded with Greeks and
Indians Main City: Persepolis
Persian Religion Zoroastrianism
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Ancient Greece
Geography prevented political unification Developed strong city-
states instead Athens and Sparta
Main Problems Wars with Persia Wars between city-
states Peloponnesian Wars
(431-404 BCE) Athens vs. Sparta Leads to downfall of
Greek city-states
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Alexander the Great (332-323 BCE)
Alexander’s father, Philip II, conquered most of Greece
Built a massive empire, including Greece, Egypt, and Persia
Tries to invade India, but his military refuses
After death, empire divided in three parts
Main Contribution: Hellenism Blending of Greek
and Middle Eastern/Asian cultures
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History of Rome’s Gov’t
800 bce – 509 bce: Monarchy: Rome controlled by nearby monarchies or monarchies from within Rome
509 bce – 44 bce: Republic: Rome controlled by a Senate of powerful/well-educated leaders (Patricians). Republic was imperialist.
31 bce – 476 ce: Empire: Rome develops an Empire that is led by a single empire
476ce : Rome falls to German warriors (Ostrogoth/Visigoths/Huns), leading to Europe’s ‘Dark Age’
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Roman Republic (509-44 BCE)
Political System Republic Consuls Senate (patricians
upper class) Tribunes (plebeians
lower class) Focused on military
expansion Laws Twelve Tables
Created laws that everyone must follow
Protected the lower classes
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End of the Roman Republic
Growing Tensions between the rich and poor
(patricians vs. plebeians) Food shortages, not
enough opportunities to own land or get certain jobs
Julius Caesar General in Roman Army 44 BCE: Invades Rome
with his own military and declares himself “dictator for life”
Assassinated by upper-class senators
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The Roman Empire (31 BCE – 476 CE)
Established by Augustus Caesar Continued military expansion First true emperor of Rome “Pax Romana” (Roman Peace)
Height of Roman Empire; Great cultural and political achievements
NOT a dynasty (Unlike China and India) Emperor Diocletian splits Rome into two, because it
had become so large and difficult to maintain. Succession based on military strength
Tolerated local customs and religions Laws and Nationalism held empire together
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The Division of Rome (image at it’s height)
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The Division of Rome: After Diocletian
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The Roman Empire (31 BCE – 476 CE)
Fell in 476c.e. due to a myriad of reasons: Corrupt leaders (bribery, embezzlement) Weak boarder security (German invaders) Christianity spreading (didn’t want to fight) Moral decay (prostitution, crime, violent mobs) Poor economy - Inflation (people needed more
$$ for same products) Over-expansion (Rome had to continue
conquering to feed lands…led to a need for further conquering)
Outside invasions (476 invasion of Germans; destroys West Rome)
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Expansion of the Roman Republic
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The Decline of the Roman Empire
1). How did the geography of Greece impact its political development?
2). Describe the City-State of Sparta. (culture, lifestyle, economy)
3). Describe the City-State of Athens. (culture, lifestyle, economy)
4). Which city-state would you wish to live in back in Ancient Greece? Explain why in complete sentences.
5). Why was Philip of Macedonia able to conquer Greece so easily?
6). What is Hellenism and how is Alexander the Great connected to it?
7). Describe the Structure of the Roman Republic. 8). Why is Augustus Caesar considered the 1st Emperor
of Rome? 9). What is the difference between Plebeians and
Patricians? 10). Thoroughly explain 1 reason why the Roman Empire
fell in 476c.e.
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Classical China
Zhou Dynasty (1029-258 BCE) Mandate of Heaven
Rulers are given the right to rule by the gods
Strong landowners and weak emperor (decentralized)
Ends in civil war for two hundred years Leads to development
of major philosophies
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Chinese Philosophies
Confucianism Founded by Confucius Relationships create an
orderly society Family is foundation of
society Daoism
“Dao” – the way Look to nature for order
Legalism Humans are naturally evil
and will only obey authority through force
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Qin Dynasty (221-202 BCE)
Used Legalism to restore order
Took away power from aristocracy In other words, he took away
landed-aristocrats in order to put his own people in charge of regions (he’s centralizing the gov’t of China)
Strong centralized government
Unified China Standard language and writing
system Uniform laws throughout empire
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Shi Huangdi
Proclaimed himself “First Emperor”
Centralized power by banning local militaries
Built roads to improve communications
Started building the Great Wall of China Forced labor (not slave) Also built his own tomb
with the Terracotta Army
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Terracotta Army
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Han Dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE)
Founded by a peasant Height of classical era
(Golden age of China) Conquered Vietnam,
Korea and parts of Central Asia
Traded with India, Rome, Persia (supported trade)
Continued building Great Wall of China
Reformed government Supported Confucianism
Promoted Confucianism
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The Han Empire (202 BCE – 220 CE)
Fell in 220 CE due to a myriad of reasons: Weak leaders (bribery, embezzlement, unable to
command landed aristocracy) Weak boarder security (Asian-steppe invaders) Moral decay (crime, violent mobs, roads unsafe to
trade) Inflation (people needed more $$ for same products) Over-expansion (couldn’t maintain security of
boarders) Invasions by the Huns & other pastoral invaders led
to the fall of the Han dynasty