The Civil WarThe Civil War

Part 1Part 1

(1861 & 1862)(1861 & 1862)

Setting the SceneSetting the Scene

►The first shots fired at Fort Sumter in The first shots fired at Fort Sumter in April 1861 signaled the official start of April 1861 signaled the official start of the Civil War.the Civil War.

►Lincoln called for 35,000 Union Lincoln called for 35,000 Union volunteers to put down the rebellion.volunteers to put down the rebellion.

►By May 1861 the Confederacy By May 1861 the Confederacy consisted of Virginia, North Carolina, consisted of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, South Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, South Carolina, Georgia, TexasGeorgia, Texas

The First Battle of Bull The First Battle of Bull RunRun

►General Irwin McDowell was named the General Irwin McDowell was named the first commanding general of the Union first commanding general of the Union Army; he was reluctant to fight, and Army; he was reluctant to fight, and complained to Lincoln that men were complained to Lincoln that men were poorly prepared.poorly prepared. When McDowell finally marched to Virginia, When McDowell finally marched to Virginia,

he was accompanied by spectators and he was accompanied by spectators and reporters.reporters.

McDowell wanted to capture the town of McDowell wanted to capture the town of Manassas, a town near Bull Run Creek.Manassas, a town near Bull Run Creek.

The First Battle of Bull Run, The First Battle of Bull Run, (cont’d)(cont’d)

►PT Beauregard was the Confederate PT Beauregard was the Confederate General waiting for the Union Troops.General waiting for the Union Troops.

►McDowell finally attacked on July 21, McDowell finally attacked on July 21, 1861, but had waited so long that the 1861, but had waited so long that the Confederates were able to rush 11,000 Confederates were able to rush 11,000 more troops to the front.more troops to the front.

►The Union had gained ground, until a The Union had gained ground, until a Confederate officer, shouted, ”Look Confederate officer, shouted, ”Look there is Jackson standing like a there is Jackson standing like a stonewall!” stonewall!”

The First Battle of Bull RunThe First Battle of Bull Run (cont’d)(cont’d)

► Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson had earned one of the had earned one of the most famous nicknames in most famous nicknames in history.history.

► The Union lost the first battle of The Union lost the first battle of the war. It would two years the war. It would two years before the Union would win a before the Union would win a major field battle in the Eastern major field battle in the Eastern Theater. Theater.

► Lincoln would fire numerous Lincoln would fire numerous generals along the way, until generals along the way, until he found his man.he found his man.

Preparing for War – The Preparing for War – The AdvantagesAdvantages

► Union (Federals)Union (Federals) 21.5 million people21.5 million people 21,7000 miles of 21,7000 miles of

railroadrailroad 110,000 factories110,000 factories Poor LeadershipPoor Leadership Fought most of war Fought most of war

away from homeaway from home Lack of MotivationLack of Motivation

► Confederates Confederates (Rebels)(Rebels) 9 million people9 million people 9,000 miles of 9,000 miles of

railroadrailroad 20,600 factories20,600 factories Great LeadershipGreat Leadership Fought most of the Fought most of the

battles on Southern battles on Southern SoilSoil

Motivated to not loseMotivated to not lose

StrategiesStrategies

►Lincoln immediately set up a naval Lincoln immediately set up a naval Blockade to limit the south’s ability to Blockade to limit the south’s ability to trade its only resource.trade its only resource.

►Lincoln had to win to be successfulLincoln had to win to be successful►The Confederacy did not have to win The Confederacy did not have to win

outright, they simply had to NOT LOSEoutright, they simply had to NOT LOSE►What does this mean?What does this mean?

Civil War AccoutermentsCivil War Accouterments

►Muskets were Muskets were smooth-bore, while smooth-bore, while the new rifles had the new rifles had spiral grooves spiral grooves engraved into the engraved into the barrel.barrel.

► Bullets used in rifles Bullets used in rifles were more accurate were more accurate and powerful than and powerful than round musket ballsround musket balls

War in the WestWar in the West

►Lincoln replaced McDowell with Lincoln replaced McDowell with General McClellan, known as Little Mac.General McClellan, known as Little Mac.

►Again this general took his time getting Again this general took his time getting ready, however, in the West a little ready, however, in the West a little known general named Ulysses Sam known general named Ulysses Sam Grant was slaughtering Confederates.Grant was slaughtering Confederates. He attacked Forts Donnellson & Henry on He attacked Forts Donnellson & Henry on

the Mississippi River by attaching cannon the Mississippi River by attaching cannon to small boats.to small boats.

The Battle of ShilohThe Battle of Shiloh

► In late March 1862 Grant marched his In late March 1862 Grant marched his men towards Corinth, Miss. Where men towards Corinth, Miss. Where Confederate General Al Sidney Confederate General Al Sidney Johnston was waiting for him with Johnston was waiting for him with 40,000 men.40,000 men.

►Grant knew the size of his enemy so Grant knew the size of his enemy so he stopped to wait for reinforcements.he stopped to wait for reinforcements. Johnston attacked Grant who was camped Johnston attacked Grant who was camped

at Shiloh Church.at Shiloh Church.

The Battle of ShilohThe Battle of Shiloh (cont’d)(cont’d)

►The Rebels pushed the Union back to The Rebels pushed the Union back to Tennessee.Tennessee.

►Grant’s officers expected him to signal Grant’s officers expected him to signal retreat, however, Grant insanely retreat, however, Grant insanely ordered an attack under the cover of ordered an attack under the cover of darkness.darkness. At the same time Grant’s reinforcements At the same time Grant’s reinforcements

arrived and helped defeat Johnstonarrived and helped defeat Johnston Union Casualties – 13,000Union Casualties – 13,000 Confederate Casualties – 11,000Confederate Casualties – 11,000

The Monitor and the The Monitor and the MerrimackMerrimack

► The Monitor (Union) The Monitor (Union) & the Merrimack & the Merrimack (Confed) were iron (Confed) were iron clad steamships that clad steamships that fought each other in fought each other in the Atlantic.the Atlantic.

► Neither really helped Neither really helped their side; the south their side; the south sank theirs, and the sank theirs, and the north lost the north lost the Monitor in a stormMonitor in a storm

The Peninsular CampaignThe Peninsular Campaign

►McClellan again was asked by Lincoln McClellan again was asked by Lincoln to capture the Confederate capital of to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.Richmond, Virginia. McClellan refused to attack, and asked McClellan refused to attack, and asked

Lincoln for more troops. Lincoln responded Lincoln for more troops. Lincoln responded by saying that you must act now.by saying that you must act now.

The south attacked him and they fought to The south attacked him and they fought to a draw at the Battle of Seven Pines.a draw at the Battle of Seven Pines.

Confederate Gen. Johnston dies and Robert Confederate Gen. Johnston dies and Robert E. Lee assumes complete command of the E. Lee assumes complete command of the ArmyArmy

The Seven Days’ BattleThe Seven Days’ Battle

►McClellan’s troops McClellan’s troops were still close to were still close to Richmond, so the Richmond, so the Rebs attacked Rebs attacked again.again.

► Union losses – Union losses – 16,000 men.16,000 men.

► Confederate losses Confederate losses – 20,000.– 20,000.

The 2The 2ndnd Battle of Bull Run Battle of Bull Run

►Lincoln fires McClellan and names John Lincoln fires McClellan and names John Pope commanding General of the Pope commanding General of the Union Army.Union Army.

►Lee sent Stonewall north to flank Lee sent Stonewall north to flank Pope’s new troops. When Pope’s Pope’s new troops. When Pope’s troops counter-attacked, Lee hit him troops counter-attacked, Lee hit him from the blind-side.from the blind-side. This battle was on the same ground as the This battle was on the same ground as the

first Bull Run, and with the same results.first Bull Run, and with the same results.

The Battle of AntietamThe Battle of Antietam

►Lincoln replaces Pope with McClellan, Lincoln replaces Pope with McClellan, yes I said McClellan.yes I said McClellan.

►Lee wants to invade the north, so he Lee wants to invade the north, so he heads to the border state of Maryland heads to the border state of Maryland which actually has Regiments in the which actually has Regiments in the north and the south.north and the south.

►September 1862 Lee waltzed into September 1862 Lee waltzed into western Maryland. McClellan had no western Maryland. McClellan had no idea they were there.idea they were there.

The Battle of AntietamThe Battle of Antietam, , (cont’d)(cont’d)

►McClellan met Lee at Antietam Creek in McClellan met Lee at Antietam Creek in Sharpsburg, Maryland. Lee had 40,000 Sharpsburg, Maryland. Lee had 40,000 troops, while McClellan had 100,000.troops, while McClellan had 100,000. McClellan attacked but suffered heavy McClellan attacked but suffered heavy

casualties of nearly 12,000 men. Lee casualties of nearly 12,000 men. Lee suffered 14,000 in casualties, 1/3 of his suffered 14,000 in casualties, 1/3 of his army.army.►Lee retreated, but McClellan failed to pursue Lee retreated, but McClellan failed to pursue

him and finish the enemy.him and finish the enemy.►Antietam is still the bloodiest day in American Antietam is still the bloodiest day in American

History.History.

The Need for SoldiersThe Need for Soldiers

►Gen. Lee recognized the South’s need Gen. Lee recognized the South’s need for soldiers, so he recommended a for soldiers, so he recommended a draft.draft.

►April 1862 the Confederacy passed a April 1862 the Confederacy passed a law requiring Southern men b/w the law requiring Southern men b/w the ages of 18-35 to serve for 3 years.ages of 18-35 to serve for 3 years.

►The Confederacy also authorized the The Confederacy also authorized the army to confiscate slaves from farms to army to confiscate slaves from farms to fight in battle.fight in battle.

European HelpEuropean Help

►The South petitioned The South petitioned Britain Britain andand FranceFrance to enter the war on their side. to enter the war on their side. The world did not recognize the The world did not recognize the

Confederate States of America as a Confederate States of America as a sovereign nation.sovereign nation.

England did allow the south to use its England did allow the south to use its naval ports.naval ports.►The The AlabamaAlabama captured more than 60 US captured more than 60 US

merchant ships.merchant ships.►England however was anti-slavery.England however was anti-slavery.

Financing the WarFinancing the War

► In the North Congress passed the first In the North Congress passed the first income tax in order to raise war $.income tax in order to raise war $.

► In 1862 the In 1862 the Internal Revenue ActInternal Revenue Act created taxes on liquor, tobacco, & created taxes on liquor, tobacco, & medicine.medicine.

► In 1862 the US created a national In 1862 the US created a national currency for the first time.currency for the first time.

►GreenbacksGreenbacks - ________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Anti-War MovementsAnti-War Movements

►March 1863 Draft Riots broke out in March 1863 Draft Riots broke out in NY; 100 died during the 4-day rage.NY; 100 died during the 4-day rage.

►The The Copperheads Copperheads were democrats were democrats opposed to the war. opposed to the war. They feared that freed slaves would They feared that freed slaves would

inundate the north, thus taking jobs away inundate the north, thus taking jobs away from whites.from whites.

Lincoln & Presidential Lincoln & Presidential PowerPower

► Lincoln shut down Lincoln shut down newspapers and newspapers and arrested the arrested the Maryland State Maryland State Legislature using Legislature using the army.the army.

► Suspended the Writ Suspended the Writ of of Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus..

► Put his birth state, Put his birth state, Kentucky, under Kentucky, under Martial LawMartial Law..