The Civil War1861-1865

CHAPTER 17

Lesson 1 Two Sides

Two Very Different Sides

Americans Against Americans

Two Very Different Sides

Border States-the North had four slave states. They were important states

1. Missouri-controlled parts of Mississippi River

2. Kentucky- controlled parts of Ohio River

3. Delaware-close to Philadelphia

4. Maryland- closed to Richmond, confederate capital, and had Washington DC inside of it!

Strengths and Weaknesses

North-population and resources

South-military leaders, war fought in South (knew land), fighting to defend

Goals

1. North-had to invade South and force them to rejoin the Union

2. South-just needed to fight hard enough to convince North that war wasn’t worth it

Union Strategy (North)

General Winfield Scott- Anaconda Plan

Union would blockade, or close, Southern ports. Keep the South from getting supplies and prevent the South from exporting its cotton. Also, gaining control of the Mississippi River which would split the Confederacy into two.

Americans against Americans

Many families had relatives serving on both sides

Thousands of men enlisted (joined). Some under age, but in the Union Army, no African Americans allowed because of worries that white troops would not accept them

The South, had the Confederate Army, also called Rebels

The North, had the Union Army, also called Yankees

Because war was so terrible and soldiers were often sick and hungry, many deserted

Lesson 2 Early Years of the War

War on Land and at Sea

War in the Eastern States

Emancipation Proclamation

War on Land and at Sea

Lincoln called for a blockade of all Confederate ports

The first major battle of the Civil War happened in July 1861 by a Virginia river called Bull Run. It was close to Washington DC and many people came out to see the battle as if it was a sporting event. The North was winning but General Thomas Jackson of the South held firm and fought back. His troops ended up winning the battle and the public had to run back home in a panic

This earned Jackson the nickname “Stonewall” Jackson

Lincoln fired his General, Irvin McDowell for a new general, George B McClellan. He also asked for more troops (1 million) to enlist

The West

Union goal: control the Mississippi which would prevent Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas from supplying the rest of the Confederacy.

In February 1862 Union general Ulysses S Grant took over forts in Tennessee and became the North’s new here

Ironclads

The Union blockade on the South was working. The South made a new ship to try and fight back.

The Merrimack was an abandoned Union ship, The South took it and covered it with iron. The type of ships was called ironclad and they renamed it the Virginia

The North made their own ironclad and called it the Monitor.

Both ships met on March 9, 1862 and fought. It was a tie.

Battle of Shiloh/ New Orleans

Union forced led by General Grant captured Shiloh in Tennessee for the Union

Admiral David Farragut led naval forces to capture New Orleans

The North now controlled most of the Mississippi River

War in the Eastern States

The Union was winning in the West and the Mississippi. They tried to capture Richmond, the Confederate capital.

The Rebels were led by Robert E Lee and Stonewall Jackson. They defeated the Union in four battles in Virginia each time defeating a different Union general.

1. Seven Days Battle- General George McClellan

2. Second Battle of Bull Run- General John Pope

3. Fredericksburg- General Ambrose Burnside

4. Chancellorsville---- Lee defeated Union force twice the size

Maryland/Antietam

After the Confederate successes in Virginia, Jefferson Davis urged Lee to invade Union territory. Lee’s plans were lost and found by Union soldiers.

The Battle of Antietam saw the bloodiest day of fighting in the war when 6,000 soldiers died.

Lee retreated because of the heavy losses.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln wanted to make the war about keeping the US together, not about slavery. But as the war went on the issue of slavery came up again. Remember the border states had slaves too. He also was thinking about England and France who relied on Southern cotton. If they supported the South the war would be harder to win. But Europe was done with slavery.

Horace Greely, abolitionist newspaper editor and Frederick Douglas urged Lincoln to make the war about slavery.

They said: all of the division between the North and the South was about slavery, and England and France wouldn’t support the South if we made it official that this war was about slavery

The Constitution did not let Lincoln end slavery. Remember Dred Scott and property rights. But since the South was now an enemy in war, the law allowed the US to take property from enemies… and slaves were considered property.

On 9/22/1862 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, it freed all slaves in rebel territory

The good:

1. Made the war about ending slavery. A Union victory would end slavery in the US

2. Encouraged African Americans to enlist in the Union army

The bad:

1. The rebel territories were not part of the US. It did not matter to them what a “foreign” president

2. The border states were not rebel states so they got to keep their slaves

Lesson 3 Life During the Civil War

A Different Way of Life

Floridians and the War

Soldiers after Battle

Political and Economic change

A Different Way of Life

The South faced more hardships with the Union blockade. People could not get supplies from the outside world

Women’s roles:

thousands served as nurses even though many doctors objected

Many serves as spies for both sides (Harriett Tubman)

More than 400 women disguised themselves as men to serve as soldiers

Floridians and the War

Florida became important because it supplied the confederate with food,

Beef, vegetables, and salt were much needed

Salt kept meat from going bad before refrigeration

Soldiers after Battle

Read page 474

Political and Economic Change

Copperheads: people from the North that wanted to end the war immediately and negotiate a peace.

People who favored the war disagreed with the Copperheads and believed they were keeping the war going by giving the South hope that the North would seek a peace deal

Copperheads and others also helped Confederate prisoners escape

Lincoln reacted by suspending HABEAS CORPUS (the process that ensures government has the right to put people in jail). This allowed Lincoln to jail thousands of Northerners he suspected of helping the South without putting them on trial. Sometimes just suspecting of criticizing the government (free speech)

Confederates passed a draft in 1862, men 18-35 required to serve 3 years, later 17-50 years old

If you had enough money you could hire a substitute to serve for you or if you had 20 or more slaved you did not have to serve

The North offered a bounty, or a bonus/sum of money to encourage volunteers. In March 1863, it passed a draft. Men from 20-45 had to register but you can get out of it by hiring a substitute or paying a $300 fee.

This fee angered people who could not afford it, most people made less than $500/yr.

In New York City there were draft riots in July 1863. When their names were called they attacked government officials, they were also scared freed blacks would take their jobs. Four days

Lesson 4

The South continued to win victories with smaller forces.

In less than a year Lincoln fired three generals

African Americans

African Americans began to join the war.

They would make up 10% of the army

The 54th Massachusetts regiment was the most famous African American regiment

Battle of Gettysburg

Union victory, much needed after several Southern defeats.

Stopped England and France from joining the war again

England was going to send two ironclads to help the South, they decided not to give them the ships after the battle

Battle of Vicksburg

Ulysses S Grant led the decisive battle in Mississippi

Completed the western part of the Anaconda Plan and the Mississippi River was entirely in Union control

Gettysburg Address

After the Union victory at Gettysburg, Lincoln made a famous speech saying that the Union will be together and the 23,000 soldiers that died there did not die in vain (for nothing)

Lesson 5

Grants victory in Vicksburg made Lincoln promote him. Grant went to Virginia were Southern general Robert E Lee was

He left General William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the South

Lincoln wins reelection in 1864

Lincoln won the election of 1864

He won by a wide margin

Remember no CSA states voted

The clear victory was a sign that the voters did not want compromise and wanted to permanently end slavery

On January 31, 1865, Congress passed the 13th amendment which banned slavery permanently in the US

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Sherman burned the city of Atlanta in November 1864

He marched toward the Atlantic Ocean and burned cities and crops as they went. It was called Sherman’s March to the Sea

Richmond/Appomattox

Soon Richmond, the CSA capital fell to the Union

Lee and Grant met at the Appomattox Court House in Virginia and Lee surrendered to Grant

More Americans died in the Civil War than in any other war