the civil rights movement signs of change 1947 mlb desegregated 1948 armed forces integrated but...
TRANSCRIPT
Signs of Change1947 MLB desegregated 1948 Armed forces integratedBut still segregated in southern facilities (Plessey)
and by de facto in northern citiesBlacks had become political force in northern dem party
BackgroundBlacks historically denied rights
Prosperity of the 1950’s passed them by
Between 1947-70 brings dramatic change
Cold War ideological battle fuels debate
Truman’s initiatives blocked
Brown v Board of Education
Preceded by decision affecting higher ed
1954 S.C. decision - segregation in schools is unconstitutional (14th Amendment)
Reversed Plessey v Ferguson (1896)
Thurgood Marshall – Attorney for NAACP
Warren: “separate schools are inherently unequal” & schools must desegregate with “all deliberate speed”
Implementing Desegregation
Southern states close schools,
“Little Rock Nine”
Orville Faubus
Arkansas Nat Guard
Confrontation (1957) – Ike sends fed soldiers to escort black students into white high school in Arkansas
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
Rosa Parks violates Alabama segregation law by sitting in white section of bus & is arrestedAfrican Americans boycott buses citywide in protestBaptist minister Martin Luther King becomes spokesman for boycott’56 – SC rules segregation of transportation unconstitutional
Martin Luther KingSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
nonviolent protest
civil disobedience
Oratory
March on Washington ‘63MLK leads march
“I Have a Dream”
Turning point in civil rights movement
Civil Right Act passed next year
Student Non-Violent Coordinating CommitteeSNCC
National Organization of Black College Students who Organized Sit-ins @ lunch-counters, pools, libraries, hotels
Greensboro, NC Woolworths ‘60
Freedom Rides1961Black and White members of CORE organized a integrated bus ride through the south to test the Supreme Court ruling outlawing segregation on public transportation. Met with violence in Alabama
Malcolm XPetty Criminal
Converts to Islam in prison
Militant Civil Rights Leader
Nation of Islam
Elijah Muhammad
>> Org of Afro-American Unity
Black Nationalism
Assassinated in ‘65
Kennedy on Civil RightsCall to King’s Wife
The New Frontier – Included rebuilding blighted inner-cities (failed in Congress)
Consolidates support of African American electorate
Civil Rights Bill
Lyndon Johnson on Civil Rights
Civil Rights Act of 1964 -Outlawed Discrimination
Voting Rights Act of 1965 – outlawed literacy tests