the civil law systems. characteristics and institutions maria cecilia garcía novillo clara latorre...
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The Civil Law Systems. Characteristics and Institutions
Maria Cecilia García NovilloClara Latorre Molina
Marta Martínez AlbaladejoMatías Valiente Egea
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Introduction• Civil Law: basic features• Roman Empire and Medieval Time• Codification Process• Public Law• Court Structure• Legal Process• Legal Actors• Comparison
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Civil Law: Basic Features• What? Dominant legal tradition today• Where? Most of Europe, Central & South Africa,
parts of Asia and Africa, Louisiana, Quebec and Puerto Rico
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• Features
- Inquisitorial (vs. accusatorial)- Code-based (vs. case law)- History: Roman Law- Branches: public / private – criminal / civil- Career judges- Written proceedings (vs. oral proceedings)
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The Roman Law• History origins• Jurists legal experts and advicers / “imperial
advicers”– Public service– Gaius: Institutes 161 B.C
• Corpus Juris Civilis “non exemplis sed legibus judicandum est” (6th Century)– Refinement of Gaiu’s Institutes + the Digest +
the Code + the Novels
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Medieval Developments• Changes in commerce• The Glossators of Bologna features• Evolution: jurists as teachers• The “gloss” technique: changes made in the
Corpus Juris Civilis• Accursious: the “Great Gloss” (1230)• Law at universities: Bologna• Salamanca < --- > Palencia• Influence in the Spanish Law Code of the 7
parts of law
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ROMAN TIME (JURISTS) MEDIEVAL TIME (GLOSATORS)
UNIVERSITIES + DISSEMINATION
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• Canon Law- Influence of the church- Organization- Scholarly writings
• Law Merchant- Commercial relations fairs and
markets…- Maritime activities
* Consolato Del Mare: Barcelona (14th Century)
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Influences leading to a Codification ProcessPractice of written laws spreads during the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Humanism- origins in France.- ferment of ideas.- birth of the concept of the nation state and
strong central governments.
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Natural law- Hugo de Groot
* writings about universal concept of law that would transcend national boundaries and be independent from
other systems of law.
- Samuel Pufendorf and Christopher Wolff* writings influenced by scientific
methods of Galileo and Descartes.Logical deduction experience
and observation.
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Enlightenment- French Revolution.- Importance of reason as a liberating force
in intellectual life.- Influence of legal philosophy.- Egalitarian ideals.
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The Codification Process in France and Germanythe French Code
- Napoleon named four practitioners who had studied their predecessor.
- Code Civil des Français.* 6 articles which announce general
principles of law.* Book I: civil rights, status of
persons, marriage, divorce and paternity.
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- Book II: covers real and personal property.
- Book III: contain provisions on rights of succession, contracts, and
obligations.
- influences* basic structure Justinian's Corpus
Juris Civilis.* overall design Declaration of the
Rigths of Man.
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The German Code- product of codification process in 3 states:
Bavaria, Prussia and Austria.- presence of commissions made up of legal
scholars.
- Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch created in 1896 and put into effect in 1900.
* Book I - General parts:. natural and juristic persons.. definition of things.. classification of legal acts.. prescriptive periods.
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* Book II - The law of obligations. creation and discharge of
obligations.. contracts.. law of delict.
* Book III - The law of real and personal property.
. ownership.
. possession of property.
. servitudes on property.
. securities.
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* Book IV - Family law. marriage..other relationships within the family.
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The Codes of Chile and BrazilConstitutional theory and practise and structure
of government: Northern American influence.- American Revolution: Southern
constitutions and public law.
Private law: European legacy.
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Chile- Andres Bello: jurist specialist in both
Roman and Spanish law.* member of a commission whose
goal was to design a new civil code which went into force in 1857.
- This code is still being seen as one of the most advanced through most of the Spanish- speaking countries in South America.
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Brazil- Legalism and formalism.- Obsession for legal codes (water, air,
mining, health, etc).- Similar to the German BGB:
* general principles.* the law of persons, things and
rights.* the law of family, property,
obligations and succession.- “The greatest monument to legal thought
and codification in Latin America”.
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The Civil Law System as it exists and functions in the Modern EraPublic Law – Private Law Dichotomy.
-Private law relationships between individuals-Public law relationships between individuals
(citizens, companies) and the state
- Public law is not part of the civil codes. More fluid. Private law-matter ordinary
courts- Legal practice
Public law-mater administrative courts
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Court StructureDifferences Common Law – Civil Law
- Civil-law countries several separate court system coexist. Courts immune from jurisdiction of other courts.
Common-law judicial system
Civil-law judicial system
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Ordinary Courts- adjudicates the majority of civil and criminal
cases.- apply law found in the civil, commercial and
penal codes.Administrative courts
- specialized courts or sections to deal with administrative cases.
- independent jurisdiction from ‘ordinary courts’: rules specifically designed for administrative cases
Problems when deciding the proper court for a case
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Legal ProcessCivil procedure - Public proceedings, controlled by the parties judge
conducted in writing judge- Civil process lawyers ‘article of proof‘ opposing counsel
witness questioned at a later hearing judge supervises evidences
prepares a summary delivers
no ‘dramatic trials’- Differences from Common Law trials absence of civil
jury Judges: fact-finding
process
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Criminal procedure- Three phases: collect evidences1. Investigative warrant formal charges2.Examining complete and review3. Trial proceed to trial
Appellate procedure facts
- Intermediate appellate review law - Supreme court only lawCourt of Cassation Affirm lower court decision
Remand the case for consideration
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Legal ActorsLegal Scholars → “basic thinking”The Legislature → supplement and update codesJudges → “operators” with a simple and narrow roleLegal Education and Lawyers
- Undergraduate education in law.- Choice among several branches.
* Private practice (advocate, notary).* Government lawyers (public prosecutor, lawyer for government).* Judges.
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Comparison of Civil-Law and Common-Law Systems (I)
Corpus Juris Civilis influence- Civil-Law → significant- Common-Law → modest
Codification Process- Civil-Law → comprehensive codes from single drafting event.- Common-Law → codes reflecting rules of enunciated judicial decisions.
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Comparison of Civil-Law and Common-Law Systems (II)Equity law (no comparable law)
- Civil-Law → originated in Rome to be applied to non-Roman peoples
- Common-Law → originated in England to soften the rigor of Common-Law
Creation of law: role of judicial decisions- Civil-Law → negligible
- Common-Law → supreme prominence
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Comparison of Civil-Law and Common-Law Systems (III)
Manner of legal reasoning- Civil-Law → Deductive
- Common-Law → InductiveStructure of Courts
- Civil-Law → Integrated Court system- Common-Law → Specialty Court system
Trial process- Civil-Law → Extended process
- Common-Law → Single-event trial
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Comparison of Civil-Law and Common-Law Systems (IV)Judges
- Role in trials.* Civil-Law → elevated role* Common-Law → «referee»
- Judicial attitudes.*Civil-Law → mere appliers of the law
* Common-Law → search creatively for an answer- Selection and training.
* Civil-Law → a part of the civil service* Common-Law → selected from a political process
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Comparison of Civil-Law and Common-Law Systems (V)Legal training
- Civil-Law → undergraduate- Common-Law → post-graduateCivil process Civil process
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Questions1. Why were glossators called that way?
2.In what language was first published Consolato Del Mare?
3. Which are the two schools of thoughts which influenced the process of codification during in the Modern era?
4. Did the South American legal system have another influence apart from the European one? If so, which one?
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Questions5. In the civil procedure, is the judge involved in
the fact-finding process?
6. How many phases are there in a criminal procedure?
7. Write two differences between the Common-law and the civil-law systems.
8. What is the function of the Legislature?