the chemistry of life. up and atom! basic unit of matter is the atom 100 million atoms is only 1...
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The Chemistry of Life
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Up and Atom! Basic Unit of Matter is the ATOM
100 million atoms is only 1 cm long!
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Subatomic Particles Protons (+) Electrons (-) Neutrons
Protons and Neutrons havesimilar mass.
Electrons have1/1840 the mass of a proton.
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Elements Element – a pure substance that
consists entirely of one type of atom. The periodic table is full of them! Ex: Carbon, Oxygen, Chlorine, Neon
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Chemical Compounds A compound is a substance formed by
the chemical combination of two or more elements. Ex: H20, NaCl, C6H12O6
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Chemical Bonds Ionic Bond
1 or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Atom gaining electrons becomes more (-) Atom losing electrons becomes more (+) A (+) or (-) charged atom is known as an ion.
Covalent Bond Electrons are shared between two atoms. This forms a molecule.
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Polarity of Water Uneven distribution of electrons
between the oxygen and hydrogen.
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Hydrogen Bonds Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
Creates surfacetension.
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Hydrogen Bonds Adhesion
Attraction between molecules of different substances.
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Macromolecules Large compounds
formed by joining smaller compounds. Monomer – single unit Polymer - multiple units
joined together
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Carbohydrates C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio Main source of energy
Ex: glucose(sugar) and starches
C6H12O6
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Carbohydrates Monosaccharaides – single sugar
molecule
Polysaccharides – many sugar molecules joined together
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Lipids C,H Fats, oils, waxes Not soluble in liquids(generally) Used to store energy Great at waterproofing
Used by cells to create a membrane
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Lipids Saturated –
Carbons are joined by single bond.
Unsaturated – At least one C - C bond is a double bond.
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Nucleic Acids C,H,N,O,P Made out of individual monomers called
nucleotides. Consists of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base. Store and transmit genetic
information. Ribonucelic Acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
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Proteins C,H,N,O Polymers of amino acids Controls the rate of reactions and
regulates cell processes. Form bones and muscles Transport substances in/out cell Fight disease
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Proteins Amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl
group (-COOH).
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Proteins
AminoAcids
Protein Molecule
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Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Process that changes,
or transforms one set of chemicals into another.
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Reaction Basics Reactant – elements or compounds that enter in to the reaction
Products – the elements or compounds that are produced by a reaction.
making more products making more reactants
(reverse reaction)
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Endothermic vs Exothermic Endothermic – energy
absorbing Feels cold
Exothermic – energy releasing Feels warm Looks bright You can hear it
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Energy How do plants get energy?
How do animals get energy?
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Energy Activation Energy – energy needed to
get the reaction started.
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Enzymes Proteins that act as biological catalyst
Catalyst – substance that speeds up the rate of reaction.
So an enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cell. How?
By lowering the required activation energy.
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Regulating Enzymes pH Temperature Proteins can turn some enzymes on/off.