the chemistry of life
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1. The Chemistry of Life. 2. Organic Chemistry. Study of Compounds that contain Carbon. Why is carbon so interesting? Carbon has the ability to form more compounds than any other element. 3. 4. Pure Carbon Molecules. Diamond. Graphite. 5. What are we composed of?. Atoms. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Organic Organic ChemistryChemistry
• Study of Compounds that Study of Compounds that contain Carbon.contain Carbon.
• Why is carbon so interesting?Why is carbon so interesting?Carbon has the ability to form more Carbon has the ability to form more
compounds than any other element.compounds than any other element.
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Diamond
Graphite
Pure Carbon
Molecules
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What are we composed What are we composed of?of?
Elements
Covalent bonds
Atoms Compounds
Macromolecules
Cell
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acid
Carbon compounds
Functional groups
Nucleus
DNA
Ribosomes
Endomembrane
Organelles
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What are What are we we composed composed of?of?--We have We have structure-structure-
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Macromolecules of Macromolecules of LifeLife4 basic Molecules4 basic Molecules
1.1.CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
2.2.LipidsLipids
3.3.ProteinsProteins
4.4.Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
•Provide energy to living Provide energy to living cells. cells.
•Main Source of energy.Main Source of energy.
•Structural Components: Structural Components:
CHO 1:2:1 ratioCHO 1:2:1 ratio
• The name carbohydrate means "watered The name carbohydrate means "watered carbon" or carbon with attached water carbon" or carbon with attached water molecules.molecules.
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VocabularyVocabulary•Monomer- Single unitMonomer- Single unit
•Polymer- many unitsPolymer- many units
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This is PAUL LEMUR. This is PAUL LEMUR. He's a lemur named Paul.He's a lemur named Paul.
JOKE BREAK
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MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
one sugar unitone sugar unit
Ex: Galactose-milkEx: Galactose-milk
C6H12O6
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“Saccharide” means sugar.
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DisacchridesDisacchrides
two sugars
What molecule will this make?
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Condensation and Condensation and HydrolysisHydrolysis• Condensation: two monomers Condensation: two monomers
come together and one molecule come together and one molecule of water is formedof water is formed
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WATER Forms
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HydrolysisHydrolysis•““water splitting”water splitting”
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PolysaccharidePolysaccharidess
•““Many sugars”Many sugars”• Glycogen (pictured)Glycogen (pictured)•Glycogen functions as a fuel store Glycogen functions as a fuel store
in animals.in animals. --Large amounts are stored inLarge amounts are stored in liver and muscleliver and muscle and maintain circulating blood and maintain circulating blood glucose levels between meals.glucose levels between meals.
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Starch is the fuel stored
in plants
Viewed under a microscope, the Viewed under a microscope, the starch grains in these plants cells starch grains in these plants cells
are visible as small dots. are visible as small dots.
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PlantPlant Cell Walls Cell Walls•Cellulose found in plant cell walls.•Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate in plants.
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Clip
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LipidsLipids• Two main FunctionsTwo main Functions• Energy Storage Energy Storage
--more energy than more energy than carbohydratescarbohydrates
• Cushions and insulates the Cushions and insulates the body and nerves body and nerves
• Examples: Fats, Oils, WaxesExamples: Fats, Oils, Waxes
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StructurStructure of e of
LipidsLipids
•Glycerol Glycerol backbonbackbone w/ 3 e w/ 3 fatty fatty acid acid chainschains
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Structure of Lipids
Structure of LipidsGlycerol backbone w/
Glycerol backbone w/
3 fatty acid chains
3 fatty acid chains
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Cell membranes are Cell membranes are made of phosphomade of phospholipidslipids
Lipids26
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ProteinsProteins FunctionsFunctions•Transport moleculesTransport molecules
•Hemoglobin transports oxygenHemoglobin transports oxygen
•Storage moleculesStorage molecules•Iron stored in the liver in a protein Iron stored in the liver in a protein complexcomplex
•Mechanical supportMechanical support•Skin and bones contain collagenSkin and bones contain collagen•Antibodies in the immune systemAntibodies in the immune system
•HormonesHormones• ClipClip
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Elements in Elements in ProteinsProteins
CarbonCarbon
HydrogenHydrogen
OxygenOxygen
NitrogenNitrogen
Sometimes SulfurSometimes Sulfur
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Proteins are chains of amino acids30
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PROTEINS CLIP
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Sickle Cell Anemia:
The incorrect amino acid sequence in a protein may lead to fatal consequences.
For example, the inherited disease, sickle cell anemia, results from a single incorrect amino acid at the 6th position of the beta - protein chain out of 146.
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EnzymesEnzymes •Are ProteinsAre Proteins• speed up chemical speed up chemical
reactions reactions
• These reactions These reactions would take place would take place anyway…enzymes anyway…enzymes just speed them just speed them up! up!
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•They are catalysts!
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• SubstratesSubstrates– molecules molecules
that bind to that bind to specific specific enzymes to enzymes to make them make them workwork
– Each Each substrate fits substrate fits into an area into an area of the enzyme of the enzyme called the called the active siteactive site. .
– It is like a It is like a lock-and-key lock-and-key mechanism. mechanism.
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Binding Specificity
Enzymes can only bind to certain molecules
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How fast or slow the enzyme works depends on:
1.the concentration of the enzyme.
2.pH3.Temperature
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Nucleotides Nucleotides consist of aconsist of a
phosphate group,phosphate group,
a sugar and a a sugar and a
"nitrogeneous "nitrogeneous base." base."
There are four There are four types of types of nitrogeneous nitrogeneous base. base.
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EOCT PRACTICE QUESTION
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Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures of 2° C to 7° C to slow the rate
of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of
food?
A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low temperatures.B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these temperatures.C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at these temperatures.D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at thesetemperatures.