The Changing Faces in Effluent and The Changing Faces in Effluent and Environmental MonitoringEnvironmental Monitoring

Douglas WahlDouglas Wahl

ExelonExelon

REMP SensitivityREMP Sensitivity

Seasonal Mixing of the Stratosphere and Seasonal Mixing of the Stratosphere and TroposphereTroposphere

Documented the Environmental ImpactDocumented the Environmental Impact– Fallout from Nuclear Weapons TestFallout from Nuclear Weapons Test– Three Mile Island Unit 2 Accident in 1979Three Mile Island Unit 2 Accident in 1979– Destruction of Chernobyl Reactor No. 4 in 1986Destruction of Chernobyl Reactor No. 4 in 1986

Radioactivity PassingRadioactivity Passing– From the Atmosphere and RainfallFrom the Atmosphere and Rainfall– To the Grass-Cow-Milk PathwayTo the Grass-Cow-Milk Pathway– Through the Water PathwayThrough the Water Pathway

Demographic ChangesDemographic Changes

Change of Program OwnershipChange of Program Ownership– Nuclear GeneratorNuclear Generator– NRC InspectionsNRC Inspections

Many of the New OwnersMany of the New Owners– Never Experienced a Significant Event in the Never Experienced a Significant Event in the

REMPREMP– Activity is < MDCActivity is < MDC

Most Programs 30+ Years in ExistanceMost Programs 30+ Years in Existance

Knowledge BaseKnowledge Base

Being Lost by the Nuclear GeneratorBeing Lost by the Nuclear Generator– Lack of Mentoring ProgramLack of Mentoring Program– Bases not well DocumentedBases not well Documented– Major Reductions in Gaseous and Liquid Major Reductions in Gaseous and Liquid

Effluents.Effluents.– Big Deal when Big Deal when

» Plant Related Activity is Found in the EnvironmentPlant Related Activity is Found in the Environment

» Medical Isotopes are Found in REMP SamplesMedical Isotopes are Found in REMP Samples

Knowledge BaseKnowledge Base

Ignored by the Nuclear RegulatorIgnored by the Nuclear Regulator– Wanting Documentation on the Bases for Wanting Documentation on the Bases for

Establishing the REMPEstablishing the REMP– Changing Interpretation of the Program Changing Interpretation of the Program

RequirementsRequirements Where is the NRC’s Knowledge Base?Where is the NRC’s Knowledge Base?

NRC Knowledge BaseNRC Knowledge Base

Branch Technical Position PaperBranch Technical Position Paper– Revision 1 Issued in 1979Revision 1 Issued in 1979– Incorporated into NUREG 1301/1302Incorporated into NUREG 1301/1302

BTP Developed in part from the following:BTP Developed in part from the following:– Reg. Guide 1.21, 4.1, 4.8, and 1.109Reg. Guide 1.21, 4.1, 4.8, and 1.109– NUREG 0472, 0473, and 0133NUREG 0472, 0473, and 0133

What was the World Like when What was the World Like when the BTP was Drafted?the BTP was Drafted?

The United States and Soviet Union had The United States and Soviet Union had Eliminated above Ground Testing of Eliminated above Ground Testing of Nuclear Weapons in 1963Nuclear Weapons in 1963

The French and Chinese Continued until The French and Chinese Continued until 19801980

The Result of all these Tests was an The Result of all these Tests was an Atmosphere Polluted with Radioactive Atmosphere Polluted with Radioactive FalloutFallout

Summary of Above Ground Weapons TestsSummary of Above Ground Weapons Tests

NationNationNo. of No. of

DetonationsDetonationsYearsYears

Total YieldTotal Yield

MtMt

United StatesUnited States 216216 1945-19621945-1962 153.8153.8

Soviet UnionSoviet Union 214214 1945-19621945-1962 281.6281.6

United KingdomUnited Kingdom 2121 1952-19581952-1958 10.810.8

FranceFrance 4646 1960-19741960-1974 11.411.4

ChinaChina 2323 1964-19801964-1980 21.521.5

South AfricaSouth Africa 11 19791979 0.0030.003

compiled by Wm. Robert Johnston http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/atest00.html

What Did the Data Tell the Authors of the BTP?What Did the Data Tell the Authors of the BTP?

Source EPA

What Did the Data Tell the Authors of the BTP?What Did the Data Tell the Authors of the BTP?

Average Monthly Gross Beta Activity in Air 1966 - 2005,Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Year

pC

i/m

3

Differences Between the 60’s/70’s and TodayDifferences Between the 60’s/70’s and Today

20062006– Sr-90 < 2 pCi/L LOD Sr-90 < 2 pCi/L LOD

– Maximum Concentration of Gross Maximum Concentration of Gross Beta in Air < 0.07 pCi/ mBeta in Air < 0.07 pCi/ m33

– Average Concentration of Gross Beta Average Concentration of Gross Beta in Air < 0.04 pCi/min Air < 0.04 pCi/m33

60’s and 70’s60’s and 70’s– Maximum Sr-90 concentration was 39 Maximum Sr-90 concentration was 39

pCi/LpCi/L

– Maximum Monthly Average Gross Maximum Monthly Average Gross Beta in Air was 0.92 pCi/mBeta in Air was 0.92 pCi/m33

– Average Monthly Gross Beta Average Monthly Gross Beta Concentration in Air was 0.14 pCi/mConcentration in Air was 0.14 pCi/m33

Clearly the Drafters of the BTP Never Foresaw that the Atmosphere Would Clean Itself Up and Return to Low Activity State

Changing Interpretation of Program Changing Interpretation of Program RequirementsRequirements

Dose Calculations from Contributions of Dose Calculations from Contributions of TransuranicsTransuranics

No Clear Understanding of Importance of No Clear Understanding of Importance of Transuranics to Overall DoseTransuranics to Overall Dose– Is it a Test of the Program Owner Knowledge Level? Is it a Test of the Program Owner Knowledge Level? – Is it a “Failure to Perform an Adequate Survey”?Is it a “Failure to Perform an Adequate Survey”?– Transuranic Dose Factors not Available in Reg. Guide Transuranic Dose Factors not Available in Reg. Guide

1.1091.109 Transuranics Contribute an Insignificant Amount Transuranics Contribute an Insignificant Amount

to the Overall Dose from Effluentsto the Overall Dose from Effluents

Impact of Transuranics on Dose ContributionImpact of Transuranics on Dose Contribution

RelativeRelative

RankRank RadionuclideRadionuclide

AGi AGi

(Relative Activity(Relative Activity

to Groundwater)to Groundwater)

Solubility,Solubility,

SiSi

Transport,Transport,

TiTi

Relative Dose,Relative Dose,

HHii

Total Relative Total Relative

Dose Potential,Dose Potential,

RRii

11 Sr-90Sr-90 9.00E+009.00E+00 4.00E-014.00E-01 6.70E-026.70E-02 2.20E+032.20E+03 5.31E+025.31E+02

22 Cs-137Cs-137 1.30E+011.30E+01 1.00E+001.00E+00 3.70E-033.70E-03 7.80E+027.80E+02 3.75E+013.75E+01

33 Co-60Co-60 1.11E+001.11E+00 1.00E+001.00E+00 1.70E-021.70E-02 4.20E+024.20E+02 7.93E+007.93E+00

44 H-3H-3 1.00E+001.00E+00 1.00E+001.00E+00 1.00E+001.00E+00 1.00E+001.00E+00 1.00E+001.00E+00

55 Cs-134Cs-134 1.80E-011.80E-01 1.00E+001.00E+00 3.70E-033.70E-03 1.10E+031.10E+03 7.33E-017.33E-01

66 I-129I-129 5.50E-065.50E-06 1.00E+001.00E+00 1.00E+001.00E+00 4.30E+034.30E+03 2.37E-022.37E-02

77 Ni-63Ni-63 2.50E-012.50E-01 1.00E+001.00E+00 3.30E-033.30E-03 9.00E+009.00E+00 7.43E-037.43E-03

88 C-14C-14 1.25E-041.25E-04 1.00E+001.00E+00 1.00E+001.00E+00 3.30E+013.30E+01 4.13E-034.13E-03

99 Pu-238Pu-238 2.60E-012.60E-01 3.00E-053.00E-05 1.80E-031.80E-03 5.00E+045.00E+04 7.02E-047.02E-04

1010 Am-241Am-241 1.50E-011.50E-01 7.00E-057.00E-05 5.30E-045.30E-04 5.70E+045.70E+04 3.17E-043.17E-04

1111 Fe-55Fe-55 4.00E-034.00E-03 1.00E+001.00E+00 6.10E-036.10E-03 9.50E+009.50E+00 2.32E-042.32E-04

1212 Pu-241Pu-241 3.90E+003.90E+00 3.00E-053.00E-05 1.80E-031.80E-03 1.10E+031.10E+03 2.32E-042.32E-04

1313 Pu-240Pu-240 3.10E-023.10E-02 3.00E-053.00E-05 1.80E-031.80E-03 5.50E+045.50E+04 9.21E-059.21E-05

1414 Pu-239Pu-239 1.80E-021.80E-02 3.00E-053.00E-05 1.80E-031.80E-03 5.50E+045.50E+04 5.35E-055.35E-05

1616 Nb-93mNb-93m 1.90E-031.90E-03 4.00E-014.00E-01 6.30E-036.30E-03 8.20E+008.20E+00 3.93E-053.93E-05

1515 Cs-135Cs-135 9.50E-059.50E-05 1.00E+001.00E+00 3.70E-033.70E-03 1.10E+021.10E+02 3.87E-053.87E-05

1717 Cm-244Cm-244 1.80E-011.80E-01 2.00E-052.00E-05 2.50E-042.50E-04 3.20E+043.20E+04 2.88E-052.88E-05

1818 Cd-113mCd-113m 1.20E-031.20E-03 3.00E-043.00E-04 2.50E-022.50E-02 2.50E+032.50E+03 2.25E-052.25E-05

1919 Nb-94Nb-94 8.10E-058.10E-05 4.00E-014.00E-01 6.30E-036.30E-03 1.10E+021.10E+02 2.25E-052.25E-05

2020 Ni-59Ni-59 1.90E-031.90E-03 1.00E+001.00E+00 3.30E-033.30E-03 3.30E+003.30E+00 2.07E-052.07E-05

Groundwater Monitoring Guidance for Nuclear Power Plants. Groundwater Monitoring Guidance for Nuclear Power Plants. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2005EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2005

REMP Programs are Well EstablishedREMP Programs are Well Established The BTP is Ambiguous in Many RequirementsThe BTP is Ambiguous in Many Requirements

– Subject to Different Interpretations Subject to Different Interpretations – Forcing Changes in these ProgramsForcing Changes in these Programs

The Following Examples Demonstrate where The Following Examples Demonstrate where Potential Confusion Exits in the BTP Potential Confusion Exits in the BTP

Changing Interpretation of Program Changing Interpretation of Program RequirementsRequirements

Example 1Example 1Given the following BTP requirements for an acceptable air monitoring programGiven the following BTP requirements for an acceptable air monitoring program

Three samples (A1-A3) from close to the three SITE BOUNDARY locations, Three samples (A1-A3) from close to the three SITE BOUNDARY locations, in different sectors, of the highest calculated annual average ground-level in different sectors, of the highest calculated annual average ground-level

D/QD/Q

What is meant by “Close to the three site boundary locations… with the highest What is meant by “Close to the three site boundary locations… with the highest calculated annual average ground-level D/Q”?calculated annual average ground-level D/Q”?

1.1. Does it mean that air stations have to be relocated each year if the annual Does it mean that air stations have to be relocated each year if the annual D/Q values change or is historical data based on long term (3-10 year) D/Q values change or is historical data based on long term (3-10 year) averaging acceptable?averaging acceptable?

2.2. Must air stations be located at the highest D/Q points or are the highest Must air stations be located at the highest D/Q points or are the highest three D/Q sectors determined by averaging the data and then locating the three D/Q sectors determined by averaging the data and then locating the sampling equipment near the site boundary where other environmental sampling equipment near the site boundary where other environmental factors such as accessibility, tree cover, location to power lines acceptable?factors such as accessibility, tree cover, location to power lines acceptable?

Distance NNE NE NNE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW NMeters

366 1.34E-09 2.23E-09396 2.73E-09 1.22E-09 2.05E-09 3.33E-09 6.55E-09 3.23E-09488 2.12E-09 9.51E-10 1.73E-09 2.79E-09 5.19E-09 2.47E-09600 1.64E-09 7.32E-10 1.40E-09 2.28E-09 4.06E-09 1.88E-09640 1.51E-09 6.73E-10 1.30E-09 2.12E-09 3.75E-09 1.10E-09 1.72E-09700 1.34E-09 5.96E-10 1.17E-09 1.92E-09 3.34E-09 9.84E-10 1.52E-09823 1.07E-09 4.76E-10 9.51E-10 1.57E-09 2.70E-09 2.83E-09 7.51E-10 1.21E-09884 9.70E-10 4.30E-10 8.65E-10 1.43E-09 2.45E-09 2.56E-09 3.22E-10 8.32E-10 6.65E-10 1.09E-09945 8.82E-10 3.90E-10 7.90E-10 1.31E-09 2.24E-09 2.34E-09 8.80E-10 3.04E-10 1.32E-10 1.12E-10 2.25E-10 7.45E-10 5.94E-10 9.90E-101000 8.14E-10 3.59E-10 7.30E-10 1.21E-09 2.07E-09 2.16E-09 7.88E-10 2.94E-10 1.27E-10 1.02E-10 2.06E-10 6.79E-10 5.40E-10 9.11E-101098 2.97E-09 6.52E-10 2.49E-10 1.09E-10 8.58E-11 1.79E-10 5.83E-10 4.61E-10 7.94E-101159 1.02E-09 6.22E-10 2.38E-10 1.04E-10 8.24E-11 1.72E-10 5.58E-10 4.40E-10 7.63E-101200 6.23E-10 2.73E-10 5.60E-10 9.36E-10 1.59E-09 2.58E-09 2.59E-09 9.14E-10 5.58E-10 2.13E-10 1.04E-10 6.97E-11 1.45E-10 5.05E-10 4.64E-10 6.96E-101400 4.94E-10 2.15E-10 4.42E-10 7.43E-10 1.27E-09 1.86E-09 1.88E-09 6.96E-10 4.25E-10 1.54E-10 8.07E-11 5.38E-11 1.12E-10 4.37E-10 3.33E-10 5.51E-101600 4.02E-10 1.74E-10 3.58E-10 6.04E-10 1.03E-09 1.48E-09 1.49E-09 5.48E-10 3.34E-10 1.21E-10 5.92E-11 4.28E-11 8.86E-12 3.17E-10 2.64E-10 4.48E-101800 3.33E-10 1.58E-10 2.96E-10 5.00E-10 8.59E-10 1.21E-09 1.21E-09 4.44E-10 2.71E-10 9.75E-11 4.81E-11 3.49E-11 7.21E-12 2.58E-10 2.15E-10 3.72E-102000 2.81E-10 1.36E-10 2.48E-10 4.21E-10 7.26E-10 1.01E-09 1.01E-09 3.67E-10 2.24E-10 8.04E-11 3.99E-11 2.90E-11 5.98E-12 2.13E-10 1.78E-10 3.14E-102200 2.41E-10 1.16E-10 2.16E-10 3.59E-10 6.21E-10 8.49E-10 8.48E-10 3.09E-10 1.19E-10 6.76E-11 3.36E-11 2.45E-11 5.04E-12 1.80E-10 1.50E-10 2.69E-102400 2.09E-10 1.29E-10 3.08E-10 6.29E-10 5.38E-10 7.27E-10 7.25E-10 2.64E-10 1.61E-10 5.76E-11 2.87E-11 2.10E-11 4.31E-12 1.54E-10 1.28E-10 2.32E-102600 2.74E-10 1.25E-10 2.67E-10 4.77E-10 4.70E-10 6.29E-10 6.27E-10 2.28E-10 1.39E-10 4.97E-11 2.49E-11 1.81E-11 3.73E-12 1.33E-10 1.11E-10 2.03E-102800 2.15E-10 1.10E-10 2.34E-10 4.18E-10 4.15E-10 5.51E-10 5.48E-10 1.99E-10 1.21E-10 4.34E-11 2.17E-11 1.59E-11 3.26E-12 1.16E-10 9.68E-11 1.79E-103000 1.88E-10 7.83E-11 2.07E-10 3.70E-10 3.69E-10 4.86E-10 4.83E-10 1.75E-10 1.07E-10 3.82E-11 1.92E-11 1.40E-11 2.87E-12 1.02E-10 8.53E-11 1.59E-103200 1.68E-10 6.96E-11 1.84E-10 3.29E-10 3.30E-10 4.32E-10 4.30E-10 1.56E-10 9.46E-11 3.39E-11 1.02E-11 1.25E-11 2.55E-12 9.07E-11 7.58E-11 1.53E-103400 1.50E-10 6.22E-11 1.64E-10 2.94E-10 2.99E-10 3.86E-10 3.84E-10 1.39E-10 8.46E-11 3.03E-11 1.52E-11 1.11E-11 2.28E-12 8.11E-11 6.77E-11 1.52E-103600 1.35E-10 5.60E-11 1.48E-10 2.65E-10 2.81E-10 3.48E-10 3.46E-10 1.25E-10 7.61E-11 2.73E-11 1.37E-11 1.00E-11 2.05E-12 7.29E-11 6.10E-11 1.38E-103800 1.23E-10 5.06E-11 1.34E-10 2.40E-10 2.93E-10 3.15E-10 3.13E-10 1.13E-10 6.89E-11 2.47E-11 1.24E-11 9.08E-12 1.86E-12 6.60E-11 5.51E-11 1.24E-104000 1.11E-10 4.60E-11 1.22E-10 2.18E-10 4.10E-10 2.86E-10 2.85E-10 1.03E-10 6.26E-11 2.24E-11 1.13E-11 8.26E-12 1.69E-12 6.00E-11 5.01E-11 1.13E-104300 9.74E-11 4.02E-11 1.02E-10 1.90E-10 3.64E-10 2.50E-10 2.49E-10 9.00E-11 5.48E-11 1.96E-11 9.87E-12 7.23E-12 1.48E-12 5.24E-11 4.38E-11 9.85E-114600 8.59E-11 3.54E-11 9.34E-11 1.68E-10 2.45E-10 2.21E-10 2.20E-10 7.94E-11 4.83E-11 1.73E-11 8.71E-12 6.38E-12 1.30E-12 4.62E-11 3.86E-11 8.69E-114900 7.63E-11 3.15E-11 8.83E-10 1.49E-10 2.17E-10 1.96E-10 1.95E-10 7.06E-11 4.30E-11 1.54E-11 7.75E-12 5.67E-12 1.16E-12 4.10E-11 3.43E-11 7.72E-115200 6.82E-11 2.81E-11 7.40E-11 1.33E-10 1.94E-10 1.75E-10 1.75E-10 6.32E-11 3.85E-11 1.38E-11 6.93E-12 5.73E-12 1.03E-12 3.67E-11 3.07E-11 6.91E-11

Average 6.19E-10 3.14E-10 6.29E-10 9.07E-10 1.53E-09 1.04E-09 8.49E-10 3.05E-10 2.60E-10 1.06E-10 4.47E-11 3.40E-11 4.76E-11 2.65E-10 2.97E-10 7.00E-10Max 2.73E-09 1.34E-09 2.23E-09 3.33E-09 6.55E-09 2.83E-09 2.97E-09 1.02E-09 8.80E-10 3.22E-10 1.32E-10 1.12E-10 2.25E-10 8.32E-10 1.10E-09 3.23E-09

Comparison of D/Q values (1/m2) from Vent Releases out to 5200 Meters

DistanceMeters NNE NE NNE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW N

366 1.34E-09 2.23E-09396 2.73E-09 1.22E-09 2.05E-09 3.33E-09 6.55E-09 3.23E-09488 2.12E-09 9.51E-10 1.73E-09 2.79E-09 5.19E-09 2.47E-09600 1.64E-09 7.32E-10 1.40E-09 2.28E-09 4.06E-09 1.88E-09640 1.51E-09 6.73E-10 1.30E-09 2.12E-09 3.75E-09 1.10E-09 1.72E-09700 1.34E-09 5.96E-10 1.17E-09 1.92E-09 3.34E-09 9.84E-10 1.52E-09823 1.07E-09 4.76E-10 9.51E-10 1.57E-09 2.70E-09 2.83E-09 7.51E-10 1.21E-09884 9.70E-10 4.30E-10 8.65E-10 1.43E-09 2.45E-09 2.56E-09 3.22E-10 8.32E-10 6.65E-10 1.09E-09945 8.82E-10 3.90E-10 7.90E-10 1.31E-09 2.24E-09 2.34E-09 8.80E-10 3.04E-10 1.32E-10 1.12E-10 2.25E-10 7.45E-10 5.94E-10 9.90E-10

1000 8.14E-10 3.59E-10 7.30E-10 1.21E-09 2.07E-09 2.16E-09 7.88E-10 2.94E-10 1.27E-10 1.02E-10 2.06E-10 6.79E-10 5.40E-10 9.11E-101098 2.97E-09 6.52E-10 2.49E-10 1.09E-10 8.58E-11 1.79E-10 5.83E-10 4.61E-10 7.94E-101159 1.02E-09 6.22E-10 2.38E-10 1.04E-10 8.24E-11 1.72E-10 5.58E-10 4.40E-10 7.63E-101200 6.23E-10 2.73E-10 5.60E-10 9.36E-10 1.59E-09 2.58E-09 2.59E-09 9.14E-10 5.58E-10 2.13E-10 1.04E-10 6.97E-11 1.45E-10 5.05E-10 4.64E-10 6.96E-101400 4.94E-10 2.15E-10 4.42E-10 7.43E-10 1.27E-09 1.86E-09 1.88E-09 6.96E-10 4.25E-10 1.54E-10 8.07E-11 5.38E-11 1.12E-10 4.37E-10 3.33E-10 5.51E-101600 4.02E-10 1.74E-10 3.58E-10 6.04E-10 1.03E-09 1.48E-09 1.49E-09 5.48E-10 3.34E-10 1.21E-10 5.92E-11 4.28E-11 8.86E-12 3.17E-10 2.64E-10 4.48E-10

Average 1.22E-09 6.02E-10 1.12E-09 1.69E-09 3.02E-09 2.26E-09 2.23E-09 7.94E-10 6.08E-10 2.37E-10 1.02E-10 7.84E-11 1.50E-10 5.82E-10 6.00E-10 1.31E-09Max 2.73E-09 1.34E-09 2.23E-09 3.33E-09 6.55E-09 2.83E-09 2.97E-09 1.02E-09 8.80E-10 3.22E-10 1.32E-10 1.12E-10 2.25E-10 8.32E-10 1.10E-09 3.23E-09

Comparison of D/Q values (1/m2) from Vent Releases out to 1600 Meters

Example 2Example 2Given the following BTP requirements for an acceptable ingestion (milk) Given the following BTP requirements for an acceptable ingestion (milk) monitoring programmonitoring program

Samples from milking animals in three locations (1a1-1a3) within 5 km distance having the highest Samples from milking animals in three locations (1a1-1a3) within 5 km distance having the highest dose potentialdose potential

What is meant by “highest dose potential”? What is meant by “highest dose potential”?

1.1. Is it strictly defined as highest D/Q, that is given the data presented above, the Is it strictly defined as highest D/Q, that is given the data presented above, the cows must be located in the E, ESE and N sectors at 396 meter from the vents?cows must be located in the E, ESE and N sectors at 396 meter from the vents?

2.2. Pathway must be available to have a dose potential. That is if sector E has no Pathway must be available to have a dose potential. That is if sector E has no cows then regardless of D/Q factor there is zero dose potential.cows then regardless of D/Q factor there is zero dose potential.

The BTP requirements continue:The BTP requirements continue: If there are none, then one sample from milking animals in each of three areas (1a1-1a3) between If there are none, then one sample from milking animals in each of three areas (1a1-1a3) between

5 to 8 km distant where doses are calculated to be greater than 1 mrem per year.5 to 8 km distant where doses are calculated to be greater than 1 mrem per year.

Clearly, the writers of the BTP did not expect the industry to minimize their gaseous Clearly, the writers of the BTP did not expect the industry to minimize their gaseous releases.releases.

Example 2Example 2Given the following BTP requirements for an acceptable ingestion (milk) Given the following BTP requirements for an acceptable ingestion (milk) monitoring programmonitoring program

The BTP requirements for the ingestion pathway continues with Food Products:The BTP requirements for the ingestion pathway continues with Food Products:

Samples of three different kinds of broad leaf vegetation grown nearest each of two Samples of three different kinds of broad leaf vegetation grown nearest each of two different offsite locations of highest predicted annual average ground level D/Q if milk different offsite locations of highest predicted annual average ground level D/Q if milk sampling is not sampling is not performed.performed.

– Recent Inspection interpreted this requirement to mean that cows must be housed at the Recent Inspection interpreted this requirement to mean that cows must be housed at the highest D/Q location or vegetation sampling must be performed. The cows must be highest D/Q location or vegetation sampling must be performed. The cows must be located in the E, ESE and N sectors at 396 meter from the vents.located in the E, ESE and N sectors at 396 meter from the vents.

At many sites, because there are no gardens in the area, they substitute tree leavesAt many sites, because there are no gardens in the area, they substitute tree leaves

1.1. How is one to interpret activity found on tree leaves? What is the consumption rate of How is one to interpret activity found on tree leaves? What is the consumption rate of an oak leaf?an oak leaf?

2.2. What are we really trying to measure? What are we really trying to measure?

If it is deposition, then grass sampling would provide as good a measure as If it is deposition, then grass sampling would provide as good a measure as tree leaves. Data could be reported in pCi/mtree leaves. Data could be reported in pCi/m22

Example 3Example 3The BTP LLD table as detailed in NUREG 1301/1302 contains two subtle The BTP LLD table as detailed in NUREG 1301/1302 contains two subtle changes changes

ANALYSISWATER (pCi/L)

AIRBORNE PARTICULATE

OR GASES

(pCi/m3)

FISH (pCi/kg,

wet)MILK

(pCi/L)

FOOD PRODUCTS

(pCi/kg, wet}

SEDIMENT (pCi/kg,

dry)Gross Beta 4 0.01

H-3 2000*

Mn-54 15 130

Fe-59 30 260

Co-58,60 15 130

Zn-65 30 260

Zr-Nb-95 15

I-131 1** 0.07 1 60

Cs-134 15 0.05 130 15 60 150

Cs-137 18 0.06 150 I8 80 180

Ba-La-140 15 15

** If no drinking water pathway exists, a value of 15 pCi/L may be used.

* If no drinking water pathway exists, a value of 3000 pCi/L may be used.

TABLE 4.12-1

DETECTION CAPABILITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLE ANALYS (1) (2)

LOWER LIMIT OF DETECTION (LLD)(3)

SummarySummary

Are the Requirements of Our Primary Are the Requirements of Our Primary Guidance Document the BTP Still Guidance Document the BTP Still Relevant? Relevant?

Existing Requirements Need ClarificationExisting Requirements Need Clarification

ConclusionConclusion

Words have no meaning. People have meaning.Words have no meaning. People have meaning.

Interpretation of these Requirements should not Interpretation of these Requirements should not be be left to a Few.left to a Few.

The NRC with the Membership of this Workshop The NRC with the Membership of this Workshop should Remove the Ambiguity Present in the should Remove the Ambiguity Present in the

BTP and if Necessary Develop New BTP and if Necessary Develop New Requirements Requirements for the Next Generation of for the Next Generation of Radiological Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program.Environmental Monitoring Program.