the changing earth chapter 2 section 1 & 2. the structure of the earth geology: the study of the...
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The Changing Earth
Chapter 2 Section 1 & 2
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The Structure of the Earth
Geology: the study of the earth’s physical structure and history—is a relatively new science. It deals, however, with very ancient history of the earth.
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The Earth’s Inner Structure
The earth is made of mostly of iron, nicked and rock. They are arranged in four layers;Crust: is a band of solid rock at the surface of the planet. It 25 to 30 miles thick beneath the continents & 5 to 10 miles in the oceans.Mantle: A soft layer of molten rock. It extends for 1,800 miles toward the center of the Earth.Magma: is molten rock, is created when the mantle melts.
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Cont.Core: is the solid metallic center of the earth and is made up of iron and nickel, which are under tremendous pressure.
Outer core: 1,380 miles thick
Inner core: 760 miles radius
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The Earth’s Interior
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Earth is the only planet in our solar system capable of supporting many forms
of life.
Atmosphere: gases surrounding the earth; oxygen we breath, protects the earth from radiation, & provides weather.Lithosphere: some is located in the ocean & others are found huge landmasses called continents.
Hydrosphere: is made up of the water elements on the earth (oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, & rain)
Biosphere: the part of the earth where plants & animals live.
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Continental Drift TheoryIn 1915, the German geologist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which states that parts of the Earth's crust slowly drift atop a liquid core. There was once a “supercontinent” on earth & he called it Pangaea. 180 million year ago, Pangaea began to break into separate continents. The fossil record supports and gives credence to the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics.
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Section 2: Bodies of Water
Ocean & seas: the ocean cover about 71 % of our planet.Even through there is only one ocean; it is divide in 4 main partsAtlantic OceanPacific OceanIndian OceanArtic Ocean
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Ocean MotionThe salty water of the ocean circulates through three basic motions:CurrentsWavesTides The motion of the ocean helps distribute heat on the planet. Winds blows over the ocean & are either heated or cooled by the water. They then blow over land causes warmth or coolness.
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Hydrologic cycleIs the continous circulation of water between the atmosphere, the ocean, & the earth.
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Landforms on Earth’s Surface
Tectonic forces inside the Earth have produced four major types of landforms
Mountains & hills: Mts. tend to be more sparsely populated than hills and usually lie at 2,000 to 3,000 ft. above sea level. Ex: the Rocky Mts., Andes Mts., the Alps, Ural Mts. & the Himalayas. Hills are lower, rounded, and generally less steep than Mts.
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Cont.Plains are relatively low-lying, level areas that in many cases are gently rolling. Largest plains in the world are the Central Plains of N. America, the Amazon Basin in S. America, North European Plains & flat plains of central Australia.Plateaus are relatively level like plains, but they located at higher elevations. They have at least one steep side where a line of cliffs, escarpment, separates the plateau from neighboring low-lying areas.
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Landforms
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Oceanic Lanforms
The seafloor has landform similar to those above water.It has ridges, valleys, canyons, plains & mountains chains similar to those on the continents.Islands are form by volcanic action, deposit of sand, or deposits of coral skeletons.Longest Mountains range is Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
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Sonar