the cell

comparing cellsnerve cells can be 1m long

human egg cell is no bigger than the dot on this i (but in 12 pt font)

human red blood cells is 1/10 the size of a human egg cell

bacterium are even smaller- 8000 can fit inside a human egg cell

common cell rraitsCell membrane

•outer covering of cell•made of one or more layers of linked molecules

Cytoplasm•inside every cell•gelatin-like•contains hereditary material that controls the life of the cell

cell wallfound in plants, algae, fungi, most bacteria

tough, rigid outer coverings that protect the cell and give it

shape

Plant cell walls are mainly made of cellulose....which is?

What makes the cell walls rigid? Pectin and lignin!

.... a polymer of glucose chains

cell membrane

protective layer around all cellsif a cell has a cell wall, then the cell

membrane is inside of it

what does it do? regulate interactions between the cell

and the environment

water can move into and out of cell

through the cell membrane

food particles and some molecules enter and waste products leave through the

cell membrane

cytoplasmgelatin-like substance that fills cells which is

constantly moving

contains a framework called the cytoskeleton -

this helps maintain or

change the shape of the cell

cytoskeleton helps some cells move

cytoskeleton is made up of thin, hollow tubes of protein and thin, solid protein fibers

flagellalong and taillike

whip back and forth to move the cell

short, hairlike structuresmove a cell or move

molecules away from a cell

cilia

cell types

PROKARYOTIC CELLSno membrane bound

structures

EUKARYOTIC CELLSmembrane-bound

structures

nucleus

contains instructions for everything in the cell,

which are found on DNA

largest organelle DNA is in structures called chromosomes

The number of chromosomes in a

nucleus is different for different species of

organisms.

Two membranes form the nuclear envelope that surrounds the nucleus. It also has many holes that

allow molecules to pass through

contains a nucleolus which makes ribosomes

nucleus

ribosomesconsidered an

organelle, but they do not have a membrane

some float freely in cytoplasm, some

attach to the endoplasmic reticulum

made in the nucleus

receive directions from DNA on how, when, and in what order to make specific proteins

produce proteins, which take part in nearly every

cell activity, are part of cell membrane and needed for

chemical reactions

endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum (ER) extends

from the nucleus to the cell membranea series of folded

membranes

materials can be processed and moved around inside of the cell

rough vs. smooth

Smooth ER make lipids that store energy and also

remove harmful substances from the cell

Rough ER make proteins that are moved out of the cell or used within the cell. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface.

mitochondriaThe mitochondrion are organelles where energy is released

from the breakdown of food into CO2 and H2O.

Most eukaryotic cells contain 100’s of

mitochondria. Some cells in a human heart can

contain 1,000 mitochondria.

Chemical reactions within mitochondria release energy.

A mitochondrion is surrounded by two

membranes.

This energy is stored in high-energy molecules called ATP—

adenosine triphosphate.

The energy in ATP molecules is used by the cell for growth, cell division,

and transporting materials.

mitochondria

food is made in green organelles called chloroplasts

chloroplastscontain green

pigment chlorophyll

chlorophyll captures light energy that is used to make glucose

golgi bodiesProteins are made

and sent to the Golgi bodies. They

travel in ...

Golgi bodies sort proteins and other cellular substances and package them into membrane-

bound structures called vesicles.

vesicles. Vesicles deliver cellular substances to

areas inside the cell.

Cells have membrane-bound spaces called vacuoles for

temporary storage of materials (water, waste products, food, and

other cellular materials).

recycling organelles

active cells break down and recycle substances

lysosomes contain digestive chemicals

that help break down food molecules, cell

wastes, and worn-out parts

lysosome membrane keeps the chemicals from leaking into the

cell

when a cell dies a lysosome’s membrane disintegrates, releasing digestive chemicals that quickly breakdown the cell’s contents