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Iberian Peninsula: end of XV Century

• Increase in agricultural production.

• Population began to recover, after the Black

Death.

• Trade had a great increase.

• Families of traders and bankers, such as the

Medici family in Florence (Firenze) or the

Fugger in Flanders became very wealthy.

Office of Jacob Fugger; with his main-accountancy M. Schwarz

Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence and patron (Mecenas) of arts

Monarquía autoritaria / Authoritarian monarchy

• In the 15th century, European monarchs continued to reinforce their power by reducing the power of the nobility, the church, the municipalities and the Parliaments.

Monarquía autoritaria / Authoritarian monarchy

• The monarchs had taken over many of the political powers of the nobles and used them to centralise the government. This new form of organising power in government was called MONARQUÍA AUTORITARIA (authoritarian monarchy)

Unified territory

Subdue nobility

Permanent army

Independent Justice

Organised administration

Independent Justice

AUTHORITARIANMONARCHY

Enrique IV Blanca de Navarra Juana de Portugal

He had an only child, Juana “La

Beltraneja”. There was rumours

about if he was really his father.

He tried to reinforce his power, and

some nobles supported his step-

brother Alfonso and, once Alfonso

died, Isabel.

Isabel and Enrique reached an agreement in the Toros de Guisando (Treaty of the Toros de Guisando): Isabel would be the heir Freedom to chose her husband but Enrique should

supervise that union

Isabel married Fernando de Aragón in Valladolid against Enrique IV’s opinion. So he decided that Juana la Beltraneja would be again his heir.

• Isabel Fernando in secret

Enrique was angry and chose Juana as her heiress again.

- In 1474 Enrique died and a war began between Isabel and Juana la Beltraneja

SUPPORTERS OF JUANA SUPPORTERS OF ISABELPORTUGAL (She married his uncle Alfonso of Portugal)

ARAGÓN (She married Fernando of Aragón)

FRANCE Some noble families (Mendoza, Zúñiga, Medina-Sidonia)

Some noble families (Marqués de Villena, Arzobispo de Toledo – Carrillo).

Isabel won the war (there was an important victory in Toro). Castilla and Portugal signed the Alcaçovas Treaty in 1479:

Isabel would be the Queen of Castilla (1479).

Juana would renounce to all her rights to the throne of Castilla,

for her and her descendants.

Portugal would have the right to conquer the south of África,

from the South of Canary Islands (Bojador Cape)

Juana would choose to marry Juan (Isabel and Fernando’s son)

or to become a nun. She chose to become a nun.

• In 1479, after his father died, Fernando become the King of Aragon.

• In 1479, Isabel won the war against Juana la Beltraneja, and she become the Queen of Castilla.

• “Tanto monta monta tanto” (They decided to govern together over the two Crowns, and to have similar power in both)

• There was a dynastic union, not a total union. Each territory would maintain their own laws, institutions, taxes, borders, currencies…, their queen and king would be together, as they were married and their heir would be the same.

Isabel I de Castilla was born in Madrigal de las Altas Torres (Ávila) in 1451

Isabel was very interested in languages. She could speak: Castillian, Catalan, Gallegan, , Latin, and French. She was also a very religious woman.

When she was 17, she married her second cousin , the Prince Fernando de Aragón. This marriage joined the kingdoms of Castilla and Aragón, but they needed a permit from the Pope, as they were cousins. And they didn’t get it, they fake it.

She was in love with her husband and was very often jealous of other women.

Fernando was very good in terms of foreign policy. He collaborated with the Pope, he took Rosellon, Cerdeña and Naples back. He conquered the North of Africa. He fought against the Turks and he made friends with the anti-French Monarchies.

He married Isabel of Castilla and they ruled both kingdoms together.

He was born in 1452 He was born in 1452 in Sos (Zaragoza). He in Sos (Zaragoza). He was the first son of was the first son of Aragon’s King Aragon’s King Juan IIJuan II

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• The Catholic Monarchs is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Their marriage united both crowns under the same family.

• The Catholic Monarchs governed their territories together, but each kingdom had its own laws and institutions. It was the beginnings of modern Spain.

• Isabella died in 1504. Ferdinand remarried Germaine of Foix; he died in 1516. They are buried in the Royal Chapel, in Granada.

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The Monarchs' joint motto was “Tanto monta, monta tanto”. The motto was created by Antonio de Nebrija and was an allusion to the explanation of the equality of the monarchs: Tanto monta, monta tanto, Isabel como Fernando ("It's one and the same, Isabella the same as Ferdinand")Their symbol was el yugo y las flechas, a yoke and a fasces. Y and F are the initials of Ysabel (archaic spelling) and Fernando.

The Catholic Monarchs: Common aims

• Although the Crowns were, in

fact, independent, the Catholic

Monarchs established some

common aims for both Crowns:

– Religious unity

– Territorial expansion

– Sthrengthening of the monarchs

authority

• They conquered the Muslim Kingdom of Granada (1492).

The Conquer of Granada (1492)

• In 1482, Castillian and Aragon troops joined to conquer the kingdom of Granada.

• Taking advantage of the internal musulman fights they conquered all the kingdom untill they reached the city of Granada, which had 50,000 inhabitants.

• In April of 1490, the siege of Santa Fe began, as it was the centre of operations. In this city, Colon signed the Capitulations, an agreement about money and his discoveries.

• The 25th of November Boabdil accepted his defeat and had to give the city to the Catholic King and Queen.

Boabdil’s surrender

• In the capitulations of Granada, Boabdil agreed with the Catholic king and Queen that Muslims had to be treated with respect: they could keep their properties and their religion, their laws and their language.The King and Queen gave Boabdil some land in the Alpujarras.

• Boabdil gave the keys of Granada to Fernando near the Alhambra. Six thousand men entered the city, took the fortress and displayed a cross and the flags of Castilla and Santiago.

Boabdil’s surrender

• In the capitulations of Granada, Boabdil agreed with the Catholic king and Queen that Muslims had to be treated with respect: they could keep their properties and their religion, their laws and their language.The King and Queen gave Boabdil some land in the Alpujarras.

• Boabdil gave the keys of Granada to Fernando near the Alhambra. Six thousand men entered the city, took the fortress and displayed a cross and the flags of Castilla and Santiago.

• They annexed the Kingdom of Navarre (1512) . • They married their daughter Isabella (later also

their daughter María) to the King of Portugal. At the end a great-grandson of the Catholic Monarchs, Felipe II, will inherite the Kingdom of Portugal.

• To the Mediterraneam:– They finish completely the conquest of the Kingdom of

Naples (Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, el Gran Capitán, stood out in the wars against France to get Naples).

– They conquered different territories in North Africa: Melilla (1497), Oran, Argel , Bugía.

• To the Atlantic:– They consolidated their control of the Canary Islands

(1496).– They funded Colombus in his trip throgh the Atlantic to

get a new trade route. By chance, he discovered América.

The Marriage policy

• The Catholic Kings negociated a series of marriages for their children.

• 2 objectives: 1. Ensure the permanence of the inheritance of

the Crowns in the family.2. To establish a network of alliances with

states willing to isolation of France.

Isabella I Ferdinand III

Isabel Juana (la Loca) Juan María Catalina

Alfonso y Manuel dePortugal

Philip the Handsome

Margarita deAustria

Manuel I dePortugal Enrique VIII

Important tieswith

Portugal, ensuring

peace and

future alliance.

Alliance with the

Holy Roman Empire and the

Habsburg dynasty.

Ties with the

Habsburg dynasty.

More strength in the tie

with Portugal.

After the death of Arthur of Wales,

she married Henry

VIII, King of

England.

BEAUTY AND MADNESS

Felipe was the son of Maximiliano, king of Austria, Emperor of Germany , and of María, Duchess of Borgoña

Maximiliano of Austria

María of Borgoña

Mad Juana? When her brother Juan died she became

the heiress to the Castillian throne

In 1496 she married Felipe el Hermoso, who was the heir to the Borgoña Ducado

• The Catholic Monarchs had the centre of their power in Castile.

• It was created the figure of the viceroy (virrey). He was the monarchy’s representative in each of the Crown’s territory.

• There were viceroys (virreyes) in:– Aragón– Navarra– Nápoles– Valencia– Sicilia– Perú – México (Nueva España)

• The Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad), an armed group who pursued criminals usually in rural areas.

• The Royal Council, and advisory council made up of members chosen by the king.

• A permanent professional army. • The Audiencia y Chancillería Real, two institutions that imparted

justice. • The Real Contaduría de Hacienda, an institution that collected the

payment of taxes.• The Corregidor, a representative of the monarchy that governed in

local town halls.

Expulsion of the Jews

• The Catholic Monarchs forced the Jews to convert to Christianity.

• Those that refused were expelled in 1492.

The Jewish Expulsion• Expelling the Jews from Spain

was a notable event for the Jews forced to leave Spain in 1492 and for Spanish society in general.

After the Decree of Expulsion in 1942, the jewish people had a great dilema as they had to choose between two possibilities:

Stay in Spain and change their religion, renounce to their beliefs and traditions. The Inquisition would watch them closely with the danger of being accused, judged, tortured or killed.

Leave Spain. They could only take with them some things and their knowledge, traditions, their language, all the origings of sefardi culture which has prevailed up to now.

Decreto de expulsión

Moriscos

• The Cardinal Cisneros forced Muslims to convert to Christianity in 1502.

• They begin to be called MORISCOS.

Broken Promisses• Christians started to break their promises very soon.

There were new taxes and Cisneros forced Muslims

to change their religion in 1502, which caused

rebellions.

• The 11th of February 1502 Muslims had to decide

between religious conversion or exile. Most of them

changed their religion. They were called “moriscos”

and were later expelled from the country in 1609. Cardinal Cisneros

The Alhambra

The Spanish Inquisiont

• The Catholic Monarchs established the Spanish Inquisition in 1478.

• The Catholic Monarchs wanted religious unification for their kingdoms so they founded the Tribunal of the Inquisition to prosecute heretics. The tribunal was known for its severe sentences and punishments.

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• The Kings wanted to finish the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula and conquer the Muslim kingdom of Granada. After ten years of many battles, the Granada War ended in 1492 when Emir Boabdil surrendered the keys of the Alhambra Palace in Granada to the Castilian soldiers.

• The Catholic Monarchs wanted religious unification for their kingdoms so they founded the Tribunal of the Inquisition to prosecute heretics. The tribunal was known for its severe sentences and punishments. Ferdinand and Isabella ordered that all Muslims and Jews be expelled from Spain or they were forced to covert to Catholicism. Hundreds of those who had converted were accused of secretly practicing their original religion and they were arrested, imprisoned and interrogated under torture by the Inquisition.

Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834)

Tomás de Torquemada, general Inquisitor

• The Spanish Inquisition was created with the Pope’s permission to fight the converted Jews who were starting to practice their own religion.

• It was imposed in all Spanish kingdoms, Sicily, Cerdeña and in America.

Inquisitional Court

Queen Isabel I dies• Queen Isabel I died in

1504. As her only male heir, Juan, had died as well as her eldest daughter, Isabel, the Crown of Castile was going to be inherited by Juana, the mad.

• Juana was living in the Low Countries with her husband Philip the Handsome.

• Isabel I’s testament established that Juana would inherit the Crown and, only if she was absent from the country or could not or did not want to reign Fernando would act as a regent until his grandson Carlos (son of Juana) would become of age.

Who were they?

Joanna the mad

• Waiting for the Queen to come to Castile, the Cortes named Fernando regent.

• Fernando

married Germana

de Foix, King

Louis XII of

France’s nephew.

• So that if Fernando and Germana had a child, he

would inherit the Crown of Aragon.

• Nevertheless, although Germana bore Fernando a

son, he died several hours after his birth.

• In the Crown of Castile, the Cortes soon realized that Juana was not capable of ruling. And when Phillip the handsome suddenly died, the Cortes established that Carlos, Juana and Philip’s son, would be proclaimed king with his mother.

• Fernando would be the regent. • When Fernando died the Crown of Aragon was also

inherited by Charles.