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the cambr idge h i story of

CHRISTIANITY*

Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500

During the early middle ages, Europe developed complex andvaried Christian cultures, and from about 1100 secular rulers, com-peting factions and inspired individuals continued to engender adiverse and ever-changing mix within Christian society. This vol-ume explores the wide range of institutions, practices and experi-ences associated with the life of European Christians in the latermiddle ages. The clergy of this period initiated new approaches tothe role of priests, bishops and popes, and developed an ambitiousproject to instruct the laity. For lay people, the practices of parishreligion were central, but many sought additional ways to enrichtheir lives as Christians. Impulses towards reform and renewalperiodically swept across Europe, led by charismatic preachersand supported by secular rulers. At the same time, Christianswere often preoccupied and troubled by non-Christians withintheir own communities and on their borders. This book providesaccessible accounts of these complex historical processes and enticesthe reader towards further enquiry.

M i r i Ru b i n is Professor of Medieval History at Queen Mary,University of London. Her most recent publications includeMother of God: A History of the Virgin Mary (2009) and TheHollow Crown: A History of Britain in the Late Middle Ages (2005).

Walt er S i mon s is Associate Professor in the Departmentof History, Dartmouth College. He is author of Cities of Ladies:Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries 1200–1565 (2001)and co-editor of Ludo J. R. Milis, Religion, Culture and MedievalLow Countries: Selected Essays (2005) with Jeroen Deploige,Martine De Reu and Steven Vanderputten and The Productivityof Urban Space in Northern Europe (2002) with Peter Arnade andMartha Howell.

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-81106-4 - The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 4: Christianity in WesternEurope C. 1100–c. 1500Edited by Miri Rubin and Walter SimonsFrontmatterMore information

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the cambr idge h i story of

CHRISTIANITY

The Cambridge History of Christianity offers a comprehensive chrono-logical account of the development of Christianity in all its aspects –theological, intellectual, social, political, regional, global – from itsbeginnings to the present day. Each volume makes a substantialcontribution in its own right to the scholarship of its period and thecompleteHistory constitutes amajor work of academic reference. Farfrom being merely a history of Western European Christianity andits offshoots, theHistory aims to provide a global perspective. Easternand Coptic Christianity are given full consideration from the earlyperiod onwards, and later, African, Far Eastern, New World, SouthAsian and other non-European developments in Christianity receiveproper coverage. The volumes cover popular piety and non-formalexpressions of Christian faith and treat the sociology of Christianformation, worship and devotion in a broad cultural context. Thequestion of relations between Christianity and other major faiths isalso kept in sight throughout. The Historywill provide an invaluableresource for scholars and students alike.

l i s t of volumes :

Origins to Constantineedited by margaret m. mitchell and frances m. young

Constantine to c. 600edited by augustine cas iday and frederick w. norris

Early Medieval Christianity c. 600–c. 1100edited by thomas noble and jul ia smith

Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500edited by miri rubin and walter s imons

Eastern Christianityedited by michael angold






Reform and Expansion 1500–1660edited by ronnie po-chia hsia

Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660–1815edited by stewart j . brown and timothy tackett

World Christianities c. 1815–c. 1914edited by brian stanley and sheridan gilley

World Christianities c. 1914–c. 2000edited by hugh mcleod






THE CAMBR IDGE

HI STORY OF

CHRISTIANITY

*

VOLUME 4

Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500

*

Edited by

MIRI RUBINand

WALTER SIMONS






www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521811064

© Cambridge University Press 2009

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no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2009

Printed in the United Kingdom by Print on Demand, orld ide

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

isbn 978-0-521-81106-4 hardback

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2015rd printing

University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

3

W W






Contents

List of illustrations page xiList of maps xii

List of contributors xiiiAbbreviations xv

Maps xvi

Introduction 1

miri rubin and walter s imons

part iINSTITUTIONS AND CHANGE: 1100–1200 9

1 . Clerical purity and the re-ordered world 11henrietta leyser

2 . The bishops of Rome, 1100–1300 22anthony perron

3 . Religious poverty and the search for perfection 39beverly mayne kienzle

4 . Monastic and religious orders, c. 1100–c. 1350 54brian patrick mcguire

part iiFORGING A CHRISTIAN WORLD, 1200–1300 73

5 . The theological frameworklesley smith 75

vii






6 . The legal underpinnings 89anders winroth

7 . Material support I: parishes 99brig itte resl

8 . Material support II: religious orders 107janet burton

9 . The Word and its diffusion 114katherine jansen

part ii iTHE ERECTION OF BOUNDARIES 133

10 . Christians and Jews 135ora limor

11 . Christendom and Islam 149david nirenberg

12 . Christians and heretics 170peter biller

13 . Women and men 187megan mclaughlin

14 . Heaven, hell and purgatory: 1100–1500 200alan e. bernstein

part ivSHAPES OF A CHRISTIAN WORLD 217

15 . Sacramental life 219mir i rubin

16 . Religious soundscapes: liturgy and music 238susan boynton

Contents

viii






17 . Images and their uses 254sara lipton

18 . Mary 283rachel fulton

19 . Mysticism and transcendence 297amy hollywood

part vCHRISTIAN LIFE IN MOVEMENT 309

20 . On the margins of religious life: hermitsand recluses, penitents and tertiaries, beguines

and beghards 311walter s imons

21 . Saints and pilgrimages: new and old 324andre vauchez

22 . Crusade and conquest 340marcus bull

part viTHE CHALLENGES TO A CHRISTIAN SOCIETY 353

23 . Repression and power 355john h. arnold

24 . Faith and the intellectuals I 372joseph ziegler

25 . Faith and the intellectuals II 394michael stolz

Contents

ix






part viiREFORM AND RENEWAL 405

26 . Empowerment through reading, writing and example:the Devotio moderna 407

koen goudriaan

27 . Demons and the Christian community 420alain boureau

28 . Wycliffism and Lollardy 433kantik ghosh

29 . Observant reform in religious orders 446bert roest

30 . Public purity and discipline: states and religious renewal 458roberto rusconi

31 . The Bible in the fifteenth century 472christopher ocker

Select bibliography 494Index 557

Contents

x






Illustrations

Fig. 14.1 The Bamberg Apocalypse, Msc.Bibl.140, folio 53r, The LastJudgement reproduced by permission of Staatsbibliothek Bamberg page 203

Fig. 14.2 Illuminated initial from a Book of Hours, folio 197r, manuscript133 M 131 reproduced by permission of Koninklijke Bibliotheek,The Hague, The Netherlands 215

Fig. 15.1 Triptych of the Seven Sacraments by Rogier van der Weyden,Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, image courtesyof Reproductiefonds 220

Fig. 17.1 Oaken crucifix. Church of St.-Denis, Forest-lez-Bruxelles,Belgium, c. 1160–80. Copyright IRPA-KIK, Brussels.(Photo: IRPA-KIK, Brussels) 261

Fig. 17.2 Floreffe Bible frontispiece: exegesis of the opening versesof Job. Premonstratensian Abbey of Floreffe, Meuse Valley,Belgium, c. 1150. London, British Library add. ms. 17738, fol. 3v.(Photo: British Library) 263

Fig. 17.3 Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Amiens: intersection of naveand apse. Northern France, thirteenth century. (Photo:akg-images/Erich Lessing) 268

Fig. 17.4 Detail from commentary illustration to Rev. 16.4. Biblemoralisée, Paris, c. 1225. ÖNB/Vienna, picture archive, cod.1179, fol. 236d. (Photo: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) 273

Fig. 17.5 Christus-Johannes Group (Saint John laying his head on Jesus’breast). Swabia/Lake Constance, early fourteenth century.Munich, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Inv. Nr 65/38.(Photo: Andreas Praefcke; public domain) 275

Fig. 17.6 Ivory rosary terminal bead with embracing lovers on thefront and a hideous skeleton crawling with worms on theback. Germany, sixteenth century. New York, The MetropolitanMuseum of Art, gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917, 17.190.305.(Photo: © Metropolitan Museum of Art) 279

xi






Maps

Map 1 Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500 page xviMap 2 Universities of Europe xviiiMap 3 Italy in the late Middle Ages xxMap 4 The Low Countries, c. 1100–c. 1500 xxi

xii






Contributors

JOHN ARNOLD , School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Birkbeck, University ofLondon, UK

ALAN E. BERNSTE IN , Department of History, University of Arizona, Tucson, USAPETER B I LLER , Department of History, University of York, UKALA IN BOUREAU , École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, FranceSUSAN BOYNTON , Department of Music, Columbia University, New York, USAMARCUS BULL , Department of Historical Studies, University of Bristol, UKJ ANET BURTON , Department of History, University of Wales Lampeter, UKRACHEL FULTON , Department of History, University of Chicago, USAKANT IK GHOSH , Trinity College, University of Oxford, UKKOEN GOUDR IAAN , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The NetherlandsAMY HOLLYWOOD, Harvard Divinity School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.,USA

KATHER INE JANSEN , Department of History, Catholic University of America,Washington(D.C.), USA

BEVERLY MAYNE K IENZLE , Harvard Divinity School, Harvard University, Cambridge,Mass., USA

HENR I ETTA LEY SER , St Peter’s College, University of Oxford, UKORA L IMOR , Open University, Tel Aviv, IsraelSARA L IPTON , Department of History, State University of New York Stony Brook, StonyBrook, USA

BR IAN PATR ICK MCGUIRE , Department of History, Roskilde University Centre,Denmark

MEGAN MCLAUGHL IN , Department of History, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USADAV ID NIRENBERG , Committee on Social Thought, University of Chicago, USACHR I STOPHER OCKER , San Francisco Theological Seminary, USAANTHONY PERRON , Department of History, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles,USA

BR IG ITTE RESL , Department of History, University of Liverpool, UKBERT ROEST , Department of History, University of Groningen, The NetherlandsMIR I RUB IN , Department of History, Queen Mary, University of London, UKROBERTO RUSCON I , Università degli studi di Roma, Rome, ItalyWALTER S IMONS , Department of History, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hamp.,USA

xiii






LESLEY SM ITH , Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, UKMICHAEL STOLZ , Department of German, University of Bern, SwitzerlandANDR E VAUCHEZ , 2 rue Alasseur, Paris, FranceANDERS WINROTH, Department of History, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., USAJO SEPH Z IEGLER , Department of History, University of Haïfa, Israel

Contributors

xiv






Abbreviations

AA.SS. Acta Sanctorum, 3rd edn, Paris: Palmé, 1863–CCCM Corpus Christianorum: Continuatio mediaevalisCCSL Corpus Christianorum Series LatinaCFS Cistercian Fathers SeriesCSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorumMGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Hanover et al.: Hahn et al.,

1826–EPP EpistolaeSS ScriptoresOED Oxford English DictionaryPG Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris:

Migne, 1857–66PL Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne,

Paris: Migne, 1844–64SBO Sancti Bernardi operaSC Sources chrétiennesSCH Studies in Church History

Unless otherwise specified, all biblical references are to the Douay-Rheimsversion of the vulgate.

xv






0

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Edinburgh

NewcastleDurham

Carlisle

YorkHull

Beverley

BostonNorwichIpswich

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N o r t hS e a

Malaga Granada

Cordova ValenciaSeville

LisbonSetubal

ToledoBarcelona

Montpellier

ToulouseBayonne

Bordeaux

La Rochelle

Nantes

ParisSt Malo

Bourges

Marseille

Palermo

Messina

Naples

Rome

Oslo

CopenhagenRoskilde

Bergen

Frankfurt/Oder

Stettin

Stralsund

HamburgRostock

Lübeck

PragueRegensburg

NurembergFrankfurt/MainMainzErfurt

Augsburg

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ea

n

Avignon

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Calais

RouenAmiens

Genoa

MilanTrent

Venice

Bologna

FlorenceCortona

PistoiaPisa

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Volterra

Adriatic

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Salzburg

Ulm

Piacenza

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BasleSt Gall

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A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

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PaduaVicenza

AmsterdamRotterdam

AntwerpBruges Bergen-op-Zoom

Bilbao

Santiagode Compostela

R. PoR. Douro/Duero

R.Rhi

ne

Map 1 Western Europe c. 1100 – c. 1500






Vienna

CracowLwów

DanzigKönigsberg

Riga

Pskov

Novgorod

Dorpat

Revel

ViborgAbo

Kalmar

Thorn

B l a c k S e a

S e a

DamiettaAlexandria

Acre

Beirut

Jerusalem

Famagusta

Antioch

CYPRUS

LATER KINGDOMOF JERUSALEM

ANTIOCH

Sea

Bari

Stockholm

Falun

R. W. Dvina

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Wroclaw(Breslau)






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BourgesPoitiers

Bordeaux

Cahors

Toulouse

Montpellier AixAvignon

Orange

GrenobleValance

Lisbon

CoimbraSalamanca

Valladolid

Alcalà

Valencia

Palma

Barcelona

Gerona

Perpignan

Lérida

Huesca

SaragossaSigüenza

Turin

Genoa

Vercelli

Universities active in 1300

Universities founded 1300–1400

Universities founded 1400–1500

Map 2 Universities of Europe






Copenhagen

RostockGreifswald

Frankfurt/Oder

Uppsala

Cracow

Vienna

Buda

Poszony

Ingolstadt

LeipzigErfurt

WürzburgPrague

Verona

PaduaVenice

FerraraBologna

Florence

Siena

Rome

Perugia

NaplesSalerno

Catania

PecsTreviso

Arezzo

Mainz

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PiacenzaPalma

Pisa

Lucca






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VicenzaV E N I C E

Trieste

Ferrara

Mantua

Modena Bologna

LuccaPisa

LivornoFlorence

PratoImola

Forli

Siena

Perugia

ArezzoUrbino

RiminiCerviaRavenna

Zagonara

Ancona

Spoleto

Città diCastello

Anghiari

Viterbo

Tolfa

RomeTivoli

Terracina

Gaeta

Ponza Pozzuoli

Naples Benevento

Salerno

Barletta

Trani Bari

Taranto

Otranto

Gallipoli

CORSICA

SARDINIA

S I E N A

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Elba

FLORENCE

LUCCAM

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NO A

MONT-FERRAT

U M B R I A

ABRUZZI

TERRA DILAVORNO

PUGLIA

S I C I L Y

C ALAB

RIA

M e d i t e r r r a n e a n S e a

T y r r h e n i a n

S e a

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Map 3 Italy in the late Middle Ages






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Alkmaar

Haarlem

Leiden

Amsterdam

Utrecht Zutphen

Deventer

LeeuwardenGroningen

Münster

Cologne

AachenLiège

HuyNamur

NivellesLille

TournaiBrussels

Antwerp

Mechelen

Leuven

Sint-Truiden

Bergen-op-ZoomGoes Breda’s-Hertogenbosch

HOLLAND

ZEELAND

Delft

FRIESLAND

OVERIJSSEL

Beauvais

Paris

Reims

Verdun

Luxembourg

LUXEMBOURG

BRABANT

MECHELENFLANDERS

LIÈGE

LIÈGE

HAINAUT

STICHT GUELDERS

TOURNAISIS

NAMUR

LIMBURG

ARTOISPONTHIEU

Oignies

Map 4 The Low Countries c. 1100 – c. 1500






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