the byzantine empire & the birth of mother russia€¦ · ibn sina (980- 1037 ce) •often...
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B Y Z A N T I N E , R U S S I A N , M O N G O L , I S L A M I C , W E S T A F R I C A N , A N D S U D A N I C E M P I R E S
UNIT 3: GREAT EMPIRES OF THE WORLD AFTER THE FALL OF ROME
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U N I T I I I
THE BYZANTINE, RUSSIAN, AND MONGOL EMPIRES
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THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE, OR EAST ROMAN EMPIRE… OR WHATEVER YOU
WANT TO CALL IT!
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THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE TRACED ITS ROOTS TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE
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THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE CAPTURES THE FORMER WEST
• Justinian I (482-565) is credited for the Byzantine Empire’s recapturing of the west as a result of his status.
• Belisarius (500-565) was a General who was instrumental in the Byzantine Empire’s recapturing of the former western half of the empire.
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WHO WAS JUSTINIAN?
• Known as the “Last
Roman”
• Unpopular ruler
• Financial problems from
conquest and local
projects
• Heavily influenced
(possibly controlled) by
his wife, the Empress
Theodora
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THE BYZANTINE OR ROMAN EMPIRE?
• The Byzantine empire
used the structures left in
place by the Romans
• Most notably the law
code, sometimes
referred to as
Justinian's Code
• Amazing feats in
architecture were made
(using Greek & Roman
influence)
• The Empire hit its peak
under Justinian
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THE GREAT SCHISM
• The Bishop in
Constantinople split from
the Catholic Church.
• Disputes over communion,
priest marriage, and excommunication
• First major fractioning of
Christianity • The split would shape
Europe for centuries
• Rome no longer had any authority over the Byzantine
Empire
I Know The
Pieces Fit!
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AREAS THAT BECAME ORTHODOX
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FALL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
• Constantinople became the center for law, art, and religion
• The city was the heart of Byzantine culture
• The Empire fell in 1453 after a steady decline
• The Empire fell when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks
• The Ottomans
would change
Constantinople's name to Istanbul.
• Istanbul became an
important Islamic
city.
• The center of the
Orthodox world moved to Moscow.
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THE ORIGINS OF MOTHER RUSSIA
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KIEVAN RUS
• Kiev was a center for
trade, but susceptible to
attack.
• The Rus converted to
Byzantine Christianity.
• Kiev can be considered
the predecessor state
for modern Russia.
• Kiev was eventually
defeated by the
Mongols in 1240.
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THE MONGOLS FEAST IN MOSCOW AFTER A DECISIVE VICTORY
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MUSCOVY RUS
• Known as Appendage Russia (under the Mongols)
• Khanate of the Golden Horde
• Moscow becomes the most important economicand political Russian city under the Mongols
• Muscovite Princes become “tax collectors” • Muscovite Princes had to
be appointed my the Mongols
• Population shift to the northwest begins
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MUSCOVY RUS
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IVAN III (IVAN THE GREAT)
• Asserted Russian independence from the Mongols
• Modeled his empire after the Byzantine Empire
• Conquered and declared himself ruler of all Russian people
• Took title “Tsar” meaning Caesar
• Established the first united Russian State
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THE MONGOL EMPIRE
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THE MONGOL EMPIRE
• Established by ChinggisKhan• Declared ruler of all
Mongols in 1206
• Largest land Empire of all time by 1279
• Influenced Russia, China, and Persia• More indirectly they
affected Western Europe
• But not India…
• Like Alexander, little administration
• Ruthless but tolerant?• Religious tolerance
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THE MONGOLS IN PERSIANOTE THE WRITTEN LANGUAGE USED
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THE EMPIRE SPLIT INTO FOUR
• After the Great Khan’s death, wars over succession
were fought by descendants
• Kublai Khan established Chinese portion of the Empire
• This land was protected by water to the east
• Big advantage over the other successor states
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MARCO POLO VISITS CHINA
• Marco Polo - an Italian
explorer visited the
court of Kublai Khan
• He traveled by sea,
avoiding the Himalayas
• First European to
document his visit to
China
• Encouraged European
trade to East Asia
• Inspired the European
age of exploration
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U N I T I I I
THE RISE OF ISLAM
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MUHAMMAD THE PROPHET
• From Mecca in modern day Saudi Arabia
• Muhammad was a middle aged merchant who claimed the Angel Gabriel asked him to recite the word of God
• As a Merchant Muhammad had exposure to the ideas of Judaism and Christianity• Maybe even Persians
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MUHAMMAD TAKES POLITICAL POWER
• Mecca was already a
popular pilgrimage site
• Muhammad was kicked
out because Islam
threatened the pilgrimage
• Muhammad and his
followers went to Medina
• Prayer switches from
Jerusalem to Mecca
• Muhammad became a
political and military
leader
• 630 CE Muhammad takes
back Mecca
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THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
• Abu Bakr, Muhammad's
successor began
attacking the Byzantine
Empire and recording
the Qur'an
• A vast empire grew out
of the principles of Islam
in just 200 years
• Muhammad's
successors relentlessly
spread the religion
through military
conquest
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THE RAPID SPREAD OF ISLAM
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BASIC BELIEFS
• Conquered people do not have to convert, only pay a larger tax.• Followers of Judaism and Christianity are specifically
mentioned in the Qur’an as “people of the book”
Five Pillars of Islam
1. Shahadah- declaring there is no god except God (Allah), and Muhammad is God’s messenger
2. Salat- Prayer five times a day
3. Zekat- Giving 2.5% of one’s savings to the poor
4. Sawm- Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
5. Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca
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THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
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BASIC BELIEFS
Guiding text:
• The Qur'an
• Absolute Monotheism
• Taking care of those less
fortunate than you
• Hadiths; a collection of
sayings and stories about the
prophet Muhammad
A believer in Islam is part of the
Uma or community of believers
Islam becomes a restoration religion
• Muslims believe the Monotheisms before Muhammad had
strayed from purity
• Muslims believe Muhammad is the last prophet sent by God
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SHIA- SUNNI SPLIT
• Root of split goes back
to Muhammad's first
successor
• Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father in law became the
first Caliph
• Many wanted his son in
law, Ali to take over
• Shia Muslims believe the
Caliph should be a
descendent of
Muhammad
• Caliph means
“successor”
• Meaning Abu Bakr was
a “successor” to the
prophet
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MODERN SHIA- SUNNI DIVIDE
Today Shia Muslims make up 16% of the Islamic population
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THE ISLAMIC SPLIT HAS SERIOUS RAMIFICATIONS TODAY
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BAGHDAD: THE CENTER OF LEARNING
• The Abbasid Caliphate (750- 1258 CE) became the center for learning
• The Persian ruling class moved the capital to Baghdad• Baghdad becomes the center of learning
• Large library held the work of Greek philosophers, Greek scientist, and Buddhist and Hindu text
• Openness to foreigners and their ideas • Possibly largest blending of cultures since Hellenistic times • Brought to an end by the Mongols
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IBN SINA (980- 1037 CE)
• Often known by Latin
name Avicenna
• Gained great advances
in the field of medicine
• Created the Canon of
Medicine
• Became the standard
medical text book for
centuries
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HOW’S THIS FOR A VACATION?
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IBN BATTUTA (1304-1368 CE)
• Moroccan explorer
• Traveled the known
Muslim world
• Recorded his travels
in the Rihla
(translated to
“Journey”)
• Helped link Africa to
the Islamic World
• The most well
traveled man to date
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THE ABRAHAMIC TRADITIONS
Judaism est. around
1000 BCE Christianity est. around
40 CE
Islam est. around
600 CE
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WHAT DO THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS ALL HAVE IN COMMON?
• All three use a religious text that provide guidelines
ethical and moral behaviors as well as how to
govern believers
• Judaism- Torah
• Christians- The Bible
• Islam- The Qur'an
• All three recognize Abraham, Moses and other
figures from the old testament as important religious
figures
• All three believe in fundamental monotheism
• All three originated in the same region, and claim
several of the same cities as religious holy sites
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JERUSALEM
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FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS
Judaism
• Judaism does not actively seek converts and the
religion is associated with a group of people
Christianity
• Christians believe Jesus was the son of God (or
Messiah)
• Catholic leaders must remain unmarried
Islam
• Islam is the newest and only Abrahamic tradition to
reference the other two in the holy text
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MODERN DISTRIBUTION
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OVER HALF THE WORLD PRACTICES AN ABRAHAMIC RELIGION
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U N I T I I I
ANCIENT AFRICA
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AFRICAN RELIGION
• Traditionally African religion was Syncretic• Syncretic can be described as the blending of various ideas
• When Christianity and later Islam arrived, religions were often blended with traditional beliefs
• Can this be a conflict with a Monotheistic religion?
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SUDANIC EMPIRES
GHANA, MALI, SONGHAI
• All three started in the Sahel
region around the
headwaters of the Niger
River
• These Empires acquired
wealth in gold accumulated
in Trans-Saharan Trade
• Old world importance of
land trade
• Era of pre-European maritime
importance
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WHAT’S SO GOOD ABOUT BEING A
“MIDDLE MAN?”
• Conversion to Islam was important for trade relationships
• Arab and Berber traders had salt to the north
• Many groups to the southextracted Gold and produced Ivory
• All the trade empires successfully taxed all goods coming through the Empire.
• They were successful in receiving tribute
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GHANA EMPIRE (830-1235 CE)
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MALI EMPIRE (1230- 1600 CE)
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SONGHAI EMPIRE (1430- 1591 CE)
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TRADE NETWORKS
Salt to the north
Gold to the south
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MANSA KANKAN MUSA I (MANSA MUSA)
• Very effective ruler, divided the Empire into different provinces
• Mali became an important cultural and intellectual center under Mansa Musa
• Important City of Timbuktu
• Pilgrimage to Mecca 1324.
• Brought thousands of solders and hundreds of camels
• Flooded the Egyption gold market with tribute
• Decrease in value from 10 to 25%
• Inflation
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BANTU MIGRATIONS
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BANTU MIGRATIONS
• Long complex process
where two groups of
Bantu speakers
eventually linked up
• Bantu based languages
began to dominate the
continent
• This can still be seen today
• The Bantu people
brought new
agricultural practices to
mostly nomadic
peoples
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MODERN LANGUAGE FAMILY MAP OF AFRICA
• What language
family has the
most land?
• What is
important about
the Niger River?
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SWAHILI CITY-STATES
• A large scale ocean
trading network
developed on the
Indian Ocean
• Chinese, Indian and Arab
merchants all began
trading on the East African
coast
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SWAHILI CITY-STATES
• Swahili Culture was
born
• A blend of native Bantu
based languages and
Arabic
• Islam became the religion
of the area
• City-states such as
Zanzibar, Mombasa,
and Mogadishu
became wealthy
through trade
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COMPARED TO EUROPE
• What happens when there is plenty of land and plentiful trade?
• Europe had more blood shed and all conflict was over land
• Europe’s only source of wealth was land
• European monarchs would envy Ghana, Mali’s and Zanzibar’s resources and wealth
• Mali was an intellectual hub while Europe crawled out of the Dark Ages