the britons were celts. the celts arrived in briton around 517 bc. celtic kings (britons) ruled...
TRANSCRIPT
• The Britons were Celts. The Celts arrived in Briton around 517 BC. Celtic kings (Britons) ruled Briton before the Roman invasion around 100 BC and after the Roman rule in Briton until the arrival of the Anglo Saxons around 449.
• The history of Britain began with Roman rule. In 55–54 BC, Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar organised two expeditions to Britain.
language
• The Britons were speakers of the Brythonic (or Brittonic) languages. Brythonic languages are believed to have been spoken on the entire island of Britain
• After the Roman conquest of Britain, the British language adopted some words from Latin; hence it is sometimes termed Romano-British in this period.
• Gaelic
• Anglo Saxon
• Anglo Norman
• 1356 English
• The Romans had recently conquered Gaul, and the commander believed the Britons had been supporting the Gauls.
• Caesar did not conquer any territory, but instead brought Britain under the political influence of Rome.
• Trade relations soon developed, and taxes on trade brought more money to Rome than any conquest.
• By AD 300, almost everyone in Britannia was 'Roman', legally and culturally, even though of indigenous descent and still mostly speaking 'Celtic' dialects.
• The very first religion in the island was Pagan.
• language
• Germanic peoples from Europe—the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes—arrived in Britain in massive numbers between the 5th and 7th centuries AD
• These groups invaded and overwhelmed Roman Britain, choosing to settle on the plains of England because of the mild climate and good soils.
• These people tended to be tall, blond, and blue-eyed.
• Their language became the foundation of the basic, short, everyday words in modern English.
• Native Britons fought the great flood of Germanic peoples, and many Britons who survived fled west to the hill country.
• These refugees and native Britons were Celts who had absorbed the earliest peoples on the island, the prehistoric people known as Iberians.
• Celts tended to be shorter than Anglo-Saxons and have rounder heads.
• Most had darker hair, but a strikingly high percentage of Celts had red hair.
• After the Anglo-Saxon conquest, the Celts remained in Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the West Country (the southwestern peninsula of Britain)
• The new Anglo Saxon invaders were not organised centrally, as the Romans had been, or as the Normans would be.
• They slowly colonised northwards and westwards, pushing the native Celts to the fringes of Britain.
• Roman Britain was replaced by Anglo Saxon Britain, with the Celtic peoples remaining in Cornwall, Wales and Scotland.
• The Anglo Saxon areas eventually combined into kingdoms, and by 850 AD the country had three competing kingdoms
• The three kingdoms were Mercia, Northumbria and Wessex
• They were not only were competing between themselves, but they were also under sustained attack from Viking raids.
• by 875 the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria had succumbed. Only Wessex remained as Anglo Saxon.
• VIKINGS
• The Vikings attack Wessex in 878, and the Saxon king, Alfred had to flee.
• However he was able to regroup and counter attack.
• His efforts and those later of his son and grandsons, gradually pushed the Vikings northwards and eventually into the sea.
• On Ethelred's death in 1016, the Viking leader Cnut was effectively ruling England.
• But on Cnut's death, the country collapsed into a number of competing Earldoms under a weak king, Edward the Confessor.
• when Edward the Confessor died in 1066, Harold claimed the throne.
• So the Vikings saw a chance to regain a foothold in Britain, 1066.
• The army of King Harold of England fought against the invaders at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. The Vikings were defeated, but the battle left the Anglo-Saxons in a weakened state.
• While celebrating his victory,Herold learnt that William of Normandy had landed in southern England.
• Within 13 days Harold had marched his army some 240 miles from Yorkshire to Sussex, where the Normans were camped near Hastings.
• The ensuing Battle of Hastings was won by the Normans who were fresh, and had better archers and cavalry.
• Harold died with an arrow through his eye. William was crowned William I in London on Christmas Day 1066
• In 1066 the Normans, French-speaking invaders of Norse origin, conquered England
• William the Conqueror
• Normandy
• The Norman Conquest is of paramount importance in the history of Britain,
• connecting Britain more closely with the continent by decreasing Scandinavian influence and introducing a Norman French aristocracy.
• Britain became a powerful monarchy with an elaborate system of government, and the English language grew exponentially after the French language was adopted.
• William built many castels across the whole country.
• The uniqueness of the Norman conquest in British history is that not only did the ruler change, but also the whole of the ruling class changes,
• and there was even a new language. (Anglo Norman)
• The English nobility lost their lands
• and the new landowners built castles like Warwick and Windsor that survive to this day.
• By the time William died in 1087 around 100 major castles had been built.
• The other major legacy of William's reign is the Domesday Book.
• William wished to know the existing and potential value of his new kingdom.
• Surveyors were sent out across the whole country and their report was the massive Domesday Book which noted land down to individual landholdings
• Feodal State System starts
• Life of Lords and Barons
• Life of serfs
• Cleaning habits: They met the soap during the crusades.
• Eating Habits: Using knife when eating was considered chivalry.
• Toilet habits: up to 1800’s English like French used feather. Or used a pot. And emptied the pots through windows. It was the reason why parfume industry has developed
class distinction
• KING
• ARCBISHOP
• KNIGHTS
• BARONS
• CLERGYMAN
• PEOPLE
Becoming a knight
• There were only a few ways in which a person could become a knight. The first way was the normal course of action for the son of a noble:
• When a boy was eight years old, he was sent to the neighboring castle where he was trained as a page.
• The boy was usually the son of a knight or of a member of the aristocracy.
• He spent most of his time strengthening his body, wrestling and riding horses.
• He also learned how to fight with a spear and a sword.
• He practiced against a wooden dummie called a quintain.
• It was essentially a heavy sack or dummie in the form of a human.
• It was hung on a wooden pole along with a shield.
• The young page had to hit the shield in its center. When hit, the whole structure would spin around and around.
• The page had to maneuver away quickly without getting hit. The young man was also taught more civilized topics.
• He would be taught to read and write by a schoolmaster. He could also be taught some Latin and French.
• The lady of the castle taught the page to sing and dance and how to behave in the king’s court.
• At the age of fifteen or sixteen, a boy became a squire in service to a knight.
• His duties included dressing the knight in the morning, serving all of the knight’s meals, caring for the knight’s horse, and cleaning the knight’s armor and weapons.
• He followed the knight to tournaments and assisted his lord on the battlefield.
• A squire also prepared himself by learning how to handle a sword and lance while wearing forty pounds of armor and riding a horse.
• When he was about twenty, a squire could become a knight after proving himself worthy.
• A lord would agree to knight him in a dubbing ceremony.
• The night before the ceremony, the squire would dress in a white tunic and red robes.
• He would then fast and pray all night for the purification of his soul.
• The chaplain would bless the future knight's sword and then lay it on the chapel or church's altar.
• Before dawn, he took a bath to show that he was pure, and he dressed in his best clothes.
• When dawn came, the priest would hear the young man's confession, a Catholic contrition rite.
• The squire would then eat breakfast. • Soon the dubbing ceremony began.
• The outdoor ceremony took place in front of family, friends, and nobility.
• The squire knelt in front of the lord, who tapped the squire lightly on each shoulder with his sword and proclaimed him a knight.
• This was symbolic of what occurred in earlier times.
• In the earlier middle ages, the person doing the dubbing would actually hit the squire forcefully, knocking him over.
• After the dubbing, a great feast followed with music and dancing.
Armor
• A knight was armed and armored to the teeth.• He had so much armor and weapons that he
depended on his squire to keep his armor and weapons clean and in good working condition.
• At first the armor was made of small metal rings called chain mail.
• A knight wore a linen shirt and a pair of pants as well as heavy woolen pads underneath the metal-ringed tunic.
• A suit of chain mail could have more than 200,000 rings.
• However, chain mail was heavy, uncomfortable, and difficult to move in.
• As time passed, knights covered their bodies with plates of metal.
• Plates covered their chests, back, arms, and legs.
• A bucket like helmet protected the knight’s head and had a hinged metal visor to cover his face.
• Suits of armor were hot, uncomfortable, and heavy to wear.
• A suit of armor weighed between forty and sixty pounds.
• Some knights even protected their horses in armor.
Weapons
• A knight needed a shield to hold in front of himself during battle.
• Shields were made of either wood or metal.
• Knights decorated their shields with their family emblem or crest and the family motto.
• A knight'’s weapon was his sword, which was about thirty-two pounds.
• It was worn on his left side in a case fastened around his waist.
• A knife was worn on the knight’s right side.
• Knights used other weapons in combat as well.
• A lance was a long spear used in jousts.
• Metal axes, battle hammers, and maces were also used to defeat the enemy.
•Pads worn under the armor to help ease the weight. They were called gambesons
A rather plain medieval sword.
An example of a dagger that could have been used.
A mace used during the middle ages.
WHAT DOES A KNIGHT DO?
• He travels
• He is attached to a king, lord.
• He is dedicated to the king forever
• He serves the king or lord with all his power
• He always goes to a quest
• The most fomous and the most important quest for a knight is to find the Arthur’s lost gobbet. The name of this gobbet is “the holly grail”
CHARACTERISTICS OF A KNIGHT
• He is religious
• He is virtious
• He is well-educated
• He is able to play various musical instruments
• He is able to write poems or sing
• He is a complete man
COURTLY LOVE TRADITION
• King does not know
• Knights never talk about it
• Lady can fall in love with the knight or knows about the knights’ feelings but never give response
• Or she never know about it
• Divine love is the love of knight
THE CRUSADES
• The first crusade was launched in 1096 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jarusalem and the Holy Land and freeing the eastern christians from islamic rule.
inquisition
• knuckle-crackers
• Strech Machine
• Upside down into well and rats
• Pendulum
• Iron Maiden
PENDULUM
Iron Maiden
Iron Maiden
• Henry II – Thomas a Beckett
• Richard I – The lion hearted
• John I – Magna Carta – Robin Hood
• 100 years war – Joan of Arc
• Tudors - Henry 8
PIRATES
• Sir Walter Religh
• Black Beard
• Captain King
• Red Beard
• Slave Trade
• Bank Business
• Royal Exchange
Jolly Roger
• Elizabeth – Spanish Armada
• Ignatious Loyola - Jesuits
• James I - Daemonologie – Scotland Yard
• Witchcraft
• Witch
• Warlock
• Black Magic – Blood– Midnight– Pentegram
White Magic
Protective horns of Devil
• Knights and Knighthood
• The Knight Templar ( Roots of Masons)
• purpose to ensure the safety of the many Christians who made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem after its conquest.
• Officially endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church
• when the Holy Land was lost, support for the Order faded.
• Rumors about the Templars' secret initiation ceremony created mistrust
• King Philip IV of France began pressuring Pope Clement V to take action against them.
• In 1307, many of the Order's members in France were arrested, tortured into giving false confessions, and then burned at the stake
ULSTER
• The name is often used as a synonym for Northern Ireland
• Ulster is traditionally composed of nine counties: – three of which are part of the Republic of
Ireland with the remaining six constituting Northern Ireland.
– Belfast – The Capital
EIRE
• Éire is the nominative form in modern Irish of the name for the goddess called Ériu in Old Irish, a mythical figure who helped the Gaels conquer Ireland
• Established after Easter Uprising
• Dublin- the capital
IRA
• Irish Republican Army
• established 25 November 1913
• Sinn Féin founder Arthur Griffith
• Éamon de Valera - President of Sinn Féin
• PROVO IRA : Provisional IRA- Bombing
• OIRA : Official IRA
• IRNA: Irish National Army – Catholics
AGAINST
• UDA: Ulster Defence Association
• UFF: Ulster Freedom Fighters
• UVF : Ulster Volunteer Force
• RUC: Royal Ulster Constablary (Northern Ireland Police Dept.)
SCOTLAND
• Alba is the Scottish Gaelic name
• High Lander
• Edinburgh – the capital
• On 22 July 1706 the Treaty of Union was agreed between representatives of the Scots Parliament and the Parliament of England
• the following year twin Acts of Union were passed by both parliaments to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain with effect from 1 May 1707.
• Tartan
• Flower of Scotland is popularly held to be the National Anthem of Scotland
• The national flag of Scotland, known as the Saltire or St. Andrew's Cross
• from the 9th century, and is thus the oldest national flag still in use
• Pipe
PARLIMENTS
• UK : West Minister
• Scotland: Edinburgh
• North Ireland: Stormont
• Republic of Ireland: Dail Eireann
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
JANUARY • in Roman mythology, JANUS, the god of
doors and gateways and beginnings (which the Romans believed brought good endings).
• It is believed that this god has two faces. One to back and one to front.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
FEBRUARY
• From FEBRUA,
• the Feast of Purification, celebrated in ancient Rome.
• It was not originally included in the Roman calendar which began with March.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
MARCH • From MARS
• In Roman mythology, the god of war, one of the most important gods.
• Mars was regarded as the father of the Roman people.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
APRIL
• perhaps from the Greek Aphrodite or a pagan underworld goddess.
• Called Aprilis, from aperire, "to open". Possible because it is the month in which the buds begin to open.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
MAY
• The third month of the Roman calendar
• Named after Maia, the Roman goddess of the spring.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
JUNE • In Roman mythology, Juno, queen of the
gods and wife and sister of the god Jupiter. (ZEUS)
• She was the protector of women and was worshipped under several names.
• One of them was Hera.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHSJULY
• From JULIUS CAESAR, born in Rome on July 12 or 13 in 100 BC.
• He was the Roman general and statesman who laid the foundations of the Roman imperial system.
• In 44 BC he changed the name of the month Quintillis to Julius, after himself.
• The following year he decided (based on the advice of an astronomer) to use a purely solar calendar with 365 days.
• This calendar is known as the Julian calendar in his name.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
AUGUST • From AUGUSTUS CAESAR,
• born in 63 BC and died in 14 AD.
• He was the emperor of Rome from 27 BC until his death.
• He restored unity and orderly government to the empire after nearly a 100 years of civil wars.
• The month Sextillis was renamed Augustus after him in 45 BC.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
SEPTEMBER
• From the Latin word SEPTEM meaning 7.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
OCTOBER
• From the Latin word OCTO meaning 8.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
NOVEMBER
• From the Latin word NOVEM meaning 9.
ORIGINS OF THE MONTHS
DECEMBER
• From the the Latin word DECEM meaning 10.
Public Houses (Pubs)
• The word pub is short for public house.
• There are over 60,000 pubs in the UK (53,000 in England and Wales, 5,200 in Scotland and 1,600 in Northern Ireland).
• One of the oldest pubs, Fighting Cocks in St. Albans, Herts, is located in a building that dates back to the eleventh century
Pubs are popular social meeting places
• Pubs are an important part of British life. People talk, eat, drink, meet their friends and relax there.
• Pubs often have two bars, one usually quieter than the other, many have a garden where people can sit in the summer. Children can go in pub gardens with their parents.
• Groups of friends normally buy 'rounds' of drinks, where the person whose turn it is will buy drinks for all the members of the group.
• It is sometimes difficult to get served when pubs are busy: people do not queue, but the bar staff will usually try and serve those who have been waiting the longest at the bar first.
• If you spill a stranger's drink by accident, it is good manners (and prudent) to offer to buy another drink.
British Beer
• Most pubs belong to a brewery (a company which makes beer) but sell many different kinds of beer, some on tap (from a big container under the bar) and some in bottles.
• The most popular kind of British beer is bitter, which is dark and served at room temperature (not hot, not cold).
• British beer is brewed from malt and hops.
• More popular today though is lager, which is lighter in colour and served cold. Guinness, a very dark, creamy kind of beer called a stout, is made in Ireland and is popular all over Britain.
• In the West of England, cider made from apples, is very popular. Like wine, it is described as sweet or dry, but is drunk in beer glasses and can be stronger than beer.
• Beers are served in "pints" for a large glass and "halves" for a smaller one.
• Pubs sell soft drinks as well as alcohol
• Although most people think pubs are places where people drink alcohol, pubs in fact sell soft drinks (non alcoholic) drinks too.
Opening Hours
• British pubs are required to have a licence, which is difficult to obtain, and allows the pub to operate for up to 24 hours. Most pubs are open from 11 to 11.
Pub Names
• Pubs have traditional names which date back over 600 years.
• Some typical names are The Chequers, The White Swan, The Crown, The King's Arms, The Red Lion and The White Horse.
• People often refer to the pub by its name when giving directions:Turn left at the Rose and Crown. There is usually a sign outside the pub showing the pub's name with a picture.
Games
• Various games,
• especially darts, are common features of pubs
• Pool
• Fruit machines
Customs• Customs in British pubs differ from those
in American bars. • In Britain, you must go to the bar to order
drinks and food and pay for your purchase immediately, there is no table service.
• Bartenders are called "landlords" and "barmaids" and they do not expect frequent tipping.
• To tip a landlord or barmaid, it is customary to tell him to "would you like a drink yourself?"
Social Class System in Britain
• The British society is often considered to be divided into three main groups of classes:
• the Upper Class,
• the Middle Class, and the
• Lower or Working Classs
• The Upper Classes tends to consist of people with inherited wealth, and includes some of the oldest families, with many of them being titled aristocrats.
• The upper classes are not only defined by their title, but also by their education, and their pastimes which includes the traditional sporting life involving hunting, shooting and fishing, as well as a great deal of horse riding for both leisure and as a competitive pursuit.
• The Middle Classes are the majority of the population of Britain today.
• They include industrialists, professionals, businesspeople and shop owners.
• Working class people are mostly agricultural, mine and factory workers.
Status
• You can tell which class people belong to by the way they speak (accent), their clothes, their interests, the way that they educate their children, or even the type of food they eat
Houses of Parliament
HOUSE OF LORDS
• The house of Lords is made up of people who have inherited family titles and those who have been given titles because of their outstanding work in one field or another.
• There are 675 members of the Lords• The main job of the Lords is to double
check new laws to make sure they are fair and will work.
HOUSE OF LORDS
HOUSE OF LORDS
House of Commons
• The House of Commons has 659 members who have been elected by local residents to represent an area of the country in Parliment.
• The members are called MPs (Member of Parliment)
• Each MP represents one of 659 areas in the UK• Is a member of political party such as New
Labour and Conservative Party
House of Commons
Intresting Fact
• No King or Queen has entered the House of Commons since 1642, when Charles I stormed in with his soldiers and tried to arrest five members of parliament who were there.
THE QUEEN
• The Queen is the official Head of State
• Britain has a constitutional monarchy where the Queen only rules symbolicaly.
• In reality power belons to Parliament.
• Although the Queen opens the Parliament and each year and laws are passed in her name, the Queen herself plays no part in determining decisions made in Parliament.
SPECIAL DAYS
Shrove Tuesday
• In the UK, Shrove Tuesday is also known as Pancake day because it is the one day of the year when almost everyone eats a pancake.
• Shrove Tuesday always falls 47 days before Easter Sunday
• The name Shrove comes from the old word “shrive” which means to confess.
• On Shrove Tuesday, in the middle ages, people used to confess their sins so that they were forgiven before the season of Lent began.
LENT
• The fourty days (not counting sundays) before Easter is known as Lent.
• This is the time of year in England when the days begin to lenghten with coming of spring.
• Lent was a time for spring-cleaning lives as well as homes.
LENT
• Lent begins on Ash Wednesday, the day after Pancake day, six and half weeks before Easter Day.
• The last week of lent begins with Palm Sunday, which celebrates the day Jesus entered Jarusalem and the people lay down plams at his feet.
LENT
• Lent lasts 40 days and end the day before Easter Sunday.
• The 40 days mark the 40 years of the Israelites going through the desert and the traditional 40 days of Jesus fasting in the desert.
LENT
• During Lent Christians used to fast
• Now some people try to give up their favorite food such as chocolate.
• The Orthodox Church keeps Lent more strickly and they do not eat.
ASH WEDNESDAY
• Lent begins with ash Wednesday
• Ash Wednesday is a day of penitence to clean the soul before the Lent fast.
• Christians use ash as a symbol of being sorry for things they have done wrong and want to get rid of forever.
• Christiand rubbes ashes on their foreheads
ASH WEDNESDAY
• Using ashes to mark the cross on the believer’s forehead symbolises that through Christ’s death and resurrection, all Christians can be free from sin.
• Palm crosses are burned for ashes. (palm Sunday)
EASTER
• Easter is the most important and the oldest Christian festival, the celebration of death and coming to life again of Jesus.
• Easter is the story of Jesus’ last days in Jerusalem before his death.
EASTER
• Easter story includes Maundy Thursday (the last supper leading to the Eucharist)
• includes Good Friday (the day on which Jesus was crucified)
• And includes Easter Day (the day on which Jesus came back to life)
• Falls between March 22 and April 25
EASTER
• Pagan traditions give us the English word “Easter”
• Comes from the word “Eostre”
• The Anglo-Saxon word for April was “Eostre Monath” (the month of openings)
EASTER
• It should be remembered that Christians celebrated the resurrection of Christ long before the word “Easter” was used.
• The word they used was “Pascha”
• Pascha was derived from and linked to Jewish Festival of Passover
EASTER
• Bede notes that the month April was named after the Anglo - Saxon goddess Eostre
• Rituals related to goddess Eostre focus on new beginnings, symbolized by the Easter egg and fertility which is symbolized by the hare (easter bunny)
EASTER EGG AND HARE
• An Anglo-Saxon legend tells how the Saxon goddess Eostre found a wounded bird and transformed it into a hare, so that it could survive the Winter.
• The hare found it could lay eggs, so it decorated each Spring and left them as offereing to the goddess.
• Easter egg symbolises new life
GOOD FRIDAY
• It is the Friday before Easter Sunday
• On this day Jesus was crucified
• Public holdiday in UK
• Some people fast
• It is traditional to eat warm “hot cross buns” (spicy, sweet, fruity)
PALM SUNDAY
• The day Jesus arrived in Jerusalem
• Palm Sunday is a time of celebration as well as sadness because Jesus died on a cross less than a week after he had entered Jerusalem.
• The Sunday before Easter
PALM SUNDAY
• Great crowds of people lined the streets waving palm branches to welcome him.
• It was a passover fest day
• They shouted “hosanna” (save us now)
• We wave flags at paredes, they waved palm branches
TWELFTH NIGHT
• It is the night that all Christmas decorations should be removed so as not to bring bad luck upon the home.
• If the decorations are not removed by then, they should stay up all year.
TWELFTH NIGHT
• Long ago it was thought that leaving the decorations up would couse a disaster.
• People believed that tree-sprits lived in greenery they decorated their houses with.
• The greenery was brought into the house to provide a safe haven for the tree sprits during the harsh midwinter days.
TWELFTH NIGHT
• Once this period was over it was necessary to return the greenery back outside to release the tree-spirits into the country side once again.
• Failure to do this would mean that vegetation would not be able to start growing again (spring would not return) leading to an agricultural disaster.
TWELFTH NIGHT
• It was also thought that, if you left the greenery in the house, the tree-spirits would cause mischief in the house until they were released.
Public Holidays /Bank Holidays
• Generally, public holidays include bank holidays, holidays by Royal Proclamation and 'common law holidays'.
• Banks are not allowed to operate on bank holidays.
• When public holidays in the Christmas and New Year period fall on Saturdays and Sundays, alternative week days are declared public holidays.
• British bank holidays are Public Holidays and have been recognized since 1871. The name Bank Holiday comes from the time when banks were shut and so no trading could take place.
British National Anthem
• The National Anthem is God Save the Queen.
• The British National Anthem originated in a patriotic song first performed in 1745.
• It became known as the National Anthem from the beginning of the nineteenth century.
British National Anthem
• On official occasions, only the first verse is usually sung, as follows:
• God save our gracious Queen! Long live our noble Queen! God save the Queen! Send her victorious, Happy and glorious, Long to reign over us, God save the Queen.
Buckingham Palace
• Buckingham Palace is where the Queen lives.
• Buckingham Palace is the Queen's official and main royal London home.
• It has been the official London residence of Britain's monarchy since 1837.
• Queen Victoria was the first monarch to live there.
BREAKFAST
• Most people around the world seem to think a typical English breakfast consists of eggs, bacon, sausages, fried bread, mushrooms and baked beans all washed down with a cup of coffee.
• Now-a-days, however, a typical English breakfast is more likely to be a bowl of cereals, a slice of toast, orange juice and a cup of coffee.
• The traditional English breakfast consists of eggs, bacon, sausages, fried bread, baked beans and mushrooms. Even though not many people will eat this for breakfast today, it is always served in hotels and guest houses around Britain.
LUNCH
• Many children at school and adults at work will have a 'packed lunch'.
• This typically consists of a sandwich, a packet of crisps, a piece of fruit and a drink.
• The 'packed lunch' is kept in a plastic container.
LUNCH
• favourite sandwich is prawn and mayonaise.
• tuna and mayonaise and ham and pickle sandwiches.
DINNER
• The evening meal is usually called 'tea', 'dinner' or 'supper'
• A typical British meal for dinner is meat and "two veg".
• They put hot brown gravy, traditionally made from the juices of the roast meat (but more often today from a packet!) on the meat and usally the vegetables.
• One of the vegetables is almost always potatoes.
Fish and Chips
• Fish and chips is the classic English take-away food and is the traditional national food of England.
• It became popular in the 1860's when railways began to bring fresh fish straight from the east coast to the our cities over night.
• The fish is deep fried in flour batter and is eaten with chips.
• Traditionally, the fish and chips are covered with salt and malt vinegar and, using your fingers, eaten straight out of the newspaper which they were wrapped in.
• Now-a-days small wooden forks are provided and the fish and chips are wrapped in more hygienic paper.
BRITISH FOOD
British food has traditionally been based on beef, lamb, pork, chicken and fish and generally served with potatoes and one other vegetable.
• The most common and typical foods eaten in Britain include the sandwich, fish and chips, pies like the cornish pasty, trifle and roasts dinners.
• Some of their main dishes have strange names like Bubble & Squeak and Toad-in-the-Hole(sausages covered in batter and roasted.)
Toad-in-the-Hole
Steak and Kidney Pie with chips and salad
Cornish Pastie with chips, baked beans and salad
Chicken Salad
Traditional Drinks in England
• Tea • Britain is a tea-drinking nation. Every day
we drink 165 million cups of the stuff and each year around 144 thousand tons of tea are imported.
• Tea in Britain is traditionally brewed in a warmed china teapot, adding one spoonful of tea per person and one for the pot. Most Britons like their tea strong and dark, but with a lot of milk.
Interesting Fact
• Years ago, the milk was poured into the cup first, so as not to crack the porcelain.
The traditional way of making tea
• Boil some fresh cold water. (We use an electric kettle to boil water)
• Put some hot water into the teapot to make it warm.
• Pour the water away • Put one teaspoon of tea-leaves per person, and
one extra tea-spoon, into the pot. • Pour boiling water onto the tea. • Leave for a few minutes. • Serve
• If someone asks you if you 'would like a cuppa', they are asking if you would like a cup of tea.
• If someone says 'let me be mother' or 'shall I be mother', they are offering to pour out the tea from the teapot.
AFTERNOON TEA
• The traditional 4 o'clock tea • Afternoon tea became popular about one
hundred and fifty years ago, when rich ladies invited their friends to their houses for an afternoon cup of tea.
• They started offering their visitors sandwiches and cakes too.
• Soon everyone was enjoying Afternoon tea.
HIGH TEA
• The traditional 6 o'clock tea
• The British working population did not have Afternoon Tea.
• They had a meal about midday, and a meal after work, between five and seven o'clock.
• This meal was called 'high tea' or just 'tea'.
• Coffee
• Coffee is now as popular in Britain as tea is. People either drink it with milk or have it black and either have freshly- made coffee or instant coffee.
• Bitter
• Britain is also well known for its ale which tends to be dark in appearance and heavier than lager. It is known as "bitter"
• Wine
• Britain's wine industry is growing from strength to strength and we now have over 300 wine producers.
• A growing number of British vineyards are now producing sparkling white wine as well as full bodied red wine.
• There are over 100 vineyard in Kent.
Cockney Rhyming Slang
• Cockney Rhyming slang is a coded language invented in the nineteenth century by Cockneys so they could speak in front of the police without being understood.
What or who is a Cockney?
• A cockney traditionally is a person born within hearing distance of the sound of Bow bells, meaning within the sound of the bells of the Church of St Mary Le Bow in Cheapside, London, EC2 and refers to an East London accent, however to most people living outside London the term Cockney means a Londoner.
Examples of Cockney Rhyming Slang
• Cockney : Adam and Eve
• Meaning: Believe
• Example: I don't Adam and Eve it!
• Apples and Pears
• Stairs
• Get your Bacons up the Apples and Pears
• Barnet Fair
• Hair
• I have just got my Barnet chopped.
• Danny Marr
• Car
• I'll give you a lift in the Danny.
Slang Words
• Bloke - man.'John is a nice bloke to know.'
• Botched - poor quality repairs.'He made a botched job of fixing the television.'
• Bottle - courage.'He doesn't have the bottle to ask her.'
• Cheesed Off - fed up
• Daft - Crazy / stupid
• Dosh - Money / cash 'I haven't got much dosh to give you.'
• Gobsmacked - Incredibly amazed.'I was gobsmacked when I saw my birthday presents.'
• Jammy - Used in place of lucky when describing someone else. 'He was very jammy winning the lottery'.
• Scrummy - Delicious. Shortened from scrumptious.'The food was very scrummy'
• Skint - Broke. No money.'I'm skint, I wont be able to buy the DVD today.'
• to Snog - to long kiss• Telly - Television
'I watched the news on the telly last night.'
Royal Coat of Arms
• On the left, the shield is supported by the English Lion
• On the right it is supported by the Unicorn of Scotland.(The unicorn is chained because in mediaeval times a free unicorn was considered a very dangerous beast (only a virgin could tame a unicorn)
Mottos
• Dieu et mon droit(God and my right)
• Honi soit qui mal y pense('Evil to him who evil thinks')
EMBLEMS OF BRITAIN
• England - St. George and the Rose • The national flower of England is the rose.
The flower has been adopted as England’s emblem since the time of the Wars of the Roses - civil wars (1455-1485) between the royal house of Lancaster (whose emblem was a red rose) and the royal house of York (whose emblem was a white rose
• Scotland - St. Andrew - the Thistle and Scottish Bluebell
• The national flower of Scotland is the thistle, a prickly-leaved purple flower which was first used in the 15th century as a symbol of defence. The Scottish Bluebell is also seen as the flower of Scotland.
• Northern Ireland - St. Patrick and the Shamrock
• The national flower of Northern Ireland is the shamrock, a three-leaved plant similar to clover.
• An Irish tale tells of how Patrick used the three-leafed shamrock to explain the Trinity.
• He used it in his sermons to represent how the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit could all exist as separate elements of the same entity.
• His followers adopted the custom of wearing a shamrock on his feast day.
VIKINGS
• The Viking people came from three countries of Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
• They were also known as the Norse people.
• They were mostly farmers, but some worked as craftsmen or traders.
• Lindisfarne, north-east England, was the place where they settled.
• Many Vikings were great travellers and sailed all over Europe and the north Atlantic Ocean in their longships. DRAKKAR
• Some went as fierce pirate raiders: they stole treasure and attacked local people.
• But most Vikings who sailed overseas were simply searching for better land for their farms.
• In 865 a 'Great Army' of Danish Vikings invaded England.
• There were fierce battles for several years. In the end the Vikings conquered all of northern, central and eastern England, and seized much of the land for their own farms.
• This area was called 'The Danelaw'.
ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF THE DAYS
• Sunday : The name comes from the Latin dies solis, meaning "sun's day“, the name of a pagan Roman holiday
• Monday: The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon monandaeg, "the moon's day". This second day was sacred to the goddess of the moon.
• Tuesday: This day was named after the Norse god Tyr.
• Wednesday :The day named to honor Wodan (Odin).
• Thursday: The day named after the Norse god Thor. In the Norse languages this day is called Torsdag.
• Friday: The day in honor of the Norse goddess Frigg.
• Saturday: This day was called dies Saturni, "Saturn's Day", by the ancient Romans in honor of Saturn. In Anglo-Saxon: sater daeg. _______
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