The BREAK-UP of YUGOSLAVIA

                                       

YugoslaviaFrom its creation in 1918 until the country broke apart in the early 1990s, Yugoslavia was a multinational state composed of many ethnic (cultural) and religious groups.

ethnic groups were dissatisfied with their status in the new state, opposed the domination of one ethnic group, the Serbs, and called for greater national and political rights. The country's economy was unstable

Two of these groups were the fascists, who believed in a strong central government headed by a dictator, or sole ruler, and the communists, who believed that goods and services should be owned and distributed among the people.

Yugoslavia

1945communists were able to deal with national aspirations by creating a federation of six equal republics - Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia.

In Serbia the two provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina were given autonomous status.

Restored economic stability post WWII

Yugoslavia

national and ethnic tensions increased due to unequal development and a growing burden of debt.

communist leader, Tito, held Yugoslavia together from post WWII until his death in 1980.

Marshall Tito- 1st Yugoslavian President

Slovene/Catholic 91%Croat/Catholic 3%Serb/E Ortho 2%

Croat/Catholic 78%Serb/E Ortho 12%

Serb/ E Ortho 63%Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6%Albanian/Muslim 14%Hungarian/Catholic 4%

Muslims (43.7%)Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)

66% Macedonian/E Ortho23% Albanian/Muslim2% Serb/E Ortho4% Turk/Muslim

Patterns of Ethnic Settlement

Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up

Bosnia: 40% ofurban couplesethnically mixed

“Autonomous” Provinces in Yugoslavia

VojvodinaHungarian and Catholic majority

KosovoAlbanian and Muslim majority (90%)

Yugoslavia

Yugoslav Federation was falling apart. Nationalism had once again replaced communism as the dominant force in the Balkans.

Slovenia and Croatia break away from YugoslaviaRenewed conflict with Serbia due to break away

The war in Croatia led to hundreds of thousands of refugees.

1992

croatia

Bosnia Bosnia Bosnia had declared independence from Yugoslavia.Geographic middle of YugoslaviaIt was an example of a truly multi-ethnic society with no majority

• Muslims (43.7%)• Croats (17.3%) • Serbs (31.4 %)

The population consisted of large ethnic groups

• Linked to Serbia and Croatia• Serbia and Croatia wanted these people and their

lands to join Serbia and Croatia respectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

The Serbs who lived there were determined to remain within Yugoslavia and to help build a greater Serbia.

Muslims were driven from their homes in carefully planned operations that become known as 'ethnic cleansing'.

Serbia and Croatia wanted Bosnian people and their lands to join Serbia and Croatia respectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia.

Bosnia

Slovenia (West)Slovene/Catholic 91%Croat/Catholic 3%Serb/E Ortho 2%

Croatia (West)Croat/Catholic 78%Serb/E Ortho 12%

Macedonia (East)66% Macedonian/E Ortho23% Albanian/Muslim2% Serb/E Ortho4% Turk/Muslim

Serbia and Montenegro (incorporated Vojvodina and Kosovo) (East)

Serb/ E Ortho 63%Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6%Albanian/Muslim 14%Hungarian/Catholic 4%

Bosnia and Hercegovina (Central)

Muslims (43.7%)Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)

Ethnic and Religious Make-up

Key to the conflictKey to the conflict

• Slobodan Milosevic• Former president of Serbia and Yugoslavia

– purged moderates – played upon old fears/animosities – engaged in specific policies designed to

–perpetuate the fear and –SEGREGATE the populations and

REDRAW national boundaries to their own advantage

– specifically calculated the West’s inability/reluctance to get involved

                                       

                                  

QUOTES

"Vested interests are behind this [the world's outrage], and of course a very well-organized and well-paid media war. Today in Europe it is normal for the Vatican or Austria and Germany to support Croats. It's not normal if Serbs are supporting Serbs."

MILOSEVIC

                                  

Dayton Peace Accord

Single Bosnia state (country)divided into two self-governing entities w/in Bosnia: Croat-Muslim Federation and Bosnian Serb Republic (2 republics)aims were to bring about the reintegration of Bosnia and to protect the human rightsDid not reverse effects of ‘ethnic cleansing’

NATO implementation force (IFOR) to enforce provisions and ensure electionsWar crime tribunal

ETHNIC MIX BEFORE THE

WAR

After Dayton Accords

Before the War

REFUGEES