the brainy and the beast. how do we study the brain? phineas gage tamping iron through the brain
TRANSCRIPT
The Brainy and the Beast
How do we Study the Brain?
• Phineas Gage
• Tamping iron through
the brain
PET scans
• Positron Emission Tomography
• Radioactive substance given to patient
fMRI
• Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Uses blood oxygen levels
• No injections
• Different parts of the brain have different functions.
• Broca’s Area- speech and language
• Wernicke’s Area- language
Comprehension
• Hippocampus -
memory
Criminal Minds
• Do they think differently?
• Id, ego, superego
Cerebrum – START NOTES
• The “higher” brain
• Conscious thought, memory, learning
• Personality to some extent
Thalamus
• Relay Station- sensory impulses go up and motor impulses go down
• Deep pain, temperature, touch
Hypothalamus
• Cardiovascular regulation• Body-temperature regulation• Regulation of water and electrolyte balance• Regulation of hunger and GI activity• Regulation of sleeping and waking• Sexual Response• Emotions• Endocrine functions
Midbrain
• Connection for motor pathways
• Corpora Quadrigemina- reflex centers involving vision and hearing
Pons
• Connects the CNS.
• White matter, sends messages
Medulla Oblongata
• Visceral Reflexes- heart rate, blood pressure and breathing
• Pyramids- where crossover happens
Brain Stem
• Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
• Intoxication
• Brain Dead
Cerebellum
• Coordination of motor activities
• Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Divisions of the Cerebrum
• Right and Left hemispheres (longitudinal fissure)
• Frontal lobe- personality• Parietal lobe- sensory• Occipital lobe- vision
• Temporal lobe-speech and language
Gray Matter
• Clusters of cell bodies, enable them to talk to each other and make decisions
• Many cell bodies and synapses to integrate info.
White Matter (deep inside)
• Has myelinated fibers to transfer information quickly
• Connects both hemispheres- Corpus callosum
Protective Coverings END NOTES
• SKIN
• Perisiosteum
• Brain has flat bones for protection
• The meninges – system of membranes protecting the CNS
• In mammals there are 3 layers of meninges (out to in): – the dura mater = thick durable membrane– the arachnoid mater = spider web appearance– the pia mater = thin membrane pierced by
blood vessels…nourish the brain.
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
• Formed in the ventricles of the brain
• Blood plasma is filtered through capillaries
How is CSF different from Blood?
• Blood cells, bacteria and proteins are removed
• CSF is mainly water, glucose and oxygen
• Blood-brain barrier- no blood in the brain
Movement of CSF• Passes 3rd and 4th
ventricle and enters the central canal as well as the subarachnoid space. Absorbed by the arachnoid villi at the top of the head.
Accumulation of Fluids
• Severe head injury- ruptured vessels
• Change in CSF production and re-absorption
• Hydrocephalus “water on
the brain”
You make the Diagnosis!
• You see a patient with the following symptoms:
• Cannot sit up straight
• Can’t pick small items up
• Has difficulty standing on one foot
What Area Am I?
• The patient has the following symptoms:
• Cannot remember a phone number
• Change in personality
What Area Am I?
• The patient has the following symptoms:
• Cries for no reason
• Constantly runs a low grade fever
• Has trouble sleeping
• Excessive urination
What Area Am I?
• The patient has the following symptoms:
• Can’t breathe on their own
• Low blood pressure