the brain: our control center unit ii. the three brains hindbrain – found at the rear base of the...
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The Brain:Our Control Center
Unit II
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The Three Brains
• Hindbrain – Found at the rear base of the brain & involved in the basic processes of life.– Responsible for automatic and survival functions– Three Parts• Medulla• Pons• Cerebellum
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The Three Brains• Midbrain – Located just above the hindbrain
and relays sensory information (vision & hearing) upward.– Contains the Reticular Activating System
• Forebrain – Located at the front of the brain and controls complex emotions, thoughts, and movements.– Most highly developed portion of the brain– 4 Parts• Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebrum, & Limbic System
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Three Brains
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Hindbrain• Medulla – controls breathing, heart rate,
swallowing, digestion – vital life functions• Pons – Involved in regulating body movement,
attention, sleep, alertness, and facial expressions.• Cerebellum – Involved in balance and
coordination.– Effected by alcohol (DUI test)
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Midbrain• Reticular Activating System (RAS) – Stretches
from the hindbrain through the midbrain into the lower part of the forebrain.– The “ignition” system of the brain– Coordinates basic sensory information involving
attention, sleep, & arousal (heart rate/blood pressure)– Damage to the RAS can result in a permanent coma.– “Adapts” to sounds (ex. Sounds in the city)– Alcohol reduces activity
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Midbrain
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Forebrain• Thalamus – Relay station for sensory stimulation– Sorts & sends messages from the sense organs to the
cerebral cortex for interpretation.• Hypothalamus – regulates vital functions – body
temperature (homeostasis), storage of nutrients, motivation, and emotion– Hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, caring for offspring and
aggression are regulated.– Controls the release of hormones from the pituitary
gland.
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Forebrain• Cerebrum – 70% of the brain’s weight– Receives sensory information– Transmits voluntary (conscious) motor information– Cerebral Cortex – the thinking center of the brain• Wrinkled surface of the brain• Involved in memory, language, emotions, complex motor
functions, perception, etc.
– Corpus Callosum – Connects the two brain hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
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Forebrain
• Limbic System – Located in the core of the forebrain on the inner edge of the cerebrum– Involved in learning & memory, emotion, hunger,
sex & aggression– Two Structures:• Amygdala
– Memory during emotional events– Fear & Aggression
• Hippocampus– Memory Formation
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Brain Lobes• Occipital Lobe (Back Of The Brain)– Main center for visual processing– Enables experiencing shapes, color, and motion.– Damage can cause blindness
• Parietal Lobes (Top & Rear)– Involved in touch sensation (integrates sensory
systems)– Touch, Temperature, & Pressure– Damage can destroy sense of touch
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Brain Lobes• Temporal Lobe (Side, Behind Ears)– Hearing/Auditory Area• Wernicke’s Area
– Involves the understanding of written & spoken language– Damage results in difficulty understanding written/spoken language– Can speak quickly & easily but speech often makes no sense
• Broca’s Area– Involves the production of speech– Damage involves difficulty speaking
• Damage to areas causes “aphasia”– Trouble understanding/Producing Language
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Brain Lobes
• Frontal Lobe (behind forehead)– Executive Center – Higher Mental Processes• Planning, Social Skills, Emotional Control, Problem
Solving & Abstract Thinking
– Motor Skills - Involved in the coordination of movement
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Cerebral Hemispheres
• Corpus Callosum – Collection of nerve bundles that carries messages between the two hemispheres
• Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.– Ex. Left hemisphere controls right side of the body
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Cerebral Hemispheres• Lateralization – Specialization of a
hemisphere in a particular function– Left Hemisphere – Generally
handles verbal processing, language, speech, reading & writing
– Right Hemisphere – Generally handles nonverbal processing, spatial relations, music, and visuals
– People often thought of as “right or left-brained”• Misconception
• Primary sensory & motor areas are symmetrical.
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“Left-Brained” Or “Right-Brained”
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Split Brain Patients
• Patients who suffer from severe epileptic seizures have their corpus callosum severed
• Epileptic Seizures – Bursts of abnormal neuron firings that generally occur in one hemisphere and then spread to the other
• Subtle effects on brain functions– Ex. Able to describe verbally an
object in their left hand but not in their right hand.
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Accidents
• Phineas Gage– 3.5 foot rod shot through his skull– Survived but extreme personality change– Shows that certain parts of the brain control
certain aspects of our personality
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Studying The Brain
–Computerized axial tomography (CAT Scan)• X-rays beam around the head (3D view)• Pinpoints injuries and brain deterioration
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Studying The Brain
– Position Emission Topography (PET Scan)• Can see which areas
of the brain are activated when performing tasks• A radioactive solution
is injected into the body• Shows activity vs
snapshot
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Studying The Brain
– Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)• Can see structures in detail, hard to see areas• Magnetic fields and radio waves • More powerful than CAT scan, “slice images”
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Studying The Brain
• Electroencephalograph (EEG)– Measures electrical activity of brain using small
electrodes pasted to you scalp– The rhythmical patterns produced are “brain
waves”
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Brain Lobes
• Frontal Lobe (behind forehead)– Executive Center – Higher Mental Processes• Planning, Social Skills, Emotional Control, Problem
Solving & Abstract Thinking
– Motor Skills - Involved in the coordination of movement