THE BIRTH OFTHE BIRTH OF THE THE ««SEVENTH ART.SEVENTH ART.»»

The project was made by the pupil The project was made by the pupil Of the 11-th grade Of the 11-th grade

Malko Alina.Malko Alina.Teacher- Karuna Olga Yuryevna.Teacher- Karuna Olga Yuryevna.

Garovka 2.Garovka 2.

The twentieth century may be called

the century of film making.

Cinema and TV films have become an

important part of our lives.

But not everyone knows when and

how cinematography appeared.

Can you imagine life without films or television,Can you imagine life without films or television, cinema's little sister? Today we can watch television 24 cinema's little sister? Today we can watch television 24 hours a day, we can go to the cinema or put a cassette hours a day, we can go to the cinema or put a cassette into our video when we want.into our video when we want. We can even make video We can even make video

films ourselves.films ourselves. But imagine the surprise and the shock that people felt But imagine the surprise and the shock that people felt

when they saw the first films in 1895! There was no when they saw the first films in 1895! There was no sound, no color and the films were very short: they lasted sound, no color and the films were very short: they lasted from 60 to 90 seconds! Besides, they did not tell a story. from 60 to 90 seconds! Besides, they did not tell a story.

They were glimpses of real life: a military parade, a They were glimpses of real life: a military parade, a running horse, a boxing match, the ocean... One of the running horse, a boxing match, the ocean... One of the

first films showed a train coming towards the camera. The first films showed a train coming towards the camera. The audience panicked and ran away! The frightened people audience panicked and ran away! The frightened people

were sure that the train was coming into the theatre.were sure that the train was coming into the theatre. The early films were shown in music halls, theatres, The early films were shown in music halls, theatres,

cafes and even shops. Travelling projecticafes and even shops. Travelling projectiооnists brought nists brought the films to smaller cities and country towns.the films to smaller cities and country towns.

Many people contributed to the invention of the cinema — the Many people contributed to the invention of the cinema — the brothers Louis Jean and Auguste Lumiere in France; Thomas brothers Louis Jean and Auguste Lumiere in France; Thomas Alva Edison in the United States; William Friese-Creene and Alva Edison in the United States; William Friese-Creene and Robert W. Paul in Great Britain. As a result, several different Robert W. Paul in Great Britain. As a result, several different

types of motion-picture cameras and projectors appeared in the types of motion-picture cameras and projectors appeared in the mid-1890s.The French Lumiere brothers were the first to show a mid-1890s.The French Lumiere brothers were the first to show a

film in public. It happened on December 28, 1895 in the basement film in public. It happened on December 28, 1895 in the basement of a Paris cafe. During 1896 the Lumieres made more than 40 of a Paris cafe. During 1896 the Lumieres made more than 40

films! They showed everyday French life: the arrival of a train, a films! They showed everyday French life: the arrival of a train, a game of cards, the activity of a street life... The Lumieres also game of cards, the activity of a street life... The Lumieres also

made the first newsreel, a film of the French Photographic Society made the first newsreel, a film of the French Photographic Society Conference, and the first comedy shot.Conference, and the first comedy shot.

One of the earliest motion-picture One of the earliest motion-picture machines was Kinetoscope machines was Kinetoscope invented by Thomas A. Edison and invented by Thomas A. Edison and W. Dickson. It was a cabinet W. Dickson. It was a cabinet showing unenlarged black-and-showing unenlarged black-and-white films running about 90 white films running about 90 seconds. An individual watched seconds. An individual watched through a peep hole as the film through a peep hole as the film moved on spools. Kinetoscope moved on spools. Kinetoscope parlours opened in several cities. parlours opened in several cities. However, they were soon replaced However, they were soon replaced by projection machines that threw by projection machines that threw greatly enlarged pictures on a greatly enlarged pictures on a screen. These new machines screen. These new machines allowed many people to watch one allowed many people to watch one film at the same time.film at the same time.

Pioneers of the Russian cinema are Pioneers of the Russian cinema are Protazanov, Gardin, Bauer, and later Protazanov, Gardin, Bauer, and later

Eisenstein, Pudovkin, Dovzhenko. The first Eisenstein, Pudovkin, Dovzhenko. The first films in the West were mainly melodramas films in the West were mainly melodramas

or comedies. In Russia, they were very or comedies. In Russia, they were very often historical films or screen versions of often historical films or screen versions of

the best novels.the best novels.

IS IT ART?IS IT ART?

The cinema was the perfect popular The cinema was the perfect popular entertainment. It was not expensive and,entertainment. It was not expensive and,

at first, the audience consisted mainly of at first, the audience consisted mainly of workers. The rich and intellectual classes workers. The rich and intellectual classes ignored it. They didn't think it was art. For ignored it. They didn't think it was art. For example, the London example, the London Times Times wrote about wrote about

one of the Lumiere brothers' first shows in one of the Lumiere brothers' first shows in 1896 and didn't mention the cinema again 1896 and didn't mention the cinema again

until 1904!until 1904!

FILMS BEGIN TO TELL FILMS BEGIN TO TELL STORIESSTORIES

Gradually films became longer and started to tell stories. Gradually films became longer and started to tell stories. Edwin S. Porter was one of the first directors who made Edwin S. Porter was one of the first directors who made such a film in 1903. It was such a film in 1903. It was The Great Train Robbery, The Great Train Robbery, the the first Western in the history of the cinema. It told a primitive first Western in the history of the cinema. It told a primitive but dramatic story about bandits holding up a train. Gilbert but dramatic story about bandits holding up a train. Gilbert M. Anderson (Bronco Billy) played in this film, as he said, M. Anderson (Bronco Billy) played in this film, as he said, 'everything but the camera'. He rode a horse. He was a 'everything but the camera'. He rode a horse. He was a passenger on the train who was killed and he was also the passenger on the train who was killed and he was also the bandit who shot him. This 11-minute film became a bandit who shot him. This 11-minute film became a sensational hit. Porter's film and the storytelling films that sensational hit. Porter's film and the storytelling films that followed made the cinema still morefollowed made the cinema still more popular. In the United popular. In the United States, 'nickelodeons' began to appear.States, 'nickelodeons' began to appear.

Nickelodeons' were cinemas where Nickelodeons' were cinemas where people paid a nickel (5 cents) to seepeople paid a nickel (5 cents) to see several short films. It was much cheaper several short films. It was much cheaper than other entertainments and everybody than other entertainments and everybody could afford it.could afford it.

As soon as the films learned to tell stories, As soon as the films learned to tell stories, they began to film the classics.they began to film the classics.

Silent films had orchestras, organists or Silent films had orchestras, organists or pianists. Later, printed titles were pianists. Later, printed titles were invented. The titles gave dialogue, invented. The titles gave dialogue, descriptions of action, or commentary.descriptions of action, or commentary.

The Western was the only The Western was the only type of early film which type of early film which

was unique to the cinema. was unique to the cinema. People knew comedies, People knew comedies, romances, police stories romances, police stories

and melodramas from the and melodramas from the theatre. But the Western theatre. But the Western was new, and especially was new, and especially

popular with children.popular with children.

SPECIAL EFFECTSSPECIAL EFFECTS

Film-makers soon learned how to use special effects. The Film-makers soon learned how to use special effects. The first known special effect was created in 1895 by Alfred first known special effect was created in 1895 by Alfred Clark in Clark in The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. It was a It was a simple trick: the camera was stopped and the actress simple trick: the camera was stopped and the actress replaced with a doll.replaced with a doll.

In Europe, special effects were developed by a French film-In Europe, special effects were developed by a French film-maker Georges Melies. A professional magician by trade, maker Georges Melies. A professional magician by trade, Melies made a lot of interesting experiments.Melies made a lot of interesting experiments.

Between 1896 and 1913 he produced, directed and acted in Between 1896 and 1913 he produced, directed and acted in more than 500 films! Many modern special effects can be more than 500 films! Many modern special effects can be traced to the work of this talented man. Unfortunately, most traced to the work of this talented man. Unfortunately, most of these films are lost.of these films are lost.

With special effects films become more With special effects films become more exciting, and sometimes more frightening.exciting, and sometimes more frightening.

When directors make their films, they can use When directors make their films, they can use manymany special effects. For example, in the film special effects. For example, in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit Who Framed Roger Rabbit cartoon characters cartoon characters play with live actors.play with live actors.

The world capital of filmed The world capital of filmed

entertainment Los Angeles entertainment Los Angeles

has been a lot of things over has been a lot of things over

the past 100 years. First, it the past 100 years. First, it

was a little city with orange was a little city with orange

forest and great weather. forest and great weather.

But, one day in 1908 a group But, one day in 1908 a group

of people from Chicago came to Los Angeles to shootof people from Chicago came to Los Angeles to shoot a a film. film.

Since that day a lot of Since that day a lot of directors, directors, producers, actors and producers, actors and

thousands of other workers have been coming to Los Angeles. thousands of other workers have been coming to Los Angeles.

In 1911 the first studio appeared in Hollywood (a part of In 1911 the first studio appeared in Hollywood (a part of

Los Angeles).Los Angeles).

Film-makers soon realised that Southern California'sFilm-makers soon realised that Southern California's climate climate was perfect for shooting films all the year round. And the area was perfect for shooting films all the year round. And the area had settings for nearly any film — it had mountains, desert and had settings for nearly any film — it had mountains, desert and

ocean. Soon nearly all important American studios were in ocean. Soon nearly all important American studios were in Hollywood and it becameHollywood and it became the film-making capital of the world. the film-making capital of the world. The men who ran Hollywood studios were businessmen and The men who ran Hollywood studios were businessmen and

theirtheir main aim was to make money. They soon realized that the main aim was to make money. They soon realized that the best way to do this was to standardize their films. When the best way to do this was to standardize their films. When the audience liked a certain kind of film, the studios made many audience liked a certain kind of film, the studios made many

more of exactly the same kind.more of exactly the same kind.

By the 1920s, By the 1920s, 80 percent of 80 percent of

world films world films were were

produced in produced in Hollywood.Hollywood.

Making films is expensive. On the average, it costs Making films is expensive. On the average, it costs 36 million dollars to produce a film. Some of this goes 36 million dollars to produce a film. Some of this goes

to pay the actors, and large sums can be spent on to pay the actors, and large sums can be spent on special effects. Marketing the film to the public may special effects. Marketing the film to the public may

cost another 17 million dollars...cost another 17 million dollars...

HOLLYWOOD.HOLLYWOOD.

people in different countries could see the same actors and people in different countries could see the same actors and actresses at the cinema. Their faces, and later their voices, actresses at the cinema. Their faces, and later their voices, were familiar to people in the countries they never visited.were familiar to people in the countries they never visited.

As the industry developed, it As the industry developed, it created a new phenomenon: created a new phenomenon: the international star. World the international star. World

travel was still slow and difficulttravel was still slow and difficult inin those days, but millions of those days, but millions of

It was an entirely new experience to see a 'star', someone to It was an entirely new experience to see a 'star', someone to identify with and love from a distance. All over the world, from identify with and love from a distance. All over the world, from Paris to Tokyo, from London to New York, millions of people Paris to Tokyo, from London to New York, millions of people

stood in long queues to see their favourite stars.stood in long queues to see their favourite stars.

A famous star could make any film a certain success. So the A famous star could make any film a certain success. So the studios went to great lengths to make their actors into stars. studios went to great lengths to make their actors into stars. The publicity department gave them an image, and often a The publicity department gave them an image, and often a name. They dictated the clothes the stars wore, where they name. They dictated the clothes the stars wore, where they

lived, what parties they went to...lived, what parties they went to...

The Soviet flag in Sergey Eisenstein's The Soviet flag in Sergey Eisenstein's ««Battleship Battleship PotemkinPotemkin»» was tinted red.was tinted red.

The introduction of The introduction of colour colour was less revolutionary than the was less revolutionary than the introduction of sound. The silent film soon disappeared, but introduction of sound. The silent film soon disappeared, but

the black-and-white films are made even today.the black-and-white films are made even today.

By 1916, Charlie Chaplin had what By 1916, Charlie Chaplin had what was probably the best-known face in was probably the best-known face in the world, the public transformed the world, the public transformed him from a star into a mythic figure. him from a star into a mythic figure. Cartoons, poems and comic strips Cartoons, poems and comic strips under the Chaplin name appeared in under the Chaplin name appeared in newspapers. Chaplin dolls, toys and newspapers. Chaplin dolls, toys and boots were manufactured. This little boots were manufactured. This little man made the whole world laugh man made the whole world laugh with his films. Like many silent film with his films. Like many silent film stars, he didn't succeed in 'talkies'.stars, he didn't succeed in 'talkies'.

MARY MARY PICKFORDPICKFORD-«-«AMERICA’S AMERICA’S

SWEETHEARTSWEETHEART»» Mary Pickford was one of Mary Pickford was one of

the early stars of silent the early stars of silent cinema. She was also the cinema. She was also the

first female millionaire. first female millionaire.

"I can't afford to work for only "I can't afford to work for only 10,000 dollars a week," 10,000 dollars a week,"

she used to say. she used to say. Thousands of young girls Thousands of young girls went to Hollywood hoping went to Hollywood hoping

to become rich and famous to become rich and famous like her.like her.

The 1930s was the golden era The 1930s was the golden era of the Hollywood studio film. It of the Hollywood studio film. It was the decade of the great was the decade of the great movie stars — Greta Garbo, movie stars — Greta Garbo,

Marlene Dietrich, Jean Marlene Dietrich, Jean Harlow, Mae West, Katharine Harlow, Mae West, Katharine Hepburn, Bette Davis, Cary Hepburn, Bette Davis, Cary Grant, Gary Cooper, Clark Grant, Gary Cooper, Clark

Gable — and of a new Gable — and of a new generation of great directors. It generation of great directors. It

was also the time when two was also the time when two new kinds of films — the new kinds of films — the

musical and the gangster film musical and the gangster film — first appeared on the — first appeared on the

screen.screen.

Greta Garbo was one of the Greta Garbo was one of the few silent film stars whofew silent film stars who

succeeded in 'talkies'. The succeeded in 'talkies'. The two words that appeared ontwo words that appeared on

billboards — 'GARBO TALKS' billboards — 'GARBO TALKS' — sold more tickets than— sold more tickets than

any other advertisement in the history of the cinema.any other advertisement in the history of the cinema. 'If you 'If you

wake up in the morning feeling rotten,wake up in the morning feeling rotten, If you quarrel with If you quarrel with

your wife,your wife, If the taxes are due,If the taxes are due, If your kid has the measles,If your kid has the measles,

If you lose your job and if the whole world seems black,If you lose your job and if the whole world seems black,

Remember there is always this consolation: GARBORemember there is always this consolation: GARBO

TALKS!' wrote a Hollywood comedian and the publicTALKS!' wrote a Hollywood comedian and the public

happily repeated these lines.happily repeated these lines.

Greta GarboGreta Garbo

Marilyn Monroe was a perfect Marilyn Monroe was a perfect

example of a Hollywood studio example of a Hollywood studio

star. Her great beauty made her star. Her great beauty made her

a world-famous sex symbol. a world-famous sex symbol.

But in spite of her success in But in spite of her success in

films, Monroe had a tragic life. films, Monroe had a tragic life.

She died at the age of 36 from She died at the age of 36 from

an overdose of sleeping pills. an overdose of sleeping pills.

Since her death she has Since her death she has

become one of the mostbecome one of the most

written-about film stars in written-about film stars in

history.history.

The Hollywood The Hollywood gave for the gave for the world such world such

talented people talented people as Steven as Steven SpielbergSpielberg, ,

Alfred Alfred HitchcockHitchcock, ,

Woody AllenWoody Allen, , Walt DisneyWalt Disney,,

and many and many othersothers..

Today, Hollywood is not what it was. Many studios have Today, Hollywood is not what it was. Many studios have moved to other places. The film stars have also moved to moved to other places. The film stars have also moved to

areas like Beverly Hills and Malibu. But visitors to areas like Beverly Hills and Malibu. But visitors to Hollywood today can go to the famous Chinese Theatre Hollywood today can go to the famous Chinese Theatre

and see the footprints and autographs of famous film stars. and see the footprints and autographs of famous film stars. They can go down the Walk of Fame and see the golden They can go down the Walk of Fame and see the golden

stars on the pavement...stars on the pavement...

ART OR RELIGION?ART OR RELIGION?

The popularity of the cinema led to the The popularity of the cinema led to the first attacks against it. Church leaders first attacks against it. Church leaders

condemned the new form. They thought condemned the new form. They thought that the cinema would steal souls and that the cinema would steal souls and

lead people away from religion. Indeed, lead people away from religion. Indeed, early cinemas looked like temples, and early cinemas looked like temples, and people worshipped their favourite film people worshipped their favourite film

stars.stars.

TALKIESTALKIES

The era of the talking film began in 1927 with the The era of the talking film began in 1927 with the enormous success of Warner Brothers' enormous success of Warner Brothers' The Jazz The Jazz Singer. Singer. The film mostly told its story with titles, but The film mostly told its story with titles, but

it had three songs and a short dialogue. There it had three songs and a short dialogue. There were long queues in front of the Warner Theatre in were long queues in front of the Warner Theatre in New York... The silent film was dead within a year.New York... The silent film was dead within a year. The first 100% sound film, The first 100% sound film, Lights of New York, Lights of New York,

appeared in 1928.appeared in 1928. The first colour films were made in the 1930s. The first colour films were made in the 1930s.

Before that films were usually tinted.Before that films were usually tinted.

According to Derek According to Derek Malcolm of Malcolm of The Guardian, The Guardian, "Cinema has provided as "Cinema has provided as

many great artists over the many great artists over the last 100 years as literature, last 100 years as literature, the theatre, and any of the the theatre, and any of the

other arts."other arts."

The most important aspect of the cinema was that, The most important aspect of the cinema was that, for the price of a ticket, people could dream for a for the price of a ticket, people could dream for a few hours. The little boy who went to a Saturday few hours. The little boy who went to a Saturday

matinee in Manchester or Marseilles could imagine matinee in Manchester or Marseilles could imagine he was a courageous cowboy. The mother in he was a courageous cowboy. The mother in Birmingham or Berlin could imagine she was Birmingham or Berlin could imagine she was

Scarlett O'Hara in the arms of Rhett Butler. Today, Scarlett O'Hara in the arms of Rhett Butler. Today, no one disputes cinema's place as the 'seventh art'. no one disputes cinema's place as the 'seventh art'.

ACTORSACTORS Match the picture and the actor.Match the picture and the actor.

Charlie Chaplin • Robert De Niro • Jean Paul Belmondo • Charlie Chaplin • Robert De Niro • Jean Paul Belmondo • Marlon Brando Kevin Kostner • Michelle Pfeiffer • Marlene Marlon Brando Kevin Kostner • Michelle Pfeiffer • Marlene

Dietrich • Richard GereDietrich • Richard Gere

FILM DIRECTORSFILM DIRECTORSMatch the first names with the surnames of Match the first names with the surnames of

famousfamous directors.directors.

1.1. WoodyWoody а.а. SpielbergSpielberg2.2. OrsonOrson bb.. BergmanBergman3.3. AlfredAlfred с.с. Allen Allen4.4. IngmarIngmar dd.. Bertollucci Bertollucci 5.5. BernardoBernardo e.e. Tarkovsky Tarkovsky6.6. StevenSteven f.f. Welles Welles7.7. FedericoFederico g.g. PolanskiPolanski8.8. RomanRoman h.h. Hitchcock Hitchcock 9.9. AndreiAndrei i.i. Fellini Fellini

a. western 1. A film with lots of music and dance.a. western 1. A film with lots of music and dance.b. science fiction b. science fiction 2. A film in which unnatural and 2. A film in which unnatural and

frightening things happen, such as dead frightening things happen, such as dead peoplepeople comingcoming toto life, people turning into life, people turning into

animals, etc.animals, etc.c. Thriller 3. An action-packed film about cowboys, c. Thriller 3. An action-packed film about cowboys,

horseshorses and gunfights.and gunfights.d. Comedy 4. A film about space travel or life in an d. Comedy 4. A film about space travel or life in an

imaginary future. imaginary future.e. horror 5. A film made by photographing a set of e. horror 5. A film made by photographing a set of

drawings. drawings.f. cartoon 6. A suspense film full of violence and crime.f. cartoon 6. A suspense film full of violence and crime. g. musical 7. An amusing film with a happy ending.g. musical 7. An amusing film with a happy ending.

FILMSFILMSMatch the picture withMatch the picture with the film.the film.

The Silence of the Lambs • Pretty Woman The Silence of the Lambs • Pretty Woman • • Star Wars • Star Wars • Titanic Titanic • • Snow White Ghostbusters Snow White Ghostbusters • • The Piano The Piano • • Some Some

Like it Hot Like it Hot • • Interview With the VampireInterview With the Vampire

MOVIE TALKMOVIE TALK 1.1. You tell the actors whatYou tell the actors what

to do: you are theto do: you are thea.a. directordirectorb.b. producerproducerc.c. cameramancameraman

2.2. Your uncle is financingYour uncle is financingthe film. What is hethe film. What is hecalled?called?

a.a. the directorthe directorb.b. the producerthe producerc.c. the bank managerthe bank manager

3.3. Your sister created theYour sister created the story and wrote thestory and wrote theactors' words. She is:actors' words. She is:

a.a. a scriptwritera scriptwriterb.b. an editoran editorc.c. a playwrighta playwright

4.4. The person who puts allThe person who puts all the different pieces of thethe different pieces of thefilm together is called:film together is called:

a.a. a cameramana cameramanb.b. an editoran editorс.с. a scriptwriter a scriptwriter 5.5. You want to start filming.You want to start filming. What do you say ?What do you say ?a.a. Camera!Camera!b.b. Motor!Motor!c.c. Action!Action!

6.6. You want to stop filmingYou want to stop filming a scene. What do youa scene. What do you say?say?a.a. That's enough!That's enough!b.b. Cut!Cut!с.с. Stop! Stop!

7.7. One of your friendsOne of your friends wants to play a silentwants to play a silent part in a crowd part in a crowd scene.scene. What will she be called?What will she be called?

a.a. a stara starb.b. a co-stara co-starc.c. an extraan extra

8.8. The actors and actressesThe actors and actresses engaged in your film areengaged in your film are called:called:a.a. the castthe castb.b. the heroesthe heroesс.с. the company the company