Medical Terminology

The Basic Structure and Analysis of Medical Terms

By E. Suryadi Madarina Julia1

ONCOLOGY: Cervix SarcomaSarcoma of the cervix therapy Sarcomas of the cervix show a variable and generally poor response to radiotherapy. If possible therefore, surgical removal is indicated if the disease is localized to the pelvis. This may vary from simple hysterectomy to total pelvic exenteration. Chemotherapy has not proved effective in these tumor The signs and symptoms of recurrent malignant disease are: 1. Positive cytologic examination 2. Palpable tumor in pelvis or abdomen 3. Ulceration of cervix or vagina 4. Unilateral lower extremity edema 2 5. Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy

(Adopted from: Gordon Reeves & Ian Todel. 1996: Lecture Notes on Immunology.pp: 258)1. Abnormal proliferation of the cells of the immune system takes many forms, e.g. leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, macroglobulinemia and heavy chain diseases. Cryoglobuminemia and amyloidosis are also associated with the abnormal production of proteins involved in the immune respons.3

2. The monoclonal gammopathies are caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells (in myelomatosis) or B Lymphoblasts (in macroglobulinemia). In macroglobulinemia the excess production of pentameric IgM is associated with hyperviscosity and cryoglobulinemia. In myeloma the monoclonal immunoglobuline can be of class IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM, or monomeric IgM. Decalcification, hypercalcemia and bone pain is mediated by cytokine release initiated by the abnormal plasma cells and agents that inhibit IL-6 are under investigation for treatment of myelomatosis. 4

Medical TerminologyOur sessions : The structure and analysis of medical terms Roots, prefix and suffix in medical terms The basic of medical terminology Two practical sessions5

Historya vocabulary from ancient Greek and Latin Ancient doctors, e.g. Hippocrates:epilepsy, dysentery, asthma, diarrhea

New advances in medical science new terms derived from everyday vocabulary,e.g. cyt kytos (hollow container)-cell6

Why do we need to learn medical terminology ?To speak and to write exactly Health professional around the world use medical vocabulary to speak and to write exactly International language7

How do we learn medical terminology?like learning other languages: memorize the vocabulary!! logical language: most terms can be broken down into its basic component parts and understood basic word structure8

Medical Terminology

The basic of medical terminology

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Basic Word Structure

PANCYTOPENIAPREFIX COMBINING WORD VOWEL ROOT SUFFIXCOMBINING FORM

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Medical Terminology

Commonly Used Roots, Prefix and Suffix

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WORD ROOTFOUNDATION OF THE WORD

GASTER =GASTROSROOT (stomach)12

PREFIXWORD BEGINNING

EPIGASTRICPREFIX (above)13

SUFFIXWORD ENDING

GASTRITISSUFFIX (inflammation)14

COMPOUND WORDTWO OR MORE WORD ROOTS

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM GASTROENTERITIS WORD ROOTS15

LEUKOCYTE LEUKOCYTOSIS LEUKOCYTOPENIASUFFIX or COMPOUND SUFFIX FORM16

PANCYTOPENIA PAN : all CYT : cell PENIA : deficiency DEFICIENCY OF ALL CELLS (deficiency of all types of blood cells)

Correlate an understanding of a word with basic anatomy, physiology, and disease process of the human body

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LEUKEMIALEUK (root): white EM (root): blood IA (suffix): state (noun) EMIA (compound-suffix form): state of blood white blood malignancy of white blood cells18

The origin of a medical termGreek noun or adjective Greek verb Latin noun or adjective Latin verb Influence how it was used in modern medical term19

Greek nouns and adjectives (1)Root of a noun or an adjective is found by dropping the ending (os, on, e, s, ys) nephros nephritis neuron neuritis leukos leukemia tachys tachypnea glykys -- glycemia20

Greek nouns and adjectives (2) when a suffix begins with a consonant attached to a root ends with a consonant, a combining vowel is needed leukocyte neurogenic nephroblast21

sodrop the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowelGASTRIC, and not GASTROIC LEUKEMIA, and not LEUKOEMIA

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but retain the combining vowel between two roots in a wordGASTROENTERITIS ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM

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Greek nouns and adjectives (3)Some words may come in two combining forms: derma, dermatos hypodermic, dermatology soma, somatos haima, haimatos stoma, stomatos macrosomia, somatotroph hemoglobin, hematology tracheostomy, stomatitis 24

Greek Verbsgignesthai gen(e) - gen lyein tome graphein rhein ly(s)tomgraphrhepathogenesis hematogen hemolysis cholecystotomy cardiograph diarrhea, leukorrhea25

Latin NounsCombining form of a noun is found by dropping the ending (a, um) fistula fistulectomy vagina vaginoplasty lympha lymphogen ileum ileostomy cerebrum cerebrovascular palatum palatorrhaphy26

TissueTissues may have different terms in normal and diseased states NORMAL: LATIN WORD DISEASED/ ABNORMAL: GREEK WORD

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normal and abnormalTESTIS UTERUS VAGINA OVARIUM TUBA NASUS ORIS HEPAR orchitis endometritis colpitis vaginitis oophor/o Oophoritis salphynx salphyngitis rhin/o rhinitis stomat/onep Stomatitis hepat/o hepatitis 28 orch/o metr/o colp/o

normal and abnormalREN COR PULMO CORNEA AURIS CEREBRUM nephr/o cardi/o pneum/o kerat/o ot/o encephal/o nephritis carditis pneumonitis pneumonia keratitis otitis encephalitis29

TissueADIPOSE TISSUE Fascia adiposa LIP/O : FAT Lipolysis Lipogenesis Lipodystrophy lipoma

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TissueOSSEUS/OS Os femur, os radius, os pallatum, medulla osseum OSTE/O : BONE Osteogenesis imperfecta Osteoblast Osteomyelitis 31

TissueNERVUS Nernus ischiadicus, n. axillaris NEUR/O : NERVE neuralgia neuropathy neuritis32

TissueMUSCULUS Musculus pectoralis major, m. rectus abdominis MY/O MYS/O: MUSCLE myopathy myositis Myoglobin Myofibra Myocardium Myometrium

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TissueCARTILAGO Cartilago thyreoidea, cartilago septi nasi CHONDR/O : CARTILAGE chondrodysplasia Achondroplasia Osteogenesis enchondralis Chondrogenesis34

TissueCUTIS CUTANE/0 Intracutane, subcutane DERMIS DERMAT/O : SKIN dermatitis leukoderma epidermis dermatology

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TissueVASA VASCUL/O vascularisation, avascular ANGI/O : BLOOD VESSEL angiopathy/ vasculopathy angiography Angiogram angioma Vasculitis

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TissueSANGUIS; SANGUINIS HEM/O =HAIMA EM HEMAT/O: BLOOD hematology hematopoiesis anemia cholesterolemia hemoglobin

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Color= chromLEUK/O : ALBUS : WHITEALBINO, CORPUS ALBICAN LINEA ALBA LEUKOCYTE LEUKOCYTURIA LEUKOCYTOSIS LEUKEMIA LEUKODERMA LEUKODYSTROPHY LEUKOPLAKIA LEUKORRHEA FLUOR ALBUS38

Color = chromMELAN/O : FUSCUS : BLACKMELANOCYTE MELANOBLAST MELANOMA MELANURIA MELANIN MELENA39

ColorERYTHR/O : RUBRO : REDCORPUS RUBRUM NUCLEUS RUBER

ERYTHROBLAST ERYTHROCYTE ERYTHROCLAST ERYTHEMATOUS ERYSIPELAS ERYTHREMIA ERYTHRODERMA40

ColorCYAN/O: BLUECYANOTIC CYANOSIS CYANOPHIL CYANOPSIA CYANOLABE glaucos : bluish green Griseus : bluish grey41

ColorCHLOR/O:CHLOASMA : GREENCHLOROMA CHLOROPHYL CHLOROPSIA CHLOROLABE42

COLOR

GRISEUS = POLIOS = PHAIOS =GREY Substantia grisea Poliomyelitis

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ColorXANTH/O: FLAVUS: LUTEUS: YELLOWCORPUS LUTEUM XANTHOCHROMIC XANTHOCHROMIA XANTHELASMA XANTHOMA XANTHOPSIA44

Body activitiesAudio = acouo = to hear Opsia = opia = blepo = to see Phagien = to eat Dipsa = to drink Phrasis = to speech Laleo = to talk Gradior = to walk Halo = pneu = to breathe Oureo = to urinate Ergo = to work Sedeo =sella = to sit Osme = bromo =to smell Mnena = memory Palpo = to touch Kineo= moveo = to move Gustatus = geuma = to taste Hypnos = somnus = sopor= to sleep Glutio = to swallow Defaecatio= chezo = to 45 defaecate

Qualitative MeasurementMajor= magnus = mega = great Minor = parvus = small Breve = short Longus = long Durum = hardMollis = soft Bradys = tardus = slow Tachys = celer = fast Poly = multi = many Oligos = few = rare Asthenia = weak46

prefix Locationretr/o supra/super /ultra epi extra par/a peri end/o ento - en eso intra infra/ sub ect/o exo ec47

prefix Location

mes/o Circum/peri48

Prefix othersAnte = before Meta = behind Trans = beyond, to the other side Inter = between, among Dia = complete = through Per = through, over Ana = upon, upwards Cata = downward49

prefix Location examples:ectopic pregnancy ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm encephalitis endometrium vs. parametrium endotoxin vs. exotoxin Periosteum, pericardium Circumoral, circumductio retroperitoneal 50 suprarenal, etc.

prefix - numberA/AN NULLIWITHOUT LACKING DEFICIENT

ANEMIA APLASTIC ANEMIA ANALGESIA NULLIPARA51

hemi semi

prefix - numberHALF PARTIAL

HEMIPARESIS HEMIPLEGIA HEMIHYPERTROPHY SEMICOMATOSE52

prefix - numberuni - mono

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY MONOPARESIS MONONUCLEAR CELLS UNICELLULAR UNILATERAL53

st 1 primi

prefix - number

PRIMIPARA, PRIMIPAROUS PRIMIGRAVIDA PRIMITIVE PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS54

prefix - numberBI - DI(PLO)BICUSPID VALVE BICEPS BIFURCATIO DIPLOCOCCUS DIPLOID55

prefix - number MULTI MANY : MULTIPARA, MULTINUCLEAR GIANT CELLS, MULTIGRAVIDA

3 - TRI : TRICUSPIDALIS, TRI IN DIE

4 - TETRA : TETRAPARESES, TETRAPLEGIA

5 - PENTA : PENTAMER

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negative senseANTI (ANT): CONTRA = AGAINST, OPPOSED

ANTIBIOTIC ANTIHISTAMINE ANTITOXIN57

MAL = BAD Malnutrition, malaria A, AN = ABSENCE OF SOMETHING, DEFICIENT Anaerobe, anemia, anhidrosis

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negative sense

dys :difficult, painful, abnormalDYSMENORRHEA DYSPEPSIA DYSTROPHY (DUCHENNE MUSCULODYSTROPHY) DYSURIA59

hyper and hypohyper : beyond normal, excessive, over hypo: under, deficient, below normal HYPOGLYCEMIA HYPERGLYCEMIA HYPOTHYROIDISM HYPERTHYROIDISM HYPOTENSI HYPERTENSI HYPODERMIC60

tachy and bradytachy: rapid, fast brady: slow tachycardia tachypnea bradycardia bradypnea

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suffix nouna, ia, y, sia, sis, asia, asis, esis, ema, ism, us:dyspnea, rhinorrhea anemia, osteomalacia hypertrophy ectasia arteriosclerosis

state, conditionnephrolithiasis erythema hyperchromasia diuresis synergism hydrocephalus62

suffix nounosis Abnormal condition

itis oma,m a oophoritis endometritis colitis ulcerosa hepatitis carditis dermatosis

inflammation tumor, disease fibroadenoma adenocarcinoma glioma edema lymphoma 63 endometriosis

Suffix NOUN - ADJECTIVE NOUNcyanosis anemia nervus sclerosis stenosis paralysis

ADJECTIVEcyanotic anemic nervous sclerotic stenotic paralytic64

SUFFIXES-ALGIA = PAIN -CELE = HERNIA -CENTESIS = SURGICAL PUNCTURE TO REMOTE A FLUID -PENIA = DECREASE -DYNIA = PAIN -LYSIS = DESTRUCTION = BREAKDOWN -MALACIA = SOFTENING -OPSY = TO VIEW -POIESIS = FORMATION -PLASIA = DEVELOPMENT65

Others SUFFIXES-PATHY = DISEASE -PEXY = FIXATION -STASIS = STOPPING. CONTROLING -SCOPE = INSTRUMENT FOR EXAMINATION -PTOSIS = DROPPING66

What are we going to discuss in this session?ABREVIATIONS IN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY SINGULAR-PLURAL CLINICAL TERMS/ PHRASES etc.67

Abbreviations1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Measurements Chemical Diagnoses Procedures Health Professions Charting68

Abbreviations

Measurementsg or gm mcg tsp kcal mMol/L g/dL mg% BMI gram microgram teaspoon calorie mMol per liter gram per deciliter miligram percent body mass index69

Abbreviations

ChemicalO2 (oxygen) CO2 (carbon dioxide) NaCl (sodium chloride) RL (Ringer Lactate) K (potassium, kalium)70

Abbreviations

DiagnosesCP (cerebral palsy) AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) CVA (cerebrovascular accident) CVD (cardiovascular disease) DHF (Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever)71

Abbreviations

Procedures (1) radiologyIVP: intravenous pyelography ECG: electrocardiography USG: ultrasonography MRI: magnetic resonance imaging CT-SCAN (CAT-SCAN): computerized axial tomography scanning72

Abbreviations

Procedures (2) laboratory2 hr pp (2 hour post prandial blood glucose) LDH (lactic dehydrogenase) CK (creatine kinase) LFT (liver function test) RFT (renal function test)73

Abbreviations

Health professionsMD (medical doctor) ENT (ear, nose, throat) OB (obstetry) GYN (gynecology)74

Abbreviations

Chartingex/ exam (examination) Dx (diagnosis) Tx (treatment) Rx (prescribe) BP (blood pressure) iv (intravenous) OS (oculus sinister, left eye) tid (tri in die, thrice a day)

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Rules for commonly forming pluralsending is um us a ex/ix change to es a i ae ices76

Examples of plurals

is to esSINGULARanastomosis metastasis epiphysis prosthesis

PLURALanastomoses metastases epiphyses prostheses77

Examples of plurals

um to aSINGULAR bacterium diverticulum ovum PLURAL bacteria diverticula ova78

Examples of plurals

us to iSINGULAR calculus bronchus bronchiolus nucleus PLURAL calculi bronchi bronchioli nuclei79

Examples of plurals

a to aeSINGULAR vertebra bursa bulla PLURAL vertebrae bursae bullae80

Examples of plurals

ix or ex to icesSINGULAR apex varix PLURAL apices varices

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Clinical Terms/ PhrasesAna/mnes/is: history of symptoms examination: physical examination of signs Dia/gnos/is therapy/ treatment Pro/gnos/is

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diagnosis/diseases (1) related to organ system/ tissueinflammation: rhinopharyngitis, cystitis tumor/ cancer: hepatocellular carcinoma, osteosarcoma, melanoma maligna, neurofibromatosis condition: mitral stenosis, arteriosclerosis, nephrolithiasis, dysenteri, hemothorax syndrome: nephrotic syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, AIDS83

diagnosis/diseases (2) related to the causing factorsorganism: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) Chikungunya Fever Diphteria (C. diphteriae) Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)

toxin: tetanus (tetanin C. tetani) botulism (botulinum C. botulinum)84

diagnosis/diseases (3)named after the person who found itsigns: Turner syndrome Biot respiration Spleen Schuffner 1-8

disease: Duchenne muscular dystrophy Becker muscular dystrophy Hashimoto disease Graves disease Neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen85

therapy/ treatmentCausative/ Curative: address the cause of the disease aimed at curing the disease Symptomatic/Palliative: address the symptoms of the disease aimed at making the patients feel better Ex juvantivus: a try out86

surgical procedurestomy (to cut): pyloromyotomi, osteotomi stomy (to make an opening): tracheostomy, nephrostomy, ileostomy ectomy (resection= to cut out): nephrectomy, splenectomy, gastrectomy rraphy (to sew): herniorrhaphy, palatorraphy, Plasty (to improve): vaginoplasty 87 incision vs. excision

prognosisdubia ad malam dubia ad bonam five years survival rate of 80% fatality rate remission rate cure rate88

other termsacute vs. chronic degree of consciousness: compos mentis, lethargy, stupor, sopor, soporocomatous, coma shock headache/ cephalgia: tension headache, cluster headache, migraine, vertigo89

Aware of spelling and pronunciation problem4 pronounced alike different spelling 4 may give wrong diagnosis

CYSTITIS vs. CYTOSIS

ILEUM vs. ILIUMHEPATOMA vs. HEMATOMA90

Aware of spelling and pronunciation problemsimilar pronunciation

URETER vs. URETHRA ureteritis urethritis91

diminutive suffix (1)culus venter ventriculus, ventricle vasa vasculus vesica vesiculus, vesicle olus arteria arteriole alveus -- alveolus92

diminutive suffix (2)ulus calcis calculus globus globulus, globule illa fibril -fibrilla ellum cerebrum - cerebellum93

How do we analyze a medical terms?break it down into its component part find the meaning of every part Read the meaning from the suffix back to the first part of the word

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PANCYTOPENIAPAN (prefix): all CYT (root): cell PENIA (suffix-form): deficiencyDEFICIENCY OF ALL CELLS (deficiency of all types of blood cells)95

ELECTROCARDIOGRAMELECTR (root): electricity CARDI (root): heart GRAM (suffix): record The record of the electricity of the heart96

GASTROENTERITISGASTR (root): stomach ENTER (root): intestines ITIS (suffix): inflammation Inflammation of the stomach and intestines97

Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the first part of the word

PANCYTOPENIA ELECTROCARDIOGRAM GASTROENTERITIS98

ASYNERGYA (prefix): without SYN (prefix): together ERG (root): working Y (suffix): noun-suffix without synergy without working together99

OSTEOSARCOMAOSTEO (combining form): bone SARCOMA (suffix-form): tumor of the tissue SARC (root): tissue OMA (suffix): tumor

tumor of bone tissuelymphosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, etc.100

RETROPERITONEALRETRO (prefix): behind PERITONEUM (rootperitonaion): to stretch over AL (suffix): adjectival suffix behind the peritoneumPeritoneum is a serous sac that lines the abdominal cavity101

Further ReadingsChabner DE. The Language of Medicine. W.B. Saunders Company, 1981 Dunmore CW, Fleischer RM. Medical Terminology. Exercises in Etymology, 2nd ed. F.A Davis Company, 1985 Dennerll JT. Medical Terminology. A Programmed Text, 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988 102