The BaroqueThe Baroque

The Baroque in SpainThe Baroque in Spain

Original from Portuguese: Original from Portuguese: perla barrocaperla barroca misshapen pearlmisshapen pearl

Spain: Catholic Counter-Reformation( art Spain: Catholic Counter-Reformation( art of mystical spirituality) and absolutist of mystical spirituality) and absolutist monarchy(monarchs patronized projects monarchy(monarchs patronized projects and artists)and artists)

Repercussions in American coloniesRepercussions in American colonies

El Greco and Catholic MysticismEl Greco and Catholic Mysticism

Mysticism: connection to God through senses Mysticism: connection to God through senses and feelingsand feelings

Index: list of forbidden books; reforms in Index: list of forbidden books; reforms in Catholic education and revival of faithCatholic education and revival of faith

El Greco: intensely religious; trained in Venice, El Greco: intensely religious; trained in Venice, settled in Toledosettled in Toledo

Burial of Count Orgaz Burial of Count Orgaz influenced by Raphael. influenced by Raphael. Individual baroque styleIndividual baroque style

Spanish Baroque ArchitectureSpanish Baroque Architecture

Few commissions from Phillip II. Phillip used Few commissions from Phillip II. Phillip used Italian artists for his El Escorial palace Italian artists for his El Escorial palace Palace, mausoleum, monastery to St. Palace, mausoleum, monastery to St. LawrenceLawrenceInfluenced by Michelangelo’s St. Peter’sInfluenced by Michelangelo’s St. Peter’sGold and silver from the New WorldGold and silver from the New WorldLa Compania in Cuzco Peru and Cathedral La Compania in Cuzco Peru and Cathedral of Mexico: Triumph of Christianity over of Mexico: Triumph of Christianity over native faiths.native faiths.

VelazquezVelazquez

Diego Velazquez, court painter to Philip IVDiego Velazquez, court painter to Philip IVRealist; bold color and brushworkRealist; bold color and brushworkDid not attain Rubens’ social statusDid not attain Rubens’ social statusLas MeninasLas Meninas: genre painting: genre paintingKing and Queen and painter in paintingKing and Queen and painter in paintingRed cross: nobility awarded to him by Red cross: nobility awarded to him by KingKing

Cervantes and Don QuixoteCervantes and Don Quixote

Idealistic knight confuses real world with Idealistic knight confuses real world with chivalric fantasychivalric fantasy

Draws people and changes themDraws people and changes them

Cervantes: Greatest literary work of 17 Cervantes: Greatest literary work of 17 centurycentury

Sancho represents reality who brings Don Sancho represents reality who brings Don Quixote back from his fantasy Quixote back from his fantasy

Don QuixoteDon Quixote

Contrast between reality and fantasy, Contrast between reality and fantasy, truth and falsehood, issues of life and truth and falsehood, issues of life and deathdeathSpanish Inquisition executed heretics on Spanish Inquisition executed heretics on flimsy evidence like Don Quixote’s flimsy evidence like Don Quixote’s fantasiesfantasiesMasterpiece about the chief intellectual Masterpiece about the chief intellectual problems of his ageproblems of his age

The Baroque in ItalyThe Baroque in Italy

More exuberant baroque style in ItalyMore exuberant baroque style in Italy

New buildings and artistic patronage New buildings and artistic patronage exceeding Renaissanceexceeding Renaissance

Ornamentation, dramatic and theatrical, Ornamentation, dramatic and theatrical, monumental scale of works monumental scale of works

The Baroque Master BerniniThe Baroque Master Bernini

Pope Urban VIII hired Gianlorenzo Bernini Pope Urban VIII hired Gianlorenzo Bernini to beautify Rometo beautify Rome

Surpassed Renaissance architects in Surpassed Renaissance architects in ambition and scopeambition and scope

Baldacchino, Piazza to St Peter’s, Baldacchino, Piazza to St Peter’s, Colonnade: arms of the Church to Colonnade: arms of the Church to welcome worshipperswelcome worshippers

Sculpture: dynamic, energeticSculpture: dynamic, energetic

David: ready to cast his stone, coiled to David: ready to cast his stone, coiled to release in baroque diagonal. Face self-release in baroque diagonal. Face self-portrait of Berniniportrait of Bernini

Cornaro Chapel: Cornaro Chapel: Ecstasy of St. Ecstasy of St. Teresa: Teresa: Saint’s union with GodSaint’s union with God

Teresa consumed with love for GodTeresa consumed with love for God

Sculpted figures of Cornaro family in Sculpted figures of Cornaro family in balconies witness visionbalconies witness vision

Baroque religious emotionalismBaroque religious emotionalism

Italian Baroque PaintingItalian Baroque Painting

Caravaggio: Dramatic chiaroscuro to depict Caravaggio: Dramatic chiaroscuro to depict biblical scenes. Italian peasants for modelsbiblical scenes. Italian peasants for models

The Calling of St. Matthew: The Calling of St. Matthew: anachronistic anachronistic shows deep belief in salvation of sinnersshows deep belief in salvation of sinners

Artemisa Gentileschi: pupil of Caravaggio. Artemisa Gentileschi: pupil of Caravaggio. Judith Slaying Holofernes Judith Slaying Holofernes foreground light foreground light propels action forward: dramaticpropels action forward: dramatic

The Birth of OperaThe Birth of Opera

By 17th century Italy losing ground in the arts By 17th century Italy losing ground in the arts except in operaexcept in opera

Opera: musical theater, sung, with orchestra Opera: musical theater, sung, with orchestra and staged with costumes and setsand staged with costumes and sets

Florentine CamerataFlorentine Camerata

Claudio Monteverdi: Claudio Monteverdi: Orfeo: Orfeo: Orpheus descends Orpheus descends to Hell to rescue Euridiceto Hell to rescue Euridice

Expanded recitativesExpanded recitatives

Solos convey intense feelingsSolos convey intense feelings

Chordal dissonances create discomfort Chordal dissonances create discomfort that anticipates a resolutionthat anticipates a resolution

Interest in human emotion evidenced in Interest in human emotion evidenced in Caravaggio’s and Bernini’s worksCaravaggio’s and Bernini’s works

Aria: independent song revealing Aria: independent song revealing feelings of character. Showcased the feelings of character. Showcased the virtuosity of singersvirtuosity of singers

Opera seria and opera buffaOpera seria and opera buffa

Vivaldi and Italian Baroque Vivaldi and Italian Baroque MusicMusic

Vivaldi: musical director of conservatory.Vivaldi: musical director of conservatory.

Virtuoso of the violin from Venice, Master of the Virtuoso of the violin from Venice, Master of the baroque concerto, musical form with small baroque concerto, musical form with small group of instrument in contrasts with a larger group of instrument in contrasts with a larger orchestra.orchestra.

The Four Seasons: The Four Seasons: Brilliant composition of four Brilliant composition of four dramatic episodes connected by a recurring dramatic episodes connected by a recurring melody. Studied by Bach later.melody. Studied by Bach later.

AbsolutismAbsolutism

Absolute monarchies: solution to Absolute monarchies: solution to maintain social order; control of every maintain social order; control of every aspect of national lifeaspect of national life

Hobbes didn’t believe humans could rule Hobbes didn’t believe humans could rule themselvesthemselves

Louis XIV: Louis XIV: L’etat, c’est moiL’etat, c’est moi!!

The Baroque in FranceThe Baroque in France

Reign of Louis XIV-- “Sun King” 1660Reign of Louis XIV-- “Sun King” 1660

Sponsored arts and theater--controlled Sponsored arts and theater--controlled them via the academies: Rules revived them via the academies: Rules revived Greek and Roman forms: neoclassical Greek and Roman forms: neoclassical style flourished alongside Italian baroquestyle flourished alongside Italian baroque

VersaillesVersailles

Balanced and lavish--compromise between Balanced and lavish--compromise between neoclassical rules and baroque excessneoclassical rules and baroque excess

Enlarged the hunting lodge; eventually moved Enlarged the hunting lodge; eventually moved his court there--50,000 p, 20,000 hhis court there--50,000 p, 20,000 h

Le Vau, (a), Le Notre, (g d), Lebrun,( I d)Le Vau, (a), Le Notre, (g d), Lebrun,( I d)

Mansart--Hall of MirrorsMansart--Hall of Mirrors

Established French national styleEstablished French national style

The Performing Arts at The Performing Arts at VersaillesVersailles

Academie Francaise: judged in matters of Academie Francaise: judged in matters of literary form and taste--rules for theaterliterary form and taste--rules for theater

5 acts, unities of time and place provide a moral 5 acts, unities of time and place provide a moral lessonlesson

Moliere: attacked hypocrisy of French society: Moliere: attacked hypocrisy of French society: Tartuffe, The Would-Be Gentleman, The Tartuffe, The Would-Be Gentleman, The Imaginary Invalid Imaginary Invalid his best plays. Wit and his best plays. Wit and observation of society.observation of society.

Lully collaborated with Moliere in Lully collaborated with Moliere in comedy-balletscomedy-ballets

Became the head of the Royal Became the head of the Royal Academy of MusicAcademy of Music

He developed classical ballet with five He developed classical ballet with five basic foot positions.basic foot positions.

Employed professional women dancersEmployed professional women dancers

Composed 20 operas--never achieved Composed 20 operas--never achieved greatness of Italian operasgreatness of Italian operas

Rubens and Poussin: Painters Rubens and Poussin: Painters of the Courtof the Court

Rubens: (Flemish)master of baroque styleRubens: (Flemish)master of baroque style

Dynamic compositions with lavish color: Marie Dynamic compositions with lavish color: Marie de Medici’s 21 canvasesde Medici’s 21 canvases

Themes of aristocracy: hunting, history, Themes of aristocracy: hunting, history, mythology, portraitsmythology, portraits

Rape of the Daughter of Leucippus, Henry IV Rape of the Daughter of Leucippus, Henry IV Receiving the Portrait of Marie de MediciReceiving the Portrait of Marie de Medici

PoussinPoussin

Baroque Neoclassicism: cool and defined Baroque Neoclassicism: cool and defined figures as classical statuesfigures as classical statues

Clarity of Clarity of The Holy Family on the StepsThe Holy Family on the Steps

Pyramidal grouping from the RenaissancePyramidal grouping from the Renaissance

Regularity of structureRegularity of structure

Academic tastesAcademic tastes

Music of the Protestant Music of the Protestant BaroqueBaroque

No absolutist monarch to impose rules No absolutist monarch to impose rules and tastesand tastes

Small German courts provided patronsSmall German courts provided patrons

Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach

Excelled in both secular and sacred music. Excelled in both secular and sacred music. Was not known outside his area.Was not known outside his area.

Two features of baroque music: counterpoint Two features of baroque music: counterpoint and and basso continuobasso continuo

Six Brandenberg ConcertosSix Brandenberg Concertos

Appointed music director of St. Thomas Appointed music director of St. Thomas church in Leipzigchurch in Leipzig

Cantatas (over 300): choral work for Cantatas (over 300): choral work for Lutheran worshipLutheran worship

The “Well-tempered Keyboard”The “Well-tempered Keyboard”

Musical exercises proved that any stringed Musical exercises proved that any stringed keyboard instrument could be tuned to keyboard instrument could be tuned to accommodate all 24 major and minor keys.accommodate all 24 major and minor keys.

Prelude free form--shows off the keyboard Prelude free form--shows off the keyboard player’s abilityplayer’s ability

Fugue--musical form developed in counterpointFugue--musical form developed in counterpoint

St. Matthew’s PassionSt. Matthew’s Passion

The Dutch BaroqueThe Dutch Baroque

Vigorous commerce and political Vigorous commerce and political independence in the Netherlandsindependence in the Netherlands

Churches bare, but public halls decorated Churches bare, but public halls decorated with paintingswith paintings

Demand for paintings eliminated need for Demand for paintings eliminated need for patronspatrons

VermeerVermeer

Unknown in his day: now regarded as a Unknown in his day: now regarded as a master of light and colormaster of light and color

Feel for the Dutch interiorFeel for the Dutch interior

The Allegory of PaintingThe Allegory of Painting and and The The MilkmaidMilkmaid

Thirty canvasesThirty canvases

RembrandtRembrandt

Dutch from Amsterdam--mastered all Dutch from Amsterdam--mastered all popular subjects of his agepopular subjects of his ageTranscended his peers in visual and Transcended his peers in visual and psychological richnesspsychological richnessThe Night Watch--The Night Watch--group portraits group portraits commissioned by Dutch civic groups as commissioned by Dutch civic groups as complex as Velazquez and El Greco’s complex as Velazquez and El Greco’s masterpiecesmasterpieces

Lost patrons, his wife, his child.Lost patrons, his wife, his child.

Religious work: Religious work: Christ Healing the Sick Christ Healing the Sick

Etching: lines scratched on a wax-Etching: lines scratched on a wax-covered metal plate. Plate treated with covered metal plate. Plate treated with acid that etches the metal; prints then acid that etches the metal; prints then taken from the plate.taken from the plate.

Self Portraits: more than 60 Self Portraits: more than 60

Psychological insightPsychological insight

Christopher Wren’s LondonChristopher Wren’s London

St. Paul’s: Gothic, Renaissance and St. Paul’s: Gothic, Renaissance and baroque stylesbaroque styles

Influenced by Bernini and MansartInfluenced by Bernini and Mansart

After the fire of London he constructed the After the fire of London he constructed the new St. Paul’snew St. Paul’s

HandelHandel

German by birth, adopted by England. German by birth, adopted by England. Leading composer of baroque period.Leading composer of baroque period.

Trained in Italy, wrote operasTrained in Italy, wrote operas

King George I was his patronKing George I was his patron

Oratorios: narrative choral work with Oratorios: narrative choral work with operatic elements but without action, operatic elements but without action, scenery or costumes: scenery or costumes: MessiahMessiah

Handel’s MessiahHandel’s Messiah

Presented in Dublin Ireland 1742Presented in Dublin Ireland 1742

Jesus’ birth, death and resurrectionJesus’ birth, death and resurrection

Hallelujah chorus: British king stood up Hallelujah chorus: British king stood up and started a traditionand started a tradition