the appendicular skeleton

76
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Appendicular Skeleton

Upload: azizi

Post on 23-Feb-2016

47 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

The Appendicular Skeleton. The Appendicular Skeleton. These consist of the limbs and their girdles. Their major function is to carry out movement. The Appendicular Skeleton. These consist of the limbs and their girdles. Their major function is to carry out movement. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

Page 2: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

These consist of the limbs and their girdles.

Their major function is to carry out movement.

Page 3: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

These consist of the limbs and their girdles.

Their major function is to carry out movement.

Page 4: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula.

1) Only the clavicle attaches to the axial skeleton (sternal end)

2) The scapula is designed for flexibility

Page 5: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.24a The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

ClavicleAcromio-clavicularjoint

Scapula

(a) Articulated pectoral girdle

Page 6: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.24b The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

Acromial (lateral)end(b) Right clavicle, superior view

Posterior

Sternal (medial)end

Anterior

Page 7: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

The scapula has three borders.– Superior border– Medial border which lies toward the vertebral

column– The lateral border which has the glenoid

cavity

Page 8: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.25a The scapula.

Acromion

Coracoidprocess

Suprascapular notchSuperior border

Superiorangle

Subscapularfossa

Medial border

Inferior angle

Glenoidcavity

Lateral border

(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect

Page 9: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.25b The scapula.

Superiorangle

Medial border

Coracoid processSuprascapular notch

Acromion

Glenoidcavityat lateralangle

Lateral border

Infraspinousfossa

Spine

(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect

Supraspinousfossa

Page 10: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.25c The scapula.

Coracoidprocess

Glenoidcavity

Acromion

Infraspinousfossa

Spine

(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect

Infraglenoidtubercle

Supraglenoidtubercle

Supraspinous fossa

Subscapularfossa

Inferior angle

Supraspinousfossa

Infraspinousfossa

Subscapularfossa

Posterior Anterior

Page 11: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

The humerus articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and the ulna and radius distally.

The proximal head has the greater and lesser tubercles and anatomical neck which is where the rotator cuff muscles attach.

Page 12: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.26a The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.

GreatertubercleLessertubercleInter-tubercularsulcus

LateralsupracondylarridgeRadialfossaCapitulum

Head ofhumerusAnatomicalneck

Deltoidtuberosity

CoronoidfossaMedialepicondyleTrochlea

(a) Anterior view

Page 13: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

Just distally is the surgical neck, the most frequently fractured portion of the humerus.

Page 14: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 15: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

• The deltoid tuberosity on the lateral side is for the attachment of the deltoid muscle

• Distally there are two condyles, the medial trochlea which articulates with the ulna and the lateral capitulum which articulates with the radius.

Page 16: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

Page 17: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Coronoidfossa

Radius

Radialtuberosity

Head ofradius

CapitulumTrochlea

(c) Anterior view at the elbow region

Humerus

Medialepicondyle

Coronoidprocess ofulna

UlnaRadial notch

Figure 7.26c The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.

Page 18: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Telling Left from Right

• Orient the bone so that the rounded head is superior (up) and pointing medially.

• Look for the deep olecranon fossa on the posterior side.

Page 19: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

What is the medial epicondyle famous for?

Page 20: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

What is the medial epicondyle famous for?

The Funny Bone

Page 21: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Funny Bone

The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body unprotected by muscle or bone), so injury is common.

Page 22: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Funny Bone

This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, supplying the palmar side of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips.

Page 23: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Funny Bone

The clawed hand can be a result of ulnar nerve damage.

Page 24: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

The ulna and radial bones form the distal lower limb.

The ulna is medial and the radius is lateral.

Page 25: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

The olecranon process (elbow) and the coronoid processes are the major land marks on the proximal portion of the ulna.The ulna plays no major role in wrist movement.Its only action is extension and flexion of the lower limb.

Page 26: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 27: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view

Olecranon process

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch

View

Figure 7.27c Radius and ulna of the right forearm.

Page 28: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton

The radius is shaped like the head of a nail. Its head is concave.Its distal end is highlighted by the styloid process.The radius allows for pronation and supination of the wrist.

Page 29: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 30: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Telling Left from Right

• Place the ulna so that the trochlear notch faces you, if the radial notch faces left, it is the right ulna.

• Place the radius so the distal styloid process is lateral. The radial tuberosity is to the right. It is the right radius.

Page 31: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Hand

The “hand” is composed of 8 carpals and 5 metacarpals.Distally are the phalanges, these begin at the knuckles.

Page 32: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.28 Bones of the left hand.

• Trapezoid• Trapezium

• Scaphoid

Phalanges

Carpals

Radius

• Proximal• Middle• Distal

• Triquetrum• Lunate

• Capitate• Hamate

• Pisiform

Metacarpals

Carpals

(b) Posterior view of left hand

Ulna

• Base• Shaft• Head

• Trapezoid• Trapezium

• Scaphoid

Carpals

(a) Anterior view of left hand

Radius

Sesamoidbones

Page 33: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Hand

Carpal tunnel syndrome is pain, tingling, and other problems in your hand because of pressure on the median in your wrist.It is a common repetitive injury.

Page 34: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 35: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 36: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 37: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 38: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Pelvic Girdle

The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

The hip is also known as the os coxaeIt is made up of three separate bones:– Ischium– Ilium &– Pubis

Page 39: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.29 Articulated pelvis showing the two hip (coxal) bones (which together form the pelvic girdle), the sacrum, and the coccyx.

Coxalbone(os coxaeor hip bone)

llium

Sacroiliacjoint

Iliac fossa

Pubicbone

Ischium

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacralpromontory

Pelvic brimAcetabulum

Pubic crestPubic symphysis

Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch

Anterior inferioriliac spine

Anteriorsuperior iliac spine

Pubic tubercle

Page 40: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Pelvic Girdle

During infancy and child hood, these three bones are separate and fuse to one large irregular bone in adulthood.

Page 41: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Pelvic Girdle

Important Land Marks on the Ilium include:– Acetabulum which is a socket that

receives the head of the femur– The ala or wing like projection of the ilium– The greater sciatic notch where the sciatic

nerve passes– The gluteal lines which are the point of

attachment for the gluteal muscles

Page 42: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Pelvic Girdle

Important Land Marks on the Ischium include:– Ischial spine which projects medially into

the pelvic cavity and is where the sacrospinous ligament attaches

– Ischial Tuberosity bears our weight when we sit, also a point of attachment for the ham string muscles

– Lesser sciatic notch where a number of blood vessels & nerves to the genitals pass

Page 43: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Pelvic Girdle

Important Land Marks of the Pubis include:– Superior and inferior rami– Obturator foramen which is a large empty

circle– Pubic symphysis which is where both

pubic bones attach.

Page 44: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.30c Bones of the bony pelvis.

Anteriorgluteal line Ilium

Anteriorsuperioriliac spine

Anteriorinferioriliac spine

InferiorgluteallineAcetabulum

Pubicbody

Pubictubercle

Inferiorramusof pubis

Posteriorgluteal line

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Greatersciatic notch

Ischial spine

Ischium

Ischial body

Lessersciatic notch

Ischialtuberosity

Ischial ramus

(c) Lateral view, right hip boneObturatorforamen

Page 45: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dimples of Venus

These are indentations sometimes visible on the human lower back, just superior to the gluteal cleft.

They are directly superficial to the two sacroiliac joints, the sites where the sacrum attaches to the ilium of the pelvis.

Page 46: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3)

Page 47: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Femur

The femur is the longest and strongest bone of the body.

Page 48: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Femur

The femur is the longest and strongest bone of the body.

Its identified by having a large and have a

distinct rounded head

Page 49: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Femur

The femur has a distinct neck separating the head from the rest of the bone.

The neck is the most common area of fracture in the elderly.

Page 50: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Femur

Important Features:• The fovea capitis is the attachment point

for the ligament between the head of the femur and the acetabulum

• The greater and lesser trochanter are the attachment point for the thigh muscles

• The gluteal tuberosity, linea apsera and supracondylar lines are sites of the “ham string attachment”

Page 51: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Femur

• Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the tibia.

• Medial and lateral epicondyles • Patellar surface articulates with the patella• Intercondylar fossa is the attachment point

for the cruciate ligaments

Page 52: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.31b Bones of the right knee and thigh.

Neck Foveacapitis

GreatertrochanterInter-trochantericcrest

Head

Intertrochantericline

Lesser trochanter

Gluteal tuberosity

Linea aspera

Lateralcondyle

Lateralepicondyle

Intercondylar fossa

Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines

Medial condyle

Medialepicondyle

Adductortubercle

Anterior view Posterior view(b) Femur (thigh bone)

Lateralepicondyle

Patellarsurface

Page 53: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Patella

The patella is a triangular, sesamoid bone enclosed in the quadriceps tendon.It helps to improve leverage of the thigh muscles on the tibia.

Page 54: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.31a Bones of the right knee and thigh.

Posterior

Facet formedialcondyleof femur

Facet for lateralcondyle of femur

Surface forpatellarligament

ApexAnterior

(a) Patella (kneecap)

Page 55: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dislocation of the Patella• Kneecap (patella) dislocation is often seen

in women. • It usually occurs after a sudden change in

direction when your leg is planted. This puts your kneecap under stress.

Page 56: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dislocation of the Patella

• Dislocation may also occur as a direct result of injury. When the kneecap is dislocated, it can slip sideways and around to the outside of the knee.

Page 57: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 58: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is medial and the fibula is lateral.

Only the tibia is weight bearing.

Page 59: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The tibia is a large, heavy bone and thus potentially confused with the femur or humerus.

Note that its superior end is rather flat-topped and lacks any sort of a rounded head.

Page 60: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Two large proximal condyles which articulate with the femur

• Intercondylar eminence is the attachment for the cruciate ligaments

• Tibial tuberosity is the attachment point for the patella tendon

• Medial Malleolus articulates with the talus(“ankle”

Page 61: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.32a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Medial condyle

Articular surface

Tibial tuberosity

Interosseous membraneAnterior border

Tibia

Medial malleolus

Intercondylar eminence

Proximal tibiofibularjoint

Distal tibiofibularjointLateral malleolus

Lateral condyle

Fibula

Head

(a) Anterior view

Page 62: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.32b The tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Medial condyle

Articular surface oflateral condyle

Articular surfaceof medial condyle

Articular surface

Interosseousmembrane

Tibia Fibula

Head of fibula

Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus(b) Posterior view

Page 63: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.32c The tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Lateralcondyle

Tibialtuberosity

(c) Anterior view, proximal tibia

Page 64: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Fibula

• Articulates with the tibia proximally and the talus distally

• Major land mark is the lateral malleolus

Page 65: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Injuries to the Tibia and Fibula

• Pott’s Fracture is a common injury involving the fibula, tibia or both it’s a “broken ankle”

Page 66: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Injuries to the Tibia and Fibula

A SHIN SPLINT IS INFLAMMATION AND PAIN ALONG THE INNER PART OF THE LOWER LEG. IT INVOLVES THE TIBIA (SHIN BONE).

Page 67: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Injuries to the Tibia and Fibula

SHIN SPLINTS OCCUR WHEN THE TISSUE THAT CONNECTS MUSCLES TO THE LINING OF THE TIBIA BECOMES IRRITATED AND INFLAMED.

Page 68: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

• RISK FACTORS FOR A SHIN SPLINT INCLUDE: • IMPROPER STRETCHING OR FAILURE TO WARM UP

BEFORE EXERCISING• ACTIVITIES THAT INVOLVE REPEATED POUNDING OF

THE LEGS ON HARD SURFACES, SUCH AS RUNNING, BASKETBALL, OR TENNIS

• INCREASING INTENSITY OF EXERCISE OR MILEAGE OF RUNNING WITHOUT PROPER PREPARATION AND CONDITIONING

• WORN-OUT OR ILL-FITTING FOOTWEAR• IMPROPER RUNNING TECHNIQUE OR PROBLEMS WITH

THE WAY THE FOOT HITS THE GROUND WHEN RUNNING

• A STRENGTH IMBALANCE BETWEEN TWO OPPOSING MUSCLE GROUPS IN THE LEG

• FLATTENED FOOT ARCHES• RUNNING ON A SLOPE

Page 69: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.33a Bones of the right foot.

Medialcuneiform

Phalanges

Metatarsals

TarsalsNavicular

Intermediatecuneiform

Talus

Calcaneus(a) Superior view

Cuboid

Lateralcuneiform

Proximal54321

MiddleDistal

Trochleaof talus

Page 70: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.34 Arches of the foot.

Mediallongitudinal archTransversearch Laterallongitudinal arch

(a) Lateral aspect of right foot (b) X ray, medial aspect of right foot

Page 71: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Problems with the Foot

• Each of your feet has 26 bones, 33 joints, and more than 100 tendons, muscles, and ligaments. No wonder a lot of things can go wrong.

Page 72: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Problems with the Foot

Here are a few common problems:Bunions - hard, painful bumps on the big toe joint

Page 73: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Problems with the Foot

It have several causes, including:• arthritis, a hereditary

condition, • an injury, • or ill-fitting shoes

Page 74: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Problems with the Foot

Corns and Callouses - thickened skin from friction or pressureUsually caused by poorly fitting shoes or abnormal gait.

Page 75: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Problems with the Foot

Fallen arches - also called flat feet Usually caused by failure of the arch of the foot to develop.

Page 76: The Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Flip Flops and the Foot