the apocalypse of st. john-swete-22

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CHAPTER 2222:1. καὶ ἔδειξέν μοι ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς κτλ.] The Seer is now shewn by the

Angel (21:9) the interior of the City. The ision !o"bines th#t of E$e%iel &':112 with

the #!!ont of E*en in +en. 2:9 ff., #**ing !ert#in new fe#tres. -n +en. l.c. the rier

isses fro" E*en #n* is #rte* into for he#*s/ in E$e%iel # stre#" isses fro" itssor!e in the Te"le0ro!%, #n* rnning e#st0w#r*s resently be!o"es # rier too *ee

to be for*e*/ the rier "#%es its w#y to the e#* Se#, whi!h it !onerts into fresh w#ter,

#n* on its b#n%s there grow frit trees whi!h be#r throghot the ye#r. -n St ohn3s

ision the rier isses fro" the Throne of +o* #n* of the 4#"b, whi!h h#s t#%en the

l#!e of the Te"le (!f. 21:22 with 22:5)/ #n* it w#ters not the wil*erness bt the City

itself (!f. Ps. &6. (&7.) 6 τοῦ ποταμοῦ τὰ ὁρμήματα εὐφραίνο!ιν τ"ν π#λιν τοῦ $εοῦ),

#n* the frit trees whi!h grow on its b#n%s #re i*entifie* with the Tree of 4ife whi!h

grew in the ri"#e#l P#r#*ise.

8or ὕδωρ ζωῆς see ':1', 21:7, 22:1', notes. The !on!etion of # rier of the w#terof life #e#rs #lre#*y in oel 5:1 π%&" 'ξ ο(κο )ρίο 'ξελε*!εται, e!h. 1&: καὶ 'ντ+ ,μέρ- 'κεί 'ξελε*!εται ὕδωρ ζ/ν 'ξ 0ερο!αλήμ, #n* E$. &':9 καὶ ἔ!ται π1!α23" τ/ν ζ4ων τ/ν 'κζε#ντων5 'πὶ π6ντα 'φ7 8 9ν 'πέλ$ 'κε: ὁ ποταμ#ς5 ζή!εται/ !f.

Sanhedr. f. 1;;. 1 <es ro*!trs est fli" e= s#n!to s#n!tor" i=t# >e"

o"ni# gener# fr!t" *eli!#tor" ernt.? See ese!i#lly o. ':5 ὁ πι!τε*ων ε;ς 'μέ5κα$<ς ε=πεν , &ραφή5 ποταμοὶ 'κ τῆς κοιλίας αὐτοῦ >ε*!ο!ιν ὕδατος ζ/ντος. The

e=l#n#tion whi!h follows ib. 59 (τοῦτο δ? ε=πεν περὶ τοῦ πνε*ματος ο@ ἔμελλονλαμA6νειν οB πι!τε*!αντες ε;ς αὐτ#ν) le#es no *obt how the "et#hor w#s

n*erstoo* by the s!hool of St ohn, #n* "#y therefore be t#%en to interret the resent

#ss#ge. The Rier of 4ife whi!h @gl#**ens the City of +o*3 is the gift of the Sirit

whi!h followe* the As!ension #n* whi!h, on!e bestowe*, re"#ins with the Chr!h for

eer (o. 1&:17). Cαμπρὸν Dς κρ*!ταλλον (v. 1), s#r%ling li%e ro!% !ryst#l/ !f. &:7

$6λα!!α ... ὁμοία κρ!τ6λλE. Fκπορε#μενον 'κ τοῦ $ρ#νο κτλ., the Rier of the

life0giing Sirit isses forth ot of the Throne, or, #s An*re#s e=l#ins, 'κ τοῦ $εοῦ καὶπατρὸς 'κπορε#μενον5 καὶ διὰ τοῦ Gρνίο. The wor*s, howeer, !#nnot be se* with

#ny !onfi*en!e in the Filioque !ontroersy, for it is the "ission of the Sirit r#ther th#n

His etern#l Pro!ession whi!h is in iew here, #s in*ee* it rob#bly is een in o. 17:27.

8or the #tristi! interret#tion see History of the Doctrine of the Procession, . , note.

H $ρ#νος τοῦ $εοῦ καὶ τοῦ Gρνίο (vv. 1, 5) is # st#rtling e=ression/ elsewhere the

4#"b is 'ν μέ!E or Gνὰ μέ!ον τοῦ $ρ#νο (6:7, ':1'), #n* ὁ κα$ήμενος 'πὶ τοῦ $ρ#νο

is the Al"ighty 8#ther #s *istingishe* fro" the -n!#rn#te Son (6:15, 7:17, ':1;). t

!f. 5:21, where the glorifie* Christ is reresente* #s the 8#ther3s !*ν$ρονος, #n* see

note there.

2. 'ν μέ!E τῆς πλατείας αὐτῆς καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ κτλ.] B.H., following #tth#ei,

!onne!t 'ν μέ!E τῆς πλ. αὐτῆς with v. 1 (!f. R.D. <he shewe* "e # rier in the "i*st

of the street thereof?), #n* goern τοῦ ποταμοῦ by 'ντεῦ$εν καὶ 'κε:$εν (R.D. <on this

si*e of the rier #n* on th#t?). t if the wor*s 'ν μέ!E κτλ. belonge* to v. 1, they

wol* "ore n#tr#lly re!e*e ἔδειξεν th#n follow τοῦ Gρνίο. oreoer, thogh the#*erbs 'ντεῦ$εν καὶ 'κε:$εν "#y h#e # reosition#l for!e (!f. e.g. os. 9:7 (:55)



ἔν$εν καὶ ἔν$εν ( מו מ τῆς κιAωτοῦ, #n. 12:6 Th. εIς 'ντεῦ$εν τοῦ 3είλος

τοῦ ποταμοῦ), yet their osition #fter τοῦ ποταμοῦ sggests th#t they #re se*

#*erbi#lly #s in E=. 27:15 'πὶ τὰ πλ6&ια τῆς !κ%νῆς ἔν$εν καὶ ἔν$εν/ E$. &':' (the

b#sis of the resent #ss#ge) δένδρα πολλὰ !φ#δρα ἔν$εν καὶ ἔν$εν/ ib. 12 'πὶ τοῦ

3είλος αὐτοῦ ἔν$εν καὶ ἔν$εν. Fn the whole, then, the s#l n!t#tion see"s refer#ble, #n* we "#y tr#nsl#te <between the street of the City #n* the rier, on this

si*e #n* on th#t?: for 'ν μέ!EJGνὰ μέ!ον !f. c. 6:7, note. The i!tre resente* is th#t

of # rier flowing throgh the bro#* street whi!h interse!ts the !ity, # row of trees being

on either b#n%. The re!ise hr#se 'ντεῦ$εν καὶ 'κε:$εν is >ote* by Betstein fro"

Aeli#n N.A. 2:&, 9:5&, 15:25.

ξ*λον ζωῆς ποιοῦν καρποKς δLδεκα κτλ.] Cf. E$. &':12 καὶ 'πὶ τοῦ 3είλος αὐτοῦἔν$εν καὶ ἔν$ενM π1ν ξ*λον AρL!ιμον ... οὐδ? μ" 'κλίπ ὁ καρπὸς αὐτοῦM τῆς

καιν#τ%τος αὐτοῦ NOλλοςM ε;ς τοKς μῆνας αὐτοῦ, !f. .T. (לחדשיו πρωτοAολή!ει.

An*re#s well re"#r%s: οὐ &ὰρ Pμαρτίας ἔ!ται 3ειμ<ν 'κε: φ*λλων >ο"ν Gνα&κ6ζωνπ6!3ειν τὰ τῆς ζωῆς δένδρα5 κα$<ς ὁρ/μεν !ήμερον . 8or ξ*λονJδένδρον (Q&ρὸν

ξ*λον, 4!. 25:51) #n* the hr#se ξ. ζωῆς, see 2:', note/ li%e ,. in +en. 1:11 fעץ ξ*λον

is here !le#rly !olle!tie, sin!e there #re trees on either si*e of the rier. An*re#s: ἔ$οςδ? τ+ &ραφ+ πολλα3οῦ Gντὶ ξ*λων πολλ/ν Rνικ/ς ξ*λον καλε:ν. The twele frits,

one for e#!h "onth, #re sggeste* by E$e%iel l.c. #n* f#"ili#r to l#ter ewish writers,

e.g. Shemoth rabba 16 <te"ore ftro G es f#!iet #rbores >#e >ois "ense

fr!ts fer#nt/ ho"o ero >i *e illis !o"e*et s#n#bitr.? -t is not !le#r whether twele

!ros of frit #re inten*e* or <twele "#nner of frits? (A.D., R.D.)/ the l#tter i*e# len*s

itself well to the sy"bolis" of the #ss#ge, for the one <frit of the Sirit? is "#nifol*in its #rieties (+#l. 6:22). The frits of the Tree of 4ife #re *obtless life0sorting

(+en. 5:22) #n* inten*e* for the seri!e of the !iti$ens of the ew ers#le"/ see v. 1&,

#n* !f. E$. &':12 ἔ!ται ὁ καρπὸς αὐτ/ν ε;ς Aρ/!ιν, Eno!h 26:6 ὁ καρπὸς αὐτοῦ το:ς'κλεκτο:ς ε;ς ζωήν5 ε;ς Aορ6ν. t the tree is not only <goo* for foo*? (+en. 5:7)/ its

le#es h#e ther#eti! roerties (E$. l.c.)/ the 4II. ren*ering Gν6Aα!ις αὐτ/ν ε;ςQ&ίειαν is obs!re, bt or writer h#s #!!ess to #nother ersion or to the Heb., #n*

rightly tr#nsl#tes byועל ו לתרופ καὶ τὰ φ*λλα ε;ς $εραπείαν. The ther#eti!

wor% of Christ (4!. 9:11 τοKς 3ρείαν ἔ3οντας $εραπείας ;1το) is !ontine* on its

sirit#l si*e by the Chr!h, #n* "#y fin* in # ftre or*er oortnities #t resent

nsse!te*. As in c. 21:2&, 21:27, the Seer see"s to fore!#st the resen!e of ἔ$ν%,

n#tions not yet in!l*e* #"ong the !iti$ens of the ew ers#le", een #fter the

P#rosi#, bt the inferen!e is too n!ert#in to be se* for # *og"#ti! rose. He "#y

refer only to the fn!tions of the Chr!h in the resent st#te/ so f#r #s she flfils her tre

offi!e she is the he#ler of the *ise#ses of h"#nity.

3. καὶ π1ν κατ6$εμα οὐκ ἔ!ται ἔτι] )ατ6$εμα is withot e=#"le in ibli!#l +ree%,

thogh κατα$εματίζειν o!!rs in t. 27:'& #s the e>i#lent of !.3s Gνα$εματίζειν,

#n* the non is se* in Did. 17 !ω$ή!ονται Gπὸ τοῦ κατα$έματος. -t is erh#s

so"ewh#t stronger th#n Gν6$εμα (An*re#s: κατ7 'πίτα!ιν ε;ρῆ!$αι νομίζομεν

κατ6$εμα), #n @e=e!r#tion3 #n* not si"ly # @b#n.3 Sν6$εμα "#y be either the senten!e

ronon!e*, #s in the hr#se Gνα$έματι Gνα$εματίζειν (et. 15:16 f., A!ts 25:1&), or



the obJe!t on whi!h it is l#i* (et. ':27 Aδελ*&ματι Aδελ*ξ5 Tτι Gν6$%μ6 '!τιν), !f.

Ro". 9:5, 1 Cor. 12:5, 17:22, +#l. 1: f. Prob#bly the l#tter is the "e#ning of κατ6$εμα

here/ no e=e!r#te* or e=e!r#ble erson or thing sh#ll be fon* in the Holy City/ !f. v. 16.

The for" of the thoght is fro" e!h. 1&:11 Gν6$εμα (םרח) οὐκ ἔ!ται ἔτι5 καὶ

κατοική!ει 0ερο!αλ"μ πεποι$#τως. U1ν #**s to the strength of the neg#tie/ nothingof the sort re"#ins in the ew ers#le"/ !ontr#st +en. 5:19.

καὶ ὁ $ρ#νος τοῦ $εοῦ κτλ.] The Throne of +o*, when first ree#le* to the Seer, w#s

seen throgh # *oor oene* in He#en (&:1)/ now he sees it in the Holy City whi!h is

*es!en*ing to the e#rth, #n* on it sits not the 8#ther only bt the -n!#rn#te #n* glorifie*

Son (v. 1, note.) -n Christ the Chr!h h#s within her th#t whi!h "#%es the !hief glory of

He#en, the ree#le* Presen!e of +o*.

3, 4. καὶ οB δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ λατρε*!ο!ιν αὐτV κτλ.] To the fin#l reel#tion of +o*

there !orreson*s # erfe!te* seri!e/ where the Throne is #lw#ys in sight the seri!e

"st be eret#l: !f. ':16 ε;!ὶν 'νLπιον τοῦ $ρ#νο τοῦ $εοῦ5 καὶ λατρε*ο!ιν αὐτV,μέρας καὶ νκτὸς 'ν τV ναV αὐτοῦM καὶ ὁ κα$ήμενος 'πὶ τοῦ $ρ#νο !κ%νL!ει 'π7αὐτο*ς K# ision whi!h is now seen to fin* its flfil"ent in the ew ers#le". Fn

λατρε*ειν see the note on the #ss#ge Jst >ote*. W2ονται τὸ πρ#!ωπον αὐτοῦ

ro"ises to the Chr!h in her i*e#l st#te # riilege *enie* to the 4#wgier of the F.T./

!f. E=. 55:2;, 55:25 οὐ δνή! ;δε:ν μο τὸ πρ#!ωπονM οὐ &ὰρ μ" (δ Oν$ρωπος τὸπρ#!ωπ#ν μο καὶ ζή!εται ... X2 τὰ Yπί!ω μο5 τὸ δ? πρ#!ωπ#ν μο οὐκ Yφ$ή!εταί!οι. A reers#l of this ositie b#r to !o"lete fellowshi with +o* see"s to be

foresh#*owe* in Ps. 17. (1'.) 16 '&< δ? 'ν δικαιο!*ν Yφ$ή!ομαι τV προ!LπE !οM3ορτα!$ή!ομαι 'ν τV Yφ$ῆναι τ"ν δ#ξαν !ο, bt see Lir%#tri!% ad l. To see +o* is

the rew#r* of rity, #n* !onersely the sight of +o* in Christ will erfe!t the ro!ess

of rifi!#tion (t. 6:, 1 o. 5:2 ff.).

)αὶ τὸ Xνομα αὐτοῦ 'πὶ τ/ν μετLπων αὐτ/ν. Cf. An*re#s: Gντὶ τοῦ 3ρ!οῦπετ6λο ο@ π6λαι ὁ Gρ3ιερεKς 'φ#ρει/ e*e: <!onfessio no"inis s#n!ti, nn! inter

hostes ser#te, tn! i!tores in #tri# glorifi!#t.? Entire !onse!r#tion to the seri!e of

+o* is howeer the le#*ing i*e# of the "et#hor/ see cc. 5:12, 1&:1, notes.

5. καὶ νKξ οὐκ ἔ!ται ἔτι5 καὶ οὐκ ἔ3ο!ιν 3ρείαν κτλ.] See 21:25, 21:26 notes/ the

Seer ree#ts li%e # refr#in the #bsen!e of night in the i*e#l City, #n* the sersession of

light, n#tr#l or #rtifi!i#l, by the reel#tion of the glory of +o*. The "ore *iffi!lt

re#*ing φ/ς ,λίο #**s for!e to this refr#in: @they h#e no nee* of l#"light, #n*snlight they h#e none.3

)αὶ Aα!ιλε*!ο!ιν ε;ς τοKς α;/νας τ/ν α;Lνων !ontr#sts the etern#l reign of the

S#ints with the li"ite* reign of c. 2;:& 'Aα!ίλε!αν μετὰ τοῦ 3ρι!τοῦ 3ίλια ἔτ%, ib. 7

Aα!ιλε*!ο!ιν μετ7 αὐτοῦ τὰ 3ίλια ἔτ%. Potenti#lly, in*ee*, they were reigning een in

the first !entry (!f. 6:1; Aα!ιλε*ο!ιν 'πὶ τῆς &ῆς), bt neither the first !entry nor the

forth witnesse* # fll or er"#nent re#li$#tion of the Regnum Dei, whi!h is resere*

for the Chr!h in her erfe!t st#te. Perfe!t seri!e will be #!!o"#nie* by erfe!t

soereigntyKwill be erfe!t soereignty. The be#ty of the se>en!e λατρε*!ο!ιν ...

Aα!ιλε*!ο!ιν h#s been finely !#ght by the +regori#n hr#se <!i serire regn#re est.?



-nterreters of the Ao!#lyse who re!ognise its roheti! !h#r#!ter *iffer wi*ely

with reg#r* to the referen!e of this fin#l ision. oes the ew ers#le" belong wholly

to the ftre, or is its flfil"ent to be soght in the resent life of the Chr!hM

Agstine (de civ. Dei 2;:1') *enon!es the l#tter iew in no "e#sre* ter"s: <ho! *e

isto te"ore #!!iere >o regn#t N sc. e!!lesi#] !" rege so "ille #nnis i"*enti#e

ni"i#e "ihi i*etr >is ero t#" sit #bsr*s et obstin#tissi"# !ontentione es#ns,>i #*e#t #ffir"#re in his "ort#lit#tis #er"nis, non *i!o ol" s#n!t", se*

n">e">e s#n!tor" nll#s h#bente" l#!ry"#s et *oloresM -n ho! >o>e

libro obs!r# "lt# *i!ntr er" in his erbis bi #ir Absterget Deus omnem

lacrymam ab oculis eorum et!., t#nt# l!e *i!t# snt *e s#e!lo ftro t nll#

*ebe#"s in litteris s#!ris >#erere el legere "#nifest#, si h#e! t#eri"s obs!r#.?

Een # stronger !#se "ight be "#*e ot for # rely @ftrist3 iew/ in its f#or "#y be

rge* the l#!e whi!h the ision o!!ies in the or*er of the oo% (bt see note on

2;:1)/ the *iffi!lty of fin*ing #n #ro=i"#tely !o"lete !onter#rt to it in the history

of the Christi#n So!iety/ the writer3s se of the ftre tense in 21:2& ff., 22:5 ff. Fn the

other h#n* it !#nnot be *enie* th#t there is "!h in the i!tre whi!h flfils itself to #

gre#ter or less e=tent in the resent e=erien!e of Christen*o", if #llow#n!e is "#*e forthe i*e#lis" whi!h !h#r#!teri$es the thoght #n* l#ng#ge of Ao!#lyti! rohe!y.

Perh#s it is in this l#st !onsi*er#tion th#t the soltion of the *iffi!lty is to be

fon*. The Holy City whi!h #sses before the "in* of St ohn is the -*e#l Chr!h #s

!on!eie* in the rose of +o* #n* to be re#li$e* in His own ti"e. So f#r #s this

!on!etion is rely sirit#l, the owers by whi!h it !#n be !onerte* into #!t#lity

h#e been in the ossession of the Chr!h fro" the first, #n* the reslts #re "#nifest in

the "or#l tri"hs of Christi#nity. Alre#*y the "#ny !olors of the ew ers#le" #n*

the fl#shes of its !ryst#l l"in#ry "#y be seen by those whose eyes #re not !lose*

#g#inst the he#enly ision/ "en sl#%e their thirst in the Rier, #n* n#tions fin* he#lingin the le#es of the Tree. t #s # whole the i*e#l is still f#r #boe s, nor will it be

re#!he* ntil # new #ge h#s been in#gr#te* by the 4or*3s Retrn.

22:6–20. EP-4F+OE: 4AST BFRS F8 THE A +E4, THE SEER , A THE 4FR.

6. καὶ ε=πέν μοι Z@τοι οB λ#&οι πι!τοί κτλ.] The isions of the Ao!#lyse #re now

en*e*/ they h#e re#!he* their !li"#= in the ew ers#le". -t re"#ins for the Seer to

reort the #rting tter#n!es of so"e of the personae dramatis, #n* this is *one in the

*isJointe* "#nner whi!h !h#r#!teri$es "!h of the l#tter ortion of the oo%/ it is often

*iffi!lt to *istingish the se#%ers, or to tr#!e the !onne=ion of the thoght.

The first se#%er (vv. 7 f.) is *obtless the hieroh#nt #ngel of 21:9, 21:16, 22:1. Thes#yings whi!h he ronon!es to be @f#ithfl #n* tre3 (21:6, note) #re, #s the se>el

shews, the te#!hings of the entire oo%, #n* not only the noble wor*s with whi!h the

l#st of its isions h#s Jst en*e* (vv. 56). The καί whi!h follows is quasi0@ee=egeti!3:

these s#yings #re f#ithfl #n* tre, seeing th#t they !onstitte # "ess#ge whi!h the

Al"ighty Hi"self h#s sent throgh His #ngel. There is # referen!e here, #s in "ore th#n

one other hr#se in the Eiloge, to the Prologe (1:15)/ the wor*s δε:ξαι το:ς δο*λοιςαὐτοῦ 8 δε: &ενέ!$αι 'ν τ63ει #re ree#te* verbatim fro" 1:1. H κ*ριος ὁ $ε#ς is

*obtless the Etern#l 8#ther, #s in 1:, &:, 11:1', 16:5, 17:', 1:, 19:7, 21:22, 22:6.

Here He is ὁ $εὸς τ/ν πνεμ6των τ/ν προφ%τ/ν, the +o* fro" Bho" roheti!

insir#tion ro!ee*s, Bho is the Sor!e of roheti! gifts/ !f. Areth#s: τοῦτο &ὰρ



Aο*λεται παρι!τ[ν διὰ τοῦ \)*ριος τ/ν πνεμ6των57 D!περεὶ ἔλε&εν \)*ριος τοῦπροφ%τικοῦ 3αρί!ματος.7 8or πνε*ματα in this sense !f. 1 Cor. 12:1; διακρί!ειςπνεμ6των, 1&:12 ζ%λωταί '!τε πνεμ6των, #n* ib. 52 πνε*ματα προφ%τ/νπροφ%τα:ς Qποτ6!!εται. The πνε*ματα προφ%τ/ν #re not to be i*entifie* with the Rπτὰ

πνε*ματα of 1:&, 6:7, whi!h #re before the iine Throne, #n* #re the Eyes of the4#"b/ they #re the n#tr#l f#!lties of the Prohets, r#ise* #n* >i!%ene* by the Holy

Sirit, bt still n*er h"#n !ontrol, #n* st#n*ing in # !re#trely rel#tion to +o*. Cf.

". 17:22, 2':17 ὁ $εὸς τ/ν πνεμ6των καὶ π6!%ς (לכל) !αρκ#ς, where the hr#se

is se* in referen!e to h"#n life in gener#l. The Eno!hi! <4or* of the Sirits? (Eno!h

5':2 et passim) h#s >ite #nother "e#ning/ see Ch#rles ad loc., #n* !f. 2 #!!. 5:2& ὁτ/ν πνεμ6των καὶ π6!%ς 'ξο!ίας δνα!τής.

-t is noteworthy th#t een in the isions of this boo%, whi!h !#"e to hi" when he

w#s ##rently #lone in P#t"os, St ohn #sso!i#tes hi"self with the whole bo*y of the

Christi#n Prohets. The esprit de corps ths ree#le* is interesting/ #t the s#"e ti"e it isto be obsere* th#t he *oes not isol#te the roheti! or*er fro" the rest of the Christi#n

So!iety/ if in the first inst#n!e the "ess#ge !o"es to the Prohets only, it !o"es to the"

for the benefit of the Chr!h #t l#rge (see !. &:21 f., note)/ it is their *ty to

!o""ni!#te it to #ll the Ser#nts of +o*. 8or προφῆται see 1;:', 11:1, 17:7, 1:2;,

1:2&, 22:9/ #n* for δοῦλοι, 1:1, 2:2;, ':5, 19:2, 19:6, 22:5, notes.

7. καὶ ;δοK ἔρ3ομαι τα3* κτλ.] The Doi!e of Christ is he#r* behin*, or se#%ing

throgh, the oi!e of His #ngel. 8or this #rentheti!#l ;δοK ἔρ3ομαι !f. 17:16, 22:12,

22:2;/ τα3*, sggeste* here by the Angel3s 'ν τ63ει, is #**e* in 2:17, 5:11, #n* below

vv. 12, 2;. Fn ἔρ3ε!$αι in this oo% see 7:1, note.

The be#tit*e whi!h follows is here, #s in 17:16, #rt of Christ3s tter#n!e/ it is #

reetition in # shorter for" of 1:5, so th#t the oo% en*s #s it beg#n, with # feli!it#tion

of its *eot st*ents. Fn ὁ τ%ρ/ν Pri"#sis well obseres: <@ser#re3 *i!it hi!

reerenter !re*ere et rioris it#e roosito !sto*ire.? ]οῦ AιAλίο το*το oints to

the #ll bt !o"lete* roll on the Seer3s %nee/ throghot the Ao!#lyse he h#s

reresente* hi"self #s writing his i"ressions #t the ti"e (!f. 1;:& ^μελλον &ρ6φειν),

#n* his t#s% is now ne#rly en*e*.

8. κG&< 0ω6νν%ς ὁ Gκο*ων καὶ Aλέπων ταῦτα κτλ.] As #t the beginning of the

oo% (1:1, 1:&, 1:9), the #thor gies his n#"e, withot #ny *istingishing title, #s

ionysis of Ale=#n*ri# h#* #lre#*y obsere* (Es. H.. ':26): Tτι μ?ν ο_ν 0ω6νν%ς'!τὶν ὁ ταῦτα &ρ6φων5 αὐτV λέ&οντι πι!τετέονM πο:ος δ? ο@τος Oδ%λον. The writer

!l#i"s howeer, to be the Seer hi"self (ὁ Gκ. καὶ Aλέπων)/ !f. #n. 12:6, 12:, 4II.

καὶ ε=δον '&` aανι"λ ... καὶ '&< ^κο!α. ]αῦτα, the things whi!h the Angel h#* Jst

shewn hi" (!f. infr. τοῦ δεικν*οντ#ς μοι ταῦτα), i.e. the reel#tion of the ew

ers#le". So #ston*ing w#s this whole ision, the !rowning glory of the oo%, th#t

the Seer forgets the w#rning he h#s re!ently re!eie* (19:1;), #n* #g#in rostr#tes

hi"self before the Angel. The !o""ent#tors offer #ltern#tie e=l#n#tions, e.g.

Pri"#sis writes: <#t se"el f#!t" iter#it #t "#gno ision" store er!lss

#*or#re se iter" olisse !onfitetr.? There is nothing in the !onte=t to Jstify thesosition th#t St ohn beliee* hi"self to be worshiing Christ/ thogh the #ngel



h#* so%en the wor*s ;δοK ἔρ3ομαι τα3* in the erson of Christ, yet the Seer %new hi"

to be one of the be#rers of the Seen owls (21:9). Still less !#n it be "#int#ine* th#t it

is Christ Bho refses the worshi/ here, #s in c. 19., it is the !lt of #ngeli! beings th#t

the Ao!#lytist wishes to *is!or#ge by the e=#"le of his own ree#te* l#se/ see

notes on 19:1;.]/ν τ%ρο*ντων κτλ. is ree#te* fro" v. ' #n* #nswers to τ/ν '3#ντων τ"ν

μαρτρίαν 0%!οῦ in 19:1;.

10. καὶ λέ&ει μοι b" !φρα&ί!ς τοKς λ#&ος κτλ.] The Angel !ontines/ on this καὶλέ&ει see 19:9, note. His instr!tion is e=#!tly the reerse of th#t whi!h is gien to

#niel (:27 כי סתם ח ון ת בים וא / !f. 12:9לימים ר דברים עדעת!תמים " !תמים י .#/ 4IIץ ס κ6λ2ον τὰ προ!τ6&ματα καὶ !φρ6&ι!αι τὸ AιAλίον

cως καιροῦ !ντελείας: !f. v. &). t the !ir!"st#n!es #re *ifferentKin*ee*, they #re

reerse*/ #s illig#n well s#ys, <it w#s not # ti"e? now <for se#ling , bt for

bre#%ing se#ls?/ the en* w#s not, #s in #niel3s !#se (see rier on #n. l.c.), f#r off, bt #t h#n*, #l"ost within sight. Therefore the rohe!y of this boo% is to be left oen

for #ll who will to re#*/ n#y, the he#ring #n* re#*ing of the boo% (1:5, 22:'), #n* so f#r

#s "#y be, the st*y of its "ysteries (15:1, 1':9), #re to be w#r"ly en!or#ge*. The

-n!#rn#tion h#* broght the se#son for the flfil"ent of +o*3s roses rel#tiely ne#r,

een before the en* of the first !entry/ !f. 1:5, note. Fn the r#!ti!e of se#ling boo%s,

to %ee their !ontents se!ret, see c. 6:1, note. Fnly in referen!e to one *et#il in this

oo% is the Seer *ire!te* dφρ6&ι!ον ... μ" ... &ρ62ς (1;:&)/ the rest is for the e#rs #n*

eyes of #ll Christi#ns.

11. ὁ Gδικ/ν Gδικ%!6τω ἔτι κτλ.

] #niel is still in iew/ !f. #n. 12:1;

בים ר

$תבררו רשיעו רשעים , 4II. cως 9ν ... P&ια!$/!ι πολλοί5 καὶ Pμ6ρτω!ινοB Pμαρτωλοί (Th. Gνομή!ω!ιν Oνομοι)/ erh#s the Ao!#lytist h#s #lso in "in* E$.

5:2', ὁ Gκο*ων Gκοέτω καὶ ὁ Gπει$/ν Gπει$είτω. -n #niel the sense see"s to be th#t

the gre#t tri#l whi!h Antio!hs w#s the "e#ns of bringing on the ewish eole,

while it e=er!ise* # rifying inflen!e on the f#ithfl, wol* bt !onfir" the

*isloy#l in their wi!%e*ness/ see rier ad loc. Bhile this thoght "#y not be entirely

#bsent fro" the resent #ss#ge, #nother is "ore ro"inent. -t is not only tre th#t the

trobles of the l#st *#ys will ten* to fi= the !h#r#!ter of e#!h in*ii*#l #!!or*ing to the

h#bits whi!h he h#s #lre#*y for"e*, bt there will !o"e # ti"e when !h#nge will be

i"ossibleKwhen no frther oortnity will be gien for reent#n!e on the one h#n*

or for #ost#sy on the other. -n the i"#gin#tion of the Seer the "o"ent h#s been re#!he*

when the #ster of the hose h#s #risen #n* sht the *oor, #n* those th#t #re withot

will %no!% in #in (t. 26:1;, 4!. 15:26)/ "en !#n then no longer re!e*e fro" the

osition whi!h they h#e !hosen to t#%e . Cf. An*re#s: Dς 9ν ε(ποι eκα!τος τὸGρέ!κον αὐτV ποι%!6τωM οὐ Aι6ζω τ"ν προαίρε!ιν, #n* the !#tion #**e* by Areth#s:

οὐ προτροπ" τοῦτο5 Gλλ7 ἔλε&3ος τῆς Rκ6!το πρὸς Tτι καὶ Aο*λοιτο ὁρμῆς. H Gδικ/ν,

he whose h#bit it is to *o wrong, @the wrong0*oer,3 with se!i#l referen!e erh#s to the

erse!torKso #t le#st the sfferers in the Diennese trobles n*erstoo* it/ !f. Es. H..

6:1: τοῦ ,&εμ#νος καὶ τοῦ δήμο τὸ Tμοιον ε;ς ,μ1ς Gδίκως 'πιδεικνμένων μ:!ος5 fνα, &ραφ" πλ%ρω$+ H Oνομος Gνομ%!6τω ἔτι καὶ ὁ δίκαιος δικαιω$ήτω ἔτι. H >παρ#ς ,



the reresent#tie of #nother !l#ss, the i""or#l #g#n or rerob#te/ the Gδικ/ν "#y be

s!rlosly "or#l, the >παρ#ς *isreg#r*s rity of life or een !o""on *e!en!y/ for

the wor* #n* its !ogn#tes see e!h. 5:5 'νδεδμένος Bμ6τια >παρ6 (םיאו%)/ ob 1&:&

τίς &ὰρ κα$αρὸς ἔ!ται Gπὸ >*ποg Gλλ7 οὐ$είς/ #!. 1:21 Gπο$έμενοι π1!αν >παρίαν,

with r #yor3s note. The #orists (Gδικ%!6τω5 >παν$ήτω, not Gδικείτω5 >παινέ!$ω)in*i!#te the fi=ity of the st#te into whi!h the αιδκι/ν #n* the >παρ#ς h#e entere*/

there is hen!eforth no bre#% in the *ownw#r* !orse, whi!h is in*ee* iewe* #s # single

#!t/ !f. l#ss, !r. . 19& f. 8i=ity in goo* is in li%e "#nner to be #tt#ine* when the en*

!o"es/ the Jst (the oosite !h#r#!ter to ὁ Gδικ/ν) #n* the s#int (the oosite to ὁ>παρ#ς) will enter on # er"#nent life of righteosness #n* of holiness. ot of !orse

th#t the δίκαιος #n* the h&ιος !#n be *ior!e*/ the tre h&ιος is #lw#ys δίκαιος, #n* the

δίκαιος is, in the erfe!t st#te #t le#st, h&ιος/ the two >#lities were nite* in the Son of

#n (A!ts 5:1& τὸν h&ιον καὶ δίκαιον), #n* will be nite* in #ll who #re fin#lly His/ bt

they #re %et ##rt here for the s#%e of the #ntithesis to ὁ Gδικ/ν5 ὁ >παρ#ς. 8or

δικαιο!*ν%ν ποι%!6τω the Diennese letter >ote* #boe h#s δικαιω$ήτω, # re#*ing

whi!h #hn (!esch. d. N"lichen #anons, 1:2;1) ronon!es <gewiss rsrngli!h, ?

#n* whi!h !ert#inly h#s "!h to re!o""en* it/ if we #!!et it, the sense will be @let hi"

be hel* righteos3 (Dlg. iustificetur ), whi!h !orreson*s with P&ια!$ήτω, @let hi"

enter on # st#te of s#n!tifi!#tion.3 Fn the other h#n* it is erh#s "ore rob#ble th#t

δικαιο!*ν%ν ποι%!6τω, whi!h #nswers to Gδικ%!6τω #s P&ια!$ήτω to >παν$ήτω, h#s

been !h#nge* to δικαιω$ήτω in or*er to b#l#n!e P&ια!$ήτω. Pri"#sis str#ngely

ren*ers: <ists #te" istior# f#!i#t, si"iliter et s#n!ts s#n!tior#, ? #lthogh #boe he

rightly gies: <>i erseer#nt no!ere no!e#nt et >i in sor*ibs est, sor*es!#t #*h!.?

12. ;δοK ἔρ3ομαι τα3*5 καὶ ὁ μι!$#ς μο μετ7 'μοῦ κτλ.] The Doi!e of Christ !o"es

in #rentheti!#lly, #s in v. '/ see note there. He se#%s #s the Stew#r* of the gre#t

bι!$αποδ#τ%ς, Bho in the eenti*e of the worl* will !#ll the l#borers to re!eie their

*#y3s w#ges (t. 2;:)/ see 11:1, note. Thogh the μι!$#ς is one #n* the s#"e in #ll

!#ses, its #le to the in*ii*#l wor%er #ries #!!or*ing to the wor% he h#s *oneK#

rin!ile whi!h is ste#*ily "#int#ine* throghot S!ritre (Ps. 71:15, ob 5&:11 f., -s#.

&;:1&, &2:11 (4II.), !. 15:5&, Ro". 2:6, Ao!. 2:25, 2;:12 f.). The se of μι!$#ς to

reresent the gr#titos (Ro". 7:25) #n* sirit#l !o"ens#tions of the ftre life

belongs to the !ir!le of i*e#s #sso!i#te* with )*ριος5 δε!π#τ%ς5 δοῦλος5 'ρ&6τ%ς. H

μι!$#ς μο, @the rew#r* whi!h it belongs to e to gie3 (2 Ti". &:)/ !ontr#st ὁ μ.Qμ/ν, t. 6:12 (αὐτ/ν, t. 7:2, 7:6, 7:17/ αὐτοῦ, !. 9:&1), @the rew#r* whi!h ye

(they, he) sh#ll re!eie.3 bετ7 'μοῦ, !f. -s#. &;:1; ;δοK κ*ριος )*ριος μετὰ ;!3*οςἔρ3εται ... ;δοK ὁ μι!$ὸς αὐτοῦ μετ7 αὐτοῦ/ ib. 72:11 ;δοK ὁ !ωτήρ !οι παρα&έ&ονενἔ3ων τὸν Rατοῦ μι!$#ν. The inf. Gποδοῦναι e=resses the rose for whi!h the

rew#r* is broght (!f. l#ss, !r. . 225), so th#t it is ne#rly e>i#lent to fνα GποδVgRκ6!τE stri%es # note often he#r* in this oo% (2:25, 7:11, 21:15).

13. '&< τὸ Oλφα καὶ τὸ i κτλ.] Cf. 21:7 '&< τὸ Oλφα καὶ τὸ i5 , Gρ3" καὶ τὸ τέλος,

in whi!h is now inserte* fro" 1:1', 2:, ὁ πρ/τος καὶ ὁ ἔ!3ατος. Bhile ὁ πρ/τος κτλ.

&'())* +, &'())* Grammar of N.T. Greek , -.(/)'(012 34 5, 60 7, -8(9:1.(4;<=/2=/* >?@?A,



is #lie* only to Christ, this is the only o!!#sion on whi!h He re!eies the gre#t title τὸOλφα καὶ τὸ i. -t is the !rowning inst#n!e in this oo% of the #ttribtion of iine

rerog#ties to the -n!#rn#te Son/ only ὁ jν καὶ ὁ kν see"s to be withhel* fro" the

Son, erh#s be!#se it reresents the n*erie* Sor!e of the iine 4ife. Fn the

"e#ning of τὸ Oλφα καὶ τὸ i #s #lie* to or 4or* !f. Tert. de monog. 6 (>ote* innote on c. 1:). The hr#se is #li!#ble in "#ny senses, bt erh#s it is se* here with

se!i#l referen!e to or 4or*3s l#!e in h"#n history. As !re#tion owe* its beginning

to the Bor* of +o*, so in His in!#rn#te glory He will bring it to its !ons""#tion by

the +re#t Aw#r*. He is the Gρ3%&ὸς καὶ τελειωτής of f#ith (Heb. 12:2), #n* not less

trly the Gρ3" καὶ τέλος of #ll life.

14. μακ6ριοι οB πλ*νοντες τὰς !τολὰς αὐτ/ν κτλ.] The re#*ing is not #ltogether

e#sy to *eter"ine. Perh#s it is slightly "ore rob#ble th#t BCDEFEGHIGJIIGFCJK

#rose ot of BFLFMEGHIGJNHGFCJK, th#n th#t the reerse o!!rre*/ on the other

h#n*, the *o!"ent#ry ei*en!e is *e!i*e*ly in f#or of the for"er, #n* it is #g#inst

the l#tter th#t the se of the oh#nnine writings #ll bt in#ri#bly sorts the hr#se

τ%ρε:ν τὰς 'ντολ6ς (so o. 1&:16, 1&:21, 16:1;, 1 o. 2:5 f., 5:22, 5:2&, 6:5, Ao!. 12:1',

1&:12Kthe sole e=!etion is 1 o. 6:2, where ποιε:ν τ. '. o!!rs)/ "oreoer, the

reossessions of the s!ribes wol* h#e f#ore* ποιοῦντες τὰς 'ντολ6ς r#ther th#n

πλ*νοντες τὰς !τολ6ς. Oon the whole, then, πλ*νοντες κτλ. "#y with so"e

!onfi*en!e be referre*/ #n* it yiel*s #n #*"ir#ble sense.

This, the fin#l be#tit*e of the Ao!#lyse, *e#ls with the isses of the higher life.

They who w#sh the robes of the inner life fro" the >παρία of the worl* by f#ith in the

S#!rifi!e of or 4or* (':1&, note) sh#ll win the right of #!!ess to the Tree of 4ife #n* of

entr#n!e into the City of +o*/ μακ6ριοι οB πλ*νοντες ... is bt #nother ersion ofμακ6ριοι οB κα$αροὶ τ+ καρδί-5 Tτι αὐτοὶ τὸν $εὸν X2ονται, interrete* in the light of

the Cross. lνα ἔ!ται ... καὶ ... ε;!έλ$ω!ιν: @blesse* #re they th#t the right sh#ll be

theirs #n* they "#y enter3 (enson)K# "i=tre of !onstr!tions obsere* #lre#*y in

c. 5:9/ the ftre #fter fνα is fre>ent in this oo% (7:&, 7:11, 9:6, 9:2;, 15:12, 1&:15),

#n* if it is to be *istingishe* in "e#ning fro" the !onJn!tie, it "#y oint to the

!ert#inty, the #!t#lity, of the reslt, while the !onJn!tie sggests th#t there #re

!on*itions whi!h "st be flfille* first.

Fn the Tree of 4ife see v. 2, #n* c. 2:', notes. The Dision of the ew ers#le"

l#!es the P#r#*ise of +o* in the he#rt of the City, so th#t right of #!!ess to the Treei"lies right of entr#n!e into the City, #n* the entr#n!e "st re!e*e the #!!ess. -f in

this #ss#ge the right of #!!ess is "entione* first, it is rob#bly with the iew of l#ying

the e"h#sis on the gre#ter right, whi!h in*ee* in!l*es #ll. Fn τ. πλ/!ιν see

21:12: the *#tie is instr"ent#l, the g#te0towers being reg#r*e* #s the "e#ns of

entr#n!e.

15. ἔξω οB κ*νες κτλ.] enson: @ot, ye *ogs3K# bol* #n* i"ressie ren*ering, bt

s!#r!ely #*"issible in this !onte=t/ the ersons ths !h#r#!teri$e* h#e #lre#*y been

!#st ot. Pri"#sis is "ore tre to the "in* of the writer: <foris #te" re"#nebnt

!#nes?/ !f. e*e: <!n!t# eni" r#bies i"robor" et nn! intrinse!s e!!lesi#" tent#t,se* !" intr#erit #terf#"ili#s et s#n!tis se!" #* nti#s intr#ntibs !l#serit osti",



tn! in!iient foris st#re et ls#re osti".? o one who h#s w#t!he* the *ogs th#t

rowl in the >#rters of #n E#stern !ity (Ps. 6. (69.) ', 16) will won*er #t the !onte"t

#n* *isgst whi!h the wor* sggests to the Frient#l "in*. 8or its #li!#tion to n!le#n

or otherwise offensie ersons see et. 25:1 (19) οὐ προ!οί!εις μί!$ωμα π#ρν%ς

οὐδ? Oλλα&μα κνὸς (see rier3s note ad loc.) ε;ς τὸν ο=κον )ρίο/ Ps. 21. (22.) 1''κ*κλω!6ν με κ*νες πολλοί$ ib. 21 >ῦ!αι ... 'κ 3ειρὸς κνὸς τ"ν μονο&ενῆ μο/ t.

':7 μ" δ/τε τὸ h&ιον το:ς κ!ίν/ !. ':2' οὐ &6ρ '!τιν καλὸν λαAε:ν τὸν Oρτον τ/ντεκνων καὶ το:ς κναρίοις Aαλε:ν/ Phil. 5:5 Aλέπετε τοKς κ*νας (see 4ightfoot3s note).

-n the l#st two #ss#ges #t le#st referen!e is "#*e to the se of the ter" by the ews to

*enote the he#then or the +entiles, of whi!h S!hQttgen ad loc. >otes # tyi!#l e=#"le

fro" Pir%e R. lie&er 29: <>i!">e e*it !" i*ol#tr# i*e" est #! si e*eret !" !#ne.

>is est !#nisM >i non !ir!"!iss est.? t in the resent #ss#ge neither ews nor

+entiles #s s!h #re in iew/ the κ*νες (Syr.gw. ܛ

οB κοινοί) #re the

'Aδελ&μένοι of 21:, i.e. those who h#* been *efile* by long !ont#!t with the foli!es whi!h honey!o"be* #g#n so!iety. These were not een in St ohn3s *#y stri!tly

li"ite* to the he#then (see 2:1&, 2:2; ff., note, #n* !f. 2 Cor. 12:21)/ #n* he "st h#e

foreseen th#t #s ti"e went on, #n* the Chr!h grew in n"bers, she wol* lose in

rity. Tertlli#n goes too f#r when he s#ys (de pud. 19): <non eni" *e ethni!is

i*ebitr s#ere illor" est eni" for#s *#ri >i ints fernt?/ bt An*re#s is

*obtless right: κ*νες δ? οὐ μ#νον οB Gναιδε:ς καὶ Oπι!τοι ... Gλλὰ καὶ οB μετὰ τὸA6πτι!μα 'πι!τρέφοντες ε;ς τὸν (διον ἔμετον. Fn οB φαρμακοί κτλ. see 21:, note/ π1ςφιλ/ν καὶ ποι/ν 2εῦδος is # wel!o"e interret#tion of π1!ιν το:ς 2εδέ!ιν in the

e#rlier list, whi!h 21:2' ὁ ποι/ν 2εῦδος h#s #lre#*y slie* in #rt. t ὁ φιλ/ν goes

*eeer th#n ὁ ποι/ν/ he who loes f#lsehoo* is in his n#tre #%in to it, #n* h#s throgh

his loe of it roe* his #ffinity to S#t#n, who is ὁ πατ"ρ αὐτοῦ (o. :&&)/ for hi",

while he is s!h, there !#n be no entr#n!e into the City, no #!!ess to the Tree of 4ife/ !f.

2 Th. 2:12 fνα κρι$/!ιν π6ντες οB μ" πι!τε*!αντες τ+ Gλ%$εί- Gλλὰ εὐδοκή!αντες τ+

Gδικί-. Bith ποιε:ν 2εῦδος !o"#re er. :1; ש#ר שע זלכ!/1 o. 1:7

2εδ#με$α καὶ οὐ ποιοῦμεν τ"ν Gλή$ειαν. To @*o the trth,3 or to @*o f#lsehoo*,3 to @#!t

# lie,3 #re St ohn3s ter"s for # life whi!h is fn*#"ent#lly sin!ere or insin!ere. The

ren*ering of A.D., R.D. (te=t), <eery one th#t "#%eth # lie,? "isses this oint, rob#bly

ot of reg#r* for the !ir!"st#n!e th#t 2εῦδος is #n#rthros here (!ontr#st o. :&&,

Ro". 1:26, Eh. &:26, 2 Th. 2:11). t τὸ 2εῦδος wol* not h#e site* this !onte=t, if

it w#s the writer3s intention to reresent the insin!ere life #s # single #!t, #s if the "#n3s

whole e=isten!e h#* been # lie.

16. '&< 0%!οῦς ἔπεμ2α τὸν O&&ελ#ν μο κτλ.] Thogh the whole oo% is #n

Gποκ6λ2ις 0%!οῦ mρι!τοῦ (1:1), the reel#tion h#s hitherto been "#*e throgh the

"inistry of #ngels or in # ision of the glorifie* 4or*, or throgh the Sirit in the "in*

of the Seer (2:'). ow #t length ess se#%s in His h"#n erson#l n#"e ('&< 0%!οῦς,

#s '&< 0ω6νν%ς in v. ). He #ttests the bona fides of His "essenger: @it w#s - Bho sent

hi"/ it is on y beh#lf th#t he h#s so%en/ his testi"ony is ine.3 nπεμ2α is se*

r#ther th#n Gπέ!τειλα (!f. 1:1 '!ήμανεν Gπο!τείλας διὰ τοῦ G&&έλο αὐτοῦ)K@- sent,3withot the #!!essory i*e# of # se!i#l !o""ission (!f. Best!ott, A**. ote on ohn



2;:21)/ it is enogh to s#y th#t the #ngel !#"e fro" the 4or*/ by His #ngel ess

Hi"self h#* borne witness to the "e"bers of the Asi#n Chr!hes (Qμ:ν) #n* the

!ontents of this oo% (ταῦτα) were ths lti"#tely fro" Hi". These !o""ni!#tions,

thogh #**resse* ri"#rily to the Christi#ns of Asi#, h#* # wi*er rose: they were

"#*e 'πὶ τα:ς 'κκλ%!ίαις, with referen!e to the nee*s of Christi#ns gener#lly/ !f. these of 'πί in 1;:11 δε: !ε π6λιν προφ%τεῦ!αι 'πὶ λαο:ς καὶ ἔ$νε!ιν καὶ &λω!!α:ς καὶAα!ιλεῦ!ιν πολλο:ς, @in referen!e to eoles,3 G!., #n* see o. 12:17. oB 'κκλ%!ίαι #re

not the Seen Chr!hes only, bt the Christi#n so!ieties throghot the worl*, whi!h in

the ne=t gener#tion were %nown in their #ggreg#te #s , κα$ολικ" 'κκλ%!ία (-gn. Smyrn.

. 2/ !f. H#rn#!%, 'ission u. Ausbreitung , . 295). The Ao!#lyse *oes not se ,'κκλ%!ία of the whole Chr!h, #s St P#l *oes (Col., Eh./ !f. Hort, cclesia, . 1&'

ff.)/ when St ohn wishes to e=ress the i*e#l nity of Christen*o", he *oes so by

"e#ns of # sy"boli!#l fe"#le figre, the other (12:1 ff.) or the Bife or ri*e (19.,

21., 22.) of Christ.

'&L ε;μι , >ίζα καὶ τὸ &ένος aαείδ] Cf. 6:6 ὁ λέων ὁ 'κ τῆς φλῆς 0ο*δα5 , >ίζαa./ #n* see note there. To , >ίζα the Seer now #**s: καὶ τὸ &ένος. pένος *oes not here

"e#n @r#!e,3 @f#"ily3 or @hose,3 #s in A!ts &:7 'κ &ένος Gρ3ιερατικοῦ, ib. ':15 τὸ &ένος 0ω!ήφ/ bt @offsring,3 #s in A!ts 1':2 f. @τοῦ &ὰρ καὶ &ένος '!μέν3M &ένος ο_νQπ6ρ3οντες τοῦ $εοῦ κτλ./ !f. the si"il#r se of genus in Derg. Aen. &:12 <gens esse

*eor".? ess is not only the >6Aδος 'κ τῆς >ίζ%ς 0ε!!αί (-s#. 11:1), bt He is #t on!e

the >6Aδος #n* the >ίζα, the Root #n* the Fffshoot, the eginning #n* the En* of the

whole e!ono"y #sso!i#te* with the #i*i! f#"ily. -n the essi#h, the l#test S!ion of

the Hose of #i*, its e#rliest i*e#ls #n* hoes #re re#li$e*.

ὁ G!τ"ρ ὁ λαμπρὸς ὁ πρωqν#ς] Cf. 2:2 δL!ω αὐτV τὸν G!τέρα τὸν πρωιν#ν, #

ro"ise whi!h is now interrete*. The orning St#r, the 4or*3s lti"#te gift to the

!on>eror, is ess Hi"self. A"ong the st#rs of the sirit#l fir"#"ent (1:17, 1:2;) He

is #s the Rω!φ#ρος (ob 5:9, 11:1', 5:12, &1:9 (1;)) or φω!φ#ρος (2 Pet. 1:19), the

brightest in the whole g#l#=y, the 4ight whi!h lightens eery "#n by its !o"ing into the

worl* (o. 1:9)/ the St#r of #wn, Bhose !o"ing re!e*es the snrise of the #y of

+o*. The "et#hor is se* by the son of Sir#!h in referen!e to Si"on the High Priest

(Sir. 6;:7 Dς G!τ"ρ Rω$ινὸς 'ν μέ!E νεφέλ%ς), #n* of or*e!#i in the T#rg" on

Esther (<ise #r*o!h#i si"ilis fit 4!ifero slen*enti inter stell#s?)/ in -s#. 1&:12 it

o!!rs in # slen*i* *irge oer # f#llen Ling of #bylon: π/ς 'ξέπε!εν 'κ τοῦ οὐρανοῦὁ Rω!φ#ρος ὁ προωὶ Gνατελλων. The orning St#r of the Chr!h shines to0*#y #s

brightly #s in the #ge of St ohn/ He *oes not f#ll or set.

17. καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ , ν*μφ% λέ&ο!ιν nρ3ο] The #nswer of the Chr!h to the

Doi!e of ess in v. 12. ]ὸ πνεῦμα is rob#bly not the Sirit reg#r*e* #s the in*welling

life of the o*y of Christ, #s in Eh. &:& rν !/μα καὶ rν πνεῦμα, bt r#ther, in

#!!or*#n!e with the gener#l se of the Ao!#lyse, the Sirit of rohe!y, the Sirit in

the roheti! or*er/ @the Sirit #n* the ri*e3 is ths r#!ti!#lly e>i#lent to @the

Prohets #n* the S#ints3 (17:7, 1:2&). The Christi#n Prohets insire* by the Sirit of

ess, #n* the whole Chr!hKthe Chr!hes !onsi*ere* #s #n i*e#l nityKreson* #swith one oi!e to the 4or*3s gre#t #nnon!e"ent. -t roses in #ll Christi#ns the *esire,



neer long *or"#nt, for His Retrn. Fn , ν*μφ% see 21:2, 21:9, notes/ for ἔρ3ο !f. 7:1,

note/ here it is obios to sly )*ριε 0%!οῦ fro" v. 2;.

καὶ ὁ Gκο*ων ε;π6τω nρ3ο κτλ.] The !#ll is to be t#%en #n* ree#te* by eery

he#rer (1:5, note) of this oo%/ not only the Chr!h in her i*e#l nity, bt e#!h

in*ii*#l "e"ber of eery Christi#n !ongreg#tion where the boo% sh#ll be re#* isinite* to *e"#n* the flfil"ent of the 4or*3s ro"ise ;δοK ἔρ3ομαι τα3*. -n wh#t

follows there is # re"#r%#ble !h#nge of referen!e/ for ὁ δι2/ν ε;π6τω nρ3ο, St ohn

writes ὁ δ. 'ρ3έ!$ω, i.e. inste#* of being bi**en to wel!o"e the !o"ing Christ, he who

is #thirst is hi"self bi**en to !o"e/ he is wel!o"e* to Christ in wor*s whi!h re"in* s

of the oh#nnine +osel (o. 7:56 ὁ 'ρ3#μενος πρὸς 'μ? οὐ μ" πειν6!5 καὶ ὁ πι!τε*ωνε;ς 'μ? οὐ μ" δι2ή!ει πLποτε/ ':5' ε( τις δι2[5 'ρ3έ!$ω πρὸς μ? καὶ πινέτω). H δι2/ν

!ontr#sts h#ily with οὐδένα ε@ρον δι2/ντα in the F=yrhyn!hs S#yings, thogh the

l#tter is *obtless rel#tiely tre. Here ὁ δ. is !ontr#ste* with ὁ Gκο*ων/ he th#t still

thirsts, the e#ger en>irer who is see%ing #fter the s#l#tion whi!h is to be fon* in the

Chr!h, the nb#ti$e* !#te!h"en, !#nnot yet sh#re in the Chr!h3s ye#rning for the

Retrn of the 4or*/ he "st first !o"e to the 8ont#in of the B#ter of 4ife #n* *rin%,

before he !#n wel!o"e Christ Hi"self. Fρ3έ!$ω loo%s b#!% to -s#. 66:1 כל%מאמ$ם . ehin* theלכו ל δι2/ντες, there is yet #nother !l#ss of non0Christi#ns who #re

wel!o"e*K οB $έλοντες/ willingness to re!eie the trth "#y e=ist where #s yet there is

no thirst for it, #n* s!h willingness is of +o* #n* # first ste tow#r*s etern#l life: !f.

Phil. 2:15 $εὸς &6ρ '!τιν ὁ 'νερ&/ν 'ν Qμ:ν καὶ τὸ $έλειν καὶ τὸ 'νερ&ε:ν / e*e ad loc.:

<et is" eni" elle ei *on" est.? Fn λαAέτω ὕδωρ ζωῆς δωρε6ν, see 21:7, note/

λαAέτω sggests th#t thogh the sly is gr#titos, the resonsibility of #!!eting #n*

sing it rests with the in*ii*#l/ !f. 5:1, note.

18. μαρτρ/ '&< παντὶ τV Gκο*οντι κτλ.] The Se#%er is still srely ess, #n* not,

#s "#ny !o""ent#tors h#e sose*, St ohn. ess h#s borne testi"ony throghot

the oo% by His #ngel, #n* now He be#rs it in erson. His testi"ony, whi!h is

#**resse* to eery he#rer of the oo%, is # sole"n rotest #g#inst wilfl erersions of

its te#!hing. The wor*s #re *obtless sggeste* by the w#rning of oses in et. &:2/

οὐ προ!$ή!ε!$ε πρὸς τὸ >ῆμα s '&< 'ντέλλομαι Qμ:ν5 καὶ οὐκ Gφελε:τε Gπ7 αὐτοῦ/ ib.

12:52 π1ν >ῆμα s '&< 'ντέλλομαι Qμ:ν !ήμερον5 τοῦτο φλ6ξ ποιε:νM οὐ προ!$ή!εις'π7 αὐτ#5 οὐδ? Gφελε:ς Gπ7 αὐτοῦ/ Pro. 2&:29 (5;:7) μ" προ!$+ς το:ς λ#&οις αὐτοῦ5 fναμ" 'λέ&ξ !ε καὶ 2εδ"ς &έν/ !f. the i"re!#tion whi!h Ariste#s (e*. Th#!%er#y, 5&)

soses to h#e been ronon!e* #fter the !o"letion of the first +ree% ersion of thePent#te!h, #n* the bo#st of osehs, c. Ap. 1:: δῆλον δ7 '!τὶν ἔρ&E5 π/ς ,με:ςπρ#!ιμεν το:ς ;δίοις &ρ6μμα!ιM το!ο*το &ὰρ α;/νος ^δ% παρE3%κ#τος οtτεπρο!$ε:ναί τις οὐδ?ν οtτε Gφελε:ν αὐτ/ν οtτε μετα$ε:ναι τετ#λμ%κεν. -t w#s not

n!o""on for writers to rote!t their wor%s by #**ing # sole"n #*Jr#tion to the

s!ribes to !orre!t the !oies !#reflly, #n* in no !#se to "til#te or interol#te the

origin#l/ !f. e.g. -ren#es ap. Es. H. . 6:2;: ὁρκίζω !ε τὸν μετα&ρα2#μενον τὸAιAλίον τοῦτο κατὰ τοῦ κρίο ,μ/ν 0%!οῦ mρι!τοῦ καὶ κατὰ τῆς 'νδ#ξο παρο!ίαςαὐτοῦ uς ἔρ3εται κρ:ναι ζ/ντας καὶ νεκρο*ς5 fνα GντιA6λς s μετε&ρ62ω καὶκατορ$L!ς, Rfins, prol. in libros περὶ Gρ3/ν: <o"ne" >i hos libros *es!ritrs

est el le!trs in !onse!t ei P#tris et 8ilii et Sirits s#n!ti !ontestor ne #**#t#li>i* s!ritr#e, ne #fer#t, ne inser#t, ne i""tet/ se* !onfer#t !" e=e"l#ribs

n*e s!riserit, ? et!. -f the sole"n w#rning of the resent erse w#s inten*e* in this



sense, it h#s sign#lly f#ile*/ for in no other boo% of the .T. is the te=t so n!ert#in #s in

the Ao!#lyse. t, li%e its #r!hetye in eterono"y, it h#s # *eeer referen!e/ it is

no "ere lapsus calami, no error of J*ge"ent or "erely intelle!t#l f#lt whi!h is

!on*e"ne*, bt the *eliber#te f#lsifi!#tion or "isinterret#tion of # iine "ess#ge. -t

is not the letter of the Ao!#lyse, bt its sirit whi!h is ths Je#losly g#r*e*/ #n* no

honest !oyist in *#ys before the inention of rinting, no honest tr#nsl#tor orinterreter of either those ti"es or or own, !#n in!r the terrible en#lty. As e*e, with

his s#l *is!ern"ent, writes: <h#e! roter f#ls#tores *i=it, non roter eos >i

si"li!iter >o* sentint *i!nt.? eertheless the w#rning, with its *#nger sign#l on

either h#n*, oght to gie #se to #ny who wol* lightly h#n*le the Ao!#lyse, #n*

sggests to those who entre on h#n*ling it #t #ll Agstine3s r#yer: <si ># *e

"eo, et T ignos!e et Ti.?

-n 'πι$+ 'π7 αὐτ65 'πι$ή!ει ... 'π7 αὐτὸν τὰς πλ%&6ςthere is # l#y on the two

"e#nings of 'πιτι$έναι #n* πλ%&ή: @if #ny one sh#ll l#y ("ore) on the" (#** to the"),

+o* will l#y on hi" the l#ges (blows) *es!ribe* in this oo%.3 Cf. A!ts 17:25 πολλὰς

δ? 'πι$έντες αὐτο:ς πλ%&6ς. Sφελε: τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ Gπὸ τοῦ ξ*λο is #nother w#y ofs#ying Gφ. Gπ7 αὐτοῦ τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ τὸ 'ν τV ξ*λE/ the ortion whi!h the "#n h#*

on!e ossesse* in the Tree is reg#r*e* #s t#%en fro" it, i.e. he h#s no longer #ny rights

in it/ !f. 21:, #n* A!ts :21 οὐκ ἔ!τιν !οι μερὶς οὐδ? κλῆρος 'ν τV λ#&E το*τE. ]/ν &ε&ραμμένων: not #s Dg. <et *e his >#e s!rit# snt, ? bt in #osition to τοῦ ξ*λοτῆς ζωῆς5 τῆς π#λεως τῆς P&ίας/ !f. τὰς πλ%&6ς τὰς &ε&ραμμένας ( supra). Cons!iosly

to rob this oo% of #ny #rt of its essenti#l te#!hing is to rob oneself of the bliss whi!h

it ro"ises: to #** to its te#!hing is to in!r the isit#tions whi!h it thre#tens. 8or either

#!t, if *eliber#te, ro!l#i"s # will whi!h is ot of h#r"ony with the Bill of +o* #n*

with His or*ering of the worl*/ #n* the rebellios will, while it !ontines s!h, !#nnot

re!eie the things of the Sirit of +o* here or here#fter. The w#rning is #**resse* to

Christi#ns who by their #ttit*e tow#r*s this oo% show the"seles to be nworthy of

their inherit#n!e.

20. λέ&ει ὁ μαρτρ/ν ταῦτα vαί]ἔρ3ομαι τα3* κτλ.] To His sole"n testi"ony in referen!e to the se of the oo% the

4or* #**s # l#st wor* in #nswer to the !#ll of the Chr!h. The Sirit #n* the ri*e #n*

the loy#l he#rers of the oo% h#* bi**en Hi" @!o"e,3 #n* to their nρ3ο He relies

vαί5 ἔρ3ομαι, @ye#, - #" !o"ing, #n* !o"ing >i!%ly3/ on whi!h the Seer, se#%ing both

for the Prohets #n* for the whole Chr!h, reson*s, @A"en, so be it: !o"e, 4or*

ess.3 Fn ναί5 Gμήν see 1:', note/ here ναί e=resses the 4or*3s #ssent to the !#ll

nρ3ο, #n* Gμήν, the #bsolte f#ith in His wor* of the Seer #n* those who" he

reresents, #n* their !ontent with the rose!t of His Co"ing/ !f. 2 Ti". &: π1!ιν το:ς,&απ%κ#!ι τ"ν 'πιφ6νειαν αὐτοῦ. )*ριος 0%!οῦς (1 Cor. 12:5) o!!rs in this oo% only

here #n* in the ne=t erse/ it belongs to the l#ng#ge of *eotion, whi!h is #rori#te

to the !onte=t.

21. THE 8-A4 EE-CT-F.

, 36ις τοῦ κρίο 0%!οῦ μετὰ τ/ν P&ίων] An en*ing of this %in* is ns#l in

Ao!#lyses, #s osset oints ot/ bt it is sit#ble to #n Ao!#lyse whi!h is #lso #

OP, -81 <(0Q/ OR'P(01,



letter to the Chr!hes (1:&, note), *esigne* to be re#* in the !ongreg#tion. An

Ao!#lyse in its inner !h#r#!ter, # rohe!y in its rose, the oo% is in its liter#ry

for" #n Eistle, #n* therefore begins #n* en*s with the eistol#ry for"s f#"ili#r to the

Asi#n Chr!hes throgh the Eistles of St P#l. All the thirteen Eistles of St P#l en*

with # bene*i!tion, !onstr!te* on the s#"e gener#l lines, bt #rying in *et#il. TheP#line #rting bene*i!tion begins in#ri#bly with , 36ρις, whi!h is followe* (e=!et in

Eh., Col., #n* the P#stor#ls) by τοῦ κρίο w,μ/νx 0%!ο wmρι!τοῦx/ the en*ing is

either με$7 Qμ/ν (Ro"., 1 Cor., 1 Thess., Col., P#stor#ls), or μετὰ π6ντων Qμ/ν (2

Cor., 2 Th., #n* in sbst#n!e, Eh.), or μετὰ τοῦ πνε*ματος Qμ/ν (+#l., Phil., Phile".).

Hebrews follows the P#line "o*el with , 36ρις μετὰ π6ντων Qμ/ν, bt no s!h for"

#e#rs in the C#tholi! Eistles/ the ne#rest to it is in 1 Peter, whi!h en*s ε;ρήν% Qμ:νπ1!ιν το:ς 'ν mρι!τV. St ohn follows St P#l in the oening wor*s (, 36ρις τοῦ κρίο0%!οῦ)/ in the l#tter #rt of the senten!e the SS. offer # !hoi!e between μετὰ π6ντων

#n* μετὰ τ/ν P&ίων, for μετὰ π6ντων τ/ν P&ίων is # !onfl#tion, #n* μετὰ π6ντωνQμ/ν # !orre!tion fro" St P#l. Fn the whole the referen!e shol* rob#bly be gien

to the non0P#line μετὰ τ/ν P&ίων, #lthogh it h#s the sort of bt one of the n!i#l

SS. (א)/ not only is it less li%ely to h#e sggeste* itself to # !oyist th#n μετὰ

π6ντων, bt it is in !lose #!!or*#n!e with the writers s#l hr#seology/ οB h&ιοι is his

!onst#nt ter" for the "e"bers of the Chr!hes (:5 f., 11:1, 15:', 15:1;, 1&:12, 17:7,

1':7, 1:2;, 1:2&, 19:, 2;:9). The S#ints, the "en of !onse!r#te* lies, #re, in the

Ao!#lytist3s iew, the "en for whose #*#nt#ge the whole !orse of h"#n history is

being !#rrie* to its en*/ who #re *estine* #s # bo*y to srie the wre!% of !ities #n*

e"ires, #n* in the en* to *o"in#te # new worl*. t the gr#!e of the 4or* ess is the

only sor!e of their strength, #n* the g#r#ntee of their tri"h/ #n* the l#st wor*s of

the Ao!#lyse #re #t on!e # re"in*er of this ri"#ry !on*ition of s!!ess, #n* # r#yer

th#t it "#y be re#li$e* in the e=erien!e of the b#ti$e*, both in the !ities of Asi# #n*

throghot the worl*.

SOSCR-PT-F. Fnly two of the On!i#ls gie # sbs!rition to the oo%/ ree#tsא

Sποκ6λ2ις 0ω6ννο (for Sποκαλ*2εις srely is both here #n* #t the he#* of the

#ges in *# # "ere it#!is"), #n* A, whi!h hא Sποκ6λ2ις only in the title, now #grees

with . The for"s offere* by so"e !rsies #n* ersions #** nothing to or %nowle*geא

of the oo% or its writer.1

>The Apocalypse of St. John ; 12, 51/.4 &(.9'(4 6S101T* U2, 12,T V1S W=.:X -81 Y(9ZQ''(/ 9=Z[(/4* >@\]A* U@^,

the apocalypse of st. john-swete-22

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